机动车尾气监测技术及监测平台的实现研究

随着城市化进程不断加快,机动车保有量激增,尾气污染问题日益严重,在国内大、中城市多呈现以机动车污染为特点的大气复合型污染城市病,机动车尾气排放已成为影响空气质量的主要来源.本文对汽车尾气遥感监测平台进行了研究,并从尾气监测、车辆筛选等方面分析了该平台的应用情况.该监测平台能够获得较客观的尾气监测结果,有助于强化机动车尾...     

遥感在烟草种植监测及管理中的应用展望

对我国1978-2012年间烟草种植面积及产量的变化趋势进行分析, 说明了遥感在烟草种植监测及管理中应用的紧迫性; 综述了遥感在农作物种植监测及管理中的应用, 并以烟草的相似作物玉米为例简介了我国的研究进展; 展望了遥感在烟草作物种植监测及田间管理中的应用途径和相应方法, 讨论了应用过程中所需注意的问题。      

Passive ozone network of Dallas: a modeling opportunity with community involvement. 1

Despite tremendous efforts toward regulating and controlling tropospheric ozone (O3) formation, a large portion of the U.S. population presently lives in environments where air quality exceeds both 1- and 8-h National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) set for O3. High O3 concentrations annually cost the United States billions of dollars in excessive human health costs, reduced crop yields, and ecological damage. This paper describes a regional networking of O3 monitoring sites, operated by the public, that used simplified passive sampling devices (PSDs). In collaboration with EPA Region 6, a lay network (i.e., Passive Ozone Network of Dallas, acronym POND), consisting of 30 PSD sites in the Dallas-Fort Worth (DFW) Metroplex, a region representing 16 counties, successfully measured daily ozone during 8 weeks of the 1998 high ozone season. It was demonstrated that the concerned public, when properly trained, could successfully operate a large PSD network that requires daily sample handling and weekly mailing procedures, even from remote sites. Data treatment of the 2880 POND measurements included (i) high correlations with collocated continuous monitoring data [r range = 0.95-0.97], (ii) daily O3 contour mapping of the 24,000 km2 area, and (iii) a ranking of O3 severity in 12 peri-urban counties for guidance in sitting additional monitors. With a new 8-h NAAQS standard now in place, a cost-effective network such as POND could aid regional airshed models in generating meaningful guidance for O3 state implementation plans (SIPs) by providing input that is representative of both rural and urban sites.     

全面促进包装线生产性能

<正>在2005年国际包装博览会(Interpack)的专场演示会上,西得乐将向世人揭开其最新一代技术解决方案的神秘面纱,这些解决方案可全面促进PET包装线生产性能。它们将使吹瓶成本削减高达20%,吹瓶机运行时间提高20%,这些解决方案适用所有液体食物的灌装,还包括了高速收缩膜包装与堆垛装箱。藉此,西得乐将展现其全面的技术创新。     

遥感数据记录存档软件的设计与实现

基于模块化设计思想,设计了遥感数据记录存档软件:数据记录模块对解调器输出的高速数据码流进行采集处理与实时记录;FRED格式生成模块采用通用的FRED格式对遥感数据进行编排处理,以实现遥感数据的格式化存档;数据回放模块对存档完成后的遥感数据进行回放,用于事后自检处理.测试结果表明了该软件的可行性,达到了工程的预期目标.     

Estimating ground-level PM2.5 in the eastern United States using satellite remote sensing

An empirical model based on the regression between daily PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters of less than 2.5 microm) concentrations and aerosol optical thickness (AOT) measurements from the multiangle imaging spectroradiometer (MISR) was developed and tested using data from the eastern United States during the period of 2001. Overall, the empirical model explained 48% of the variability in PM2.5 concentrations. The root-mean-square error of the model was 6.2 microg/m3 with a corresponding average PM2.5 concentration of 13.8 microg/m3. When PM2.5 concentrations greater than 40 microg/m3 were removed, model results were shown to be unbiased estimators of observations. Several factors, such as planetary boundary layer height, relative humidity, season, and other geographical attributes of monitoring sites, were found to influence the association between PM2.5 and AOT. The findings of this study illustrate the strong potential of satellite remote sensing in regional ambient air quality monitoring as an extension to ground networks. With the continual advancement of remote sensing technology and global data assimilation systems, AOT measurements derived from satellite remote sensors may provide a cost-effective approach as a supplemental source of information for determining ground-level particle concentrations.     

Effects of channel restoration on water velocity, transient storage, and nutrient uptake in a channelized stream

Channel design is an important component of stream restoration, but little is known of the interplay between hydrogeomorphic features and ecosystem processes within designed channels. Water velocity, transient storage, and nutrient uptake were measured in channelized (prerestoration) and naturalized (postrestoration) reaches of a 1-km segment of Wilson Creek (KY) to assess the effects of restoration on mechanisms of nutrient retention. Stream restoration decreased flow velocity and reduced the downstream transport of nutrients. Median travel time was 50% greater in the restored channel due to lower reach-scale water velocity and the longer length of the meandering channel. Transient storage and the influence of transient storage on travel time were largely unaffected except in segments where backwater areas were created. First-order uptake rate coefficients for N and P were 30- and 3-fold higher (respectively) within the restored channel relative to its channelized state. Changes in uptake velocities were comparatively small, suggesting that restoration had little effect on biochemical demand. Results from this study suggest that channel naturalization enhances nutrient uptake by slowing water velocity. Solute injection experiments revealed differences in the functional properties of channelized, restored, and reference streams and provided a means for quantifying benefits associated with restoration of ecosystem services.     

