The relation between temperature and growth of bacteria in dairy products

The effect of temperature on the growth of psychrotrophs in dairy products has been studied using the ‘square root’ and Arrhenius models. The square root model has been shown to accurately predict temperature effects on the growth of several psychrotrophs in a number of dairy products. The formula can be applied for individual bacteria regardless of growth medium. This was not true for the Arrhenius equation. In this case, the apparent activation energy for growth (μ) was dependent on source of isolate and growth medium. For isolates from pasteurized cream, μ values were lower during growth in double cream than those obtained during growth in full-fat milk. This was due to shorter generation times at lower temperatures when these isolates were grown in double cream.Temperature-growth parameters were similar for bacteria grown in pasteurized as well as UHT products.     

Aflatoxin M1 occurrence in dairy products marketed in Italy

In 1984, 313 samples of imported liquid milk and 159 samples of imported cheese were checked for aflatoxin M1; 225 of the milk samples came from FR Germany and 88 from France, while 82 of the cheese samples came from France, 34 from FR Germany and 43 from the Netherlands. The number of positive samples was small both for German (13.8%) and for French (12.5%) milks, and the contamination levels were very low (maximum 23 ng/l). As regards the cheeses, aflatoxin M1 was detected in 19.5, 26.5 and 53.5% of the French, German and Dutch samples respectively, but only 2 French samples exceeded 250 ng/kg, the limit set by Swiss law. In 1985, two surveys were carried out on 276 milk samples mostly obtained from individual farms and on 416 cheese samples taken from all parts of the country. As regards the milk samples, 70 (25.3%) contained aflatoxin M1, but generally at very low levels; in fact only 7 (2.5%) of the samples exceeded 50 ng/l. Aflatoxin M1 was found in 130 (31.3%) of the cheese samples, but here again only 9 (2.2%) exceeded 250 ng/kg. There was no significant difference in aflatoxin M1 levels between Italian, German and French cheese samples but these were significantly lower (P less than 0.01) than in Dutch samples.     

Enumeration of yeasts in dairy products: a comparison of immunological and genetic techniques

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and PCR techniques have been developed for the detection of spoilage yeast species in dairy products. Polyclonal antibodies against live yeast cells (AY) were raised in rabbits by inoculation of a mixture of 10 yeast species frequently associated with dairy products spoilage. AY antibodies were used for the development of two ELISA formats (indirect and double-antibody sandwich ELISA) for the detection of yeast species in milk and yogurt. A PCR assay was also developed for yeast detection in dairy products, using primers designed to amplify a conserved 250-base pair fragment of the 18S rRNA of the yeast species. The results obtained in this work show that ELISA techniques using polyclonal antibodies against viable yeast cells are of limited value for the detection and enumeration of spoilage yeast species in dairy products. On the contrary, PCR amplification of a conserved region of the 18S rRNA of the yeast species allows the homogeneous detection of all the yeast species tested and, combined with an overnight enrichment of samples, could be used for the detection of low levels of viable spoilage yeast species in dairy products.     

发酵乳制品中乳酸菌与酵母菌相互作用研究进展

综述了发酵乳制品中乳酸菌与酵母菌的相互作用、共生机理及共生产生的风味物质变化,通过对乳酸菌与酵母菌之间相互关系的详尽阐述,可为深入研究乳酸菌与酵母菌共同发酵机理及新型发酵乳制品的开发提供理论基础。      

The interaction between yeasts and bacteria in dairy environments

The general environment from which raw dairy products originate and the microbiological quality of the products in its processed state inevitably admit yeast growth and spoilage. Only part of the primary microflora survives under the selective pressures exerted by the intrinsic and extrinsic biotic factors present, processing procedures and preservatives. Yeasts that possess the proper physiological attributes to counteract the specific ecological determinants will be favored. Eventually, a particular yeast community will develop, and if the environmental factors permit, this characteristic yeast community will result in a specific association contributing positively or negatively to the final product. The association that develops between yeasts and bacteria is governed by specific key properties selecting for a few predominant yeasts. These yeasts may either stimulate or inhibit normal bacterial growth. The extent to which interaction between yeasts and bacteria contribute to the final product is discussed.     