Use of stochastic multi-criteria decision analysis to support sustainable management of contaminated sediments

Sustainable management of contaminated sediments requires careful prioritization of available resources and focuses on efforts to optimize decisions that consider environmental, economic, and societal aspects simultaneously. This may be achieved by combining different analytical approaches such as risk analysis (RA), life cycle analysis (LCA), multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA), and economic valuation methods. We propose the use of stochastic MCDA based on outranking algorithms to implement integrative sustainability strategies for sediment management. In this paper we use the method to select the best sediment management alternatives for the dibenzo-p-dioxin and -furan (PCDD/F) contaminated Grenland fjord in Norway. In the analysis, the benefits of health risk reductions and socio-economic benefits from removing seafood health advisories are evaluated against the detriments of remedial costs and life cycle environmental impacts. A value-plural based weighing of criteria is compared to criteria weights mimicking traditional cost-effectiveness (CEA) and cost-benefit (CBA) analyses. Capping highly contaminated areas in the inner or outer fjord is identified as the most preferable remediation alternative under all criteria schemes and the results are confirmed by a probabilistic sensitivity analysis. The proposed methodology can serve as a flexible framework for future decision support and can be a step toward more sustainable decision making for contaminated sediment management. It may be applicable to the broader field of ecosystem restoration for trade-off analysis between ecosystem services and restoration costs.     

长芦盐场遥感信息系统的开发与应用

文章将遥感(RS)与GIS技术相结合,利用天津滨海地区的遥感卫星图像,通过专业软件将遥感图像进行处理,并利用数字化,信息化等手段,对长芦盐场的生产流程进行分析,建立了基于生产流程的长芦盐场遥感信息系统.该系统可以对不同流程,不同阶段的盐田生产进行数字化监控、查询.     

基于ZigBee和TC35i的远程监控防盗系统的设计

针对无线传感器网络通信距离受限以及电话报警效率低的问题,采用ZigBee信息采集技术,设计了一种利用TC35i和AT指令向用户传输短消息的无线传感器网络远程监控系统.实验结果表明该系统可靠性好、设备成本低、维护费用低、安全性高.     

Integrating silicon nanowire field effect transistor, microfluidics and air sampling techniques for real-time monitoring biological aerosols

Numerous threats from biological aerosol exposures, such as those from H1N1 influenza, SARS, bird flu, and bioterrorism activities necessitate the development of a real-time bioaerosol sensing system, which however is a long-standing challenge in the field. Here, we developed a real-time monitoring system for airborne influenza H3N2 viruses by integrating electronically addressable silicon nanowire (SiNW) sensor devices, microfluidics and bioaerosol-to-hydrosol air sampling techniques. When airborne influenza H3N2 virus samples were collected and delivered to antibody-modified SiNW devices, discrete nanowire conductance changes were observed within seconds. In contrast, the conductance levels remained relatively unchanged when indoor air or clean air samples were delivered. A 10-fold increase in virus concentration was found to give rise to about 20-30% increase in the sensor response. The selectivity of the sensing device was successfully demonstrated using H1N1 viruses and house dust allergens. From the simulated aerosol release to the detection, we observed a time scale of 1-2 min. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) tests revealed that higher virus concentrations in the air samples generally corresponded to higher conductance levels in the SiNW devices. In addition, the display of detection data on remote platforms such as cell phone and computer was also successfully demonstrated with a wireless module. The work here is expected to lead to innovative methods for biological aerosol monitoring, and further improvements in each of the integrated elements could extend the system to real world applications.     

基于合成孔径雷达(SAR)数据的贵州喀斯特山区烟草叶面积指数估算模型

喀斯特山区多云雨天气,地表破碎,耕地分布不集中,农作物套种,导致常规遥感监测手段难以满足烟草实时监测的需要。为实现现代烟草农业实时快速监测,研究选取高分辨率合成孔径雷达(SAR),以贵州清镇流长现代烟草农业基地单元为研究区,在烟叶成熟期,考察不同极化方式(HH、VV以及H/VV)雷达亮度值与烟草叶面积指数(LAI)的相关性,进而构建线性回归模型和二次多项式模型。结果表明:一元线性比值HH/VV模型(Y=0.612X+1.410, R2=0.862)反演精度最高。该模型可用于大面积遥感监测贵州喀斯特山区烟草种植,掌握烟草生长状况。      

Using ecosystem services to inform decisions on U.S. air quality standards

The ecosystem services (ES) framework provides a link between changes in a natural system's structure and function and public welfare. This systematic integration of ecology and economics allows for more consistency and transparency in environmental decision making by enabling valuation of nature's goods and services in a manner that is understood by the public. This policy analysis (1) assesses the utility of the ES conceptual framework in the context of setting a secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS), (2) describes how economic valuation was used to summarize changes in ES affected by NOx and SOx in the review, and (3) uses the secondary NOxSOx NAAQS review as a case study to highlight the advantages and challenges of quantifying air pollutant effects on ES in a decision making context. Using an ES framework can benefit the decision making process by accounting for environmental, ecological, and social elements in a holistic manner. As formal quantitative linkages are developed between ecosystem structure and function and ES, this framework will increasingly allow for a clearer, more transparent link between changes in air quality and public welfare.     

Review on temperature sensing yarns for smart textiles北大核心CSCD

体温是反映人体生命活动的关键信息,根据体温,尤其是对人体各部位皮肤温度的实时、精准监测可以掌握人体健康状况,及时进行诊断治疗。温度传感纱相比体温监测仪具有柔软、灵敏、轻巧等优点而受到越来越多的关注,多种形态、结构和用途的温度传感纱已被开发。为深入掌握温度传感纱的发展现状及趋势,本文首先概述热电温度传感纱、光纤温度传感纱和热阻温度传感纱的工作原理和优缺点,重点介绍热敏电阻传感纱的4种制备方法和特点;其次从传感性能和使用性能方面,概括这些温度传感纱的指标参数及影响因素;最后指出温度传感纱在产业化和推广应用方面面临的技术挑战和不足,推动智能纺织品发展。     

基于多时相和多角度的烤烟烟碱密度遥感监测

  目的  快速、准确获取烟株烟碱含量,实时把控烟叶品质和精准施肥。  方法  以不同区域、品种、氮肥处理连续两年的田间试验为基础,采集了烤烟整个生育期的多角度光谱反射率,选用观测天顶角和方位角组合形成的光谱数据构建烟碱密度的植被指数,建立最佳观测角度下的烟碱密度监测模型。  结果  （1）30°天顶角同210°方位角的角度组合为最佳观测角度;（2）RVI（1630,1740）和NDVI（1630,1740）为监测烟碱密度的最佳敏感光谱参数;（3）构建的两种预测模型BP神经网络和支持向量机,其R2分别为0.944和0.996,模型验证的均方根误差P-RMSE分别为0.858和0.011,两者均具有较高的精准度和普适性。  结论  表明多角度、多时相遥感在大田烟碱密度的监测中具有良好的应用前景。      

基于石墨烯织物电极的七导联心电监测系统

针对Ag/AgCl凝胶电极不适合长期使用、单导联可穿戴心电监测设备导联数较少的现状,设计了一款基于石墨烯织物电极的七导联可穿戴心电监测系统。该系统由棉/T400高弹心电衣、石墨烯织物电极、七导联心电采集终端及手机应用程序(APP)共4部分组成。对该系统连续工作时间、连续佩戴信号质量以及多使用场景等进行了测试和分析。结果表明:石墨烯织物电极连续佩戴7 d后心电信号信噪比仍达29.8 dB;该系统以250 mA·h容量锂电池在满电情况下连续使用可长达5 d,在静息、步行、慢跑等多种运动状态测试场景中,以及静息自汗的身体状况下,依然可采集到高质量的心电信号,为心电数据智能分析和医生的精确诊断提供有效信息,在心脏疾病的连续远程监护中具有重要应用价值。     

Measuring ecosystem service change: A case study from a northwest Arkansas dairy farm

Land use change is a major driver of ecosystem service change. Urbanization and agricultural activities play substantial roles in altering the state of ecosystem services. This study examined impact of land use change on ecosystem services in a typical agricultural watershed in northwest Arkansas. Biodiversity and ecosystem services – carbon storage, water yield, nutrient cycling – were mapped and quantified for a typical small dairy farm and its watershed for predevelopment (1800) and current (2006) land-use scenarios. Field-level impacts showed that dairy operations resulted in reduced land use change on ecosystem service loss, compared with the overall watershed. The results also indicated substantial change in carbon storage, water yield, and biodiversity; while nutrient cycling showed a low net change. The methodology illustrates the utility of evaluating impact of land management scenarios (historic, current, potential) on ecosystem services at the field and watershed scale, and the need for standard metrics across landscapes.     

卫星遥感技术在盐行业中的应用

文章介绍了卫星遥感技术在盐业生产中的应用.首先简要介绍了我国盐业生产现状,并叙述了进行盐业生产监测的重要性;接着介绍了卫星遥感技术及其优点;最后以盐池面积估算为例,介绍了卫星遥感技术的原理和实现方法.     

Method for automatic, continuous blood sampling with remote alarm for clogged catheters

An inexpensive blood sampling system is described that includes a remote alarm triggered by a decrease in rate of blood withdrawal. Additional modifications include design of a reliable sampling catheter and of a method for quickly and atraumatically replacing clogged catheters. This system has been used to collect continuous, integrated blood samples every 15 min for up to 72 h from cows. The alarm system is also useful for monitoring any flow in which minimum rate is critical, e.g., for column chromatography.