新疆传统发酵乳品中乳酸菌与酵母菌生长的相互影响

对新疆传统发酵乳酪乳清中的优势菌株:马乳酒样乳杆菌、乳酸乳球菌、瑞士乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、东方伊莎酵母菌在驼乳中的生长特性进行了研究。探讨了4株乳酸菌与东方伊莎酵母菌之间的相互作用。结果表明,在发酵过程中东方伊莎酵母菌显著促进马乳酒样乳杆菌和乳酸乳球菌的生长(p<0.05),对瑞士乳杆菌的生长促进作用不明显(p>0.05)。同时,4株乳酸菌抑制东方伊莎酵母菌的生长(p<0.05)。此外,乳酸菌与东方伊莎酵母菌共同接种发酵有利于保持发酵乳冷藏期间活菌数的稳定及缓解乳酸菌的过度产酸。综上所述:乳酸菌与酵母菌之间可能存在相互作用的关系。      

新疆传统发酵乳品中乳酸菌与酵母菌生长的相互影响

对新疆传统发酵乳酪乳清中的优势菌株:马乳酒样乳杆菌、乳酸乳球菌、瑞士乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、东方伊莎酵母菌在驼乳中的生长特性进行了研究。探讨了4株乳酸菌与东方伊莎酵母菌之间的相互作用。结果表明,在发酵过程中东方伊莎酵母菌显著促进马乳酒样乳杆菌和乳酸乳球菌的生长(p0.05),对瑞士乳杆菌的生长促进作用不明显(p0.05)。同时,4株乳酸菌抑制东方伊莎酵母菌的生长(p0.05)。此外,乳酸菌与东方伊莎酵母菌共同接种发酵有利于保持发酵乳冷藏期间活菌数的稳定及缓解乳酸菌的过度产酸。综上所述:乳酸菌与酵母菌之间可能存在相互作用的关系。     

The occurrence of Listeria species in milk and dairy products: a national survey in England and Wales

A total of 4172 samples of milk, cheese and other dairy products were examined over a 1-year period for the presence of Listeria species. Strains of Listeria were found most frequently in soft, ripened cows milk cheese; 63 out of 769 (8.2%) samples contained Listeria monocytogenes, 25 samples contained species other than L. monocytogenes, and 18 samples contained both L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. Eleven samples of pasteurized cows milk (1.1%) from four dairies contained L. monocytogenes, and other Listeria spp. were isolated from a further five samples. Goats and ewes milk and their products, yogurt, cream and ice cream also occasionally contained Listeria spp. Levels of Listeria were usually low, but 20 samples of cheese contained more than 1000 cfu/g. Most strains of L. monocytogenes belonged to serotype 1/2 (58%) or serotype 4b (33%).     

The shelf-life of dairy products: 4. Intermediate and long life dairy products

In the fourth and final part of this series of broad reviews, the factors controlling the shelf-life of selected intermediate and long life dairy products are discussed. Although the extent of contamination of the raw material by psychrotrophic bacteria is relevant, in contrast to short shelf-life products microbial contamination is of secondary importance to chemical change. Lipid oxidation, Maillard reaction and calcium induced aggregation may all limit shelf-life. Examples of susceptible dairy products have been chosen and methods for extending shelf-life are discussed. It is clear that no common strategy exists and optimization of shelf-life must be carried out on a product by product basis.     

Occurrence and growth of yeasts in processed meat products - Implications for potential spoilage

Spoilage of meat products is in general attributed to bacteria but new processing and storage techniques inhibiting growth of bacteria may provide opportunities for yeasts to dominate the microflora and cause spoilage of the product. With the aim of obtaining a deeper understanding of the potential role of yeast in spoilage of five different processed meat products (bacon, ham, salami and two different liver patés), yeasts were isolated, enumerated and identified during processing, in the final product and in the final product at the end of shelf life. Yeasts were isolated along the bacon production line in numbers up to 4.2 log (CFU/g). Smoking of the bacon reduced the yeast counts to lower than 1.0 log (CFU/g) or non-detectable levels. In general, yeasts were only isolated in low numbers during the production of salami, cooked ham and liver paté. In the final products yeasts were detected in low numbers in a few samples (3 out of 30) samples, 1.0-1.3 log (CFU/g). By the end of storage, yeasts were only detected in 1 out of 25 investigated samples 1.8 log (CFU/g). A combination of phenotypic and genotypic methods was used to identify the yeast microflora present during production of the processed meat products. The yeast microflora was complex with 4-12 different species isolated from the different production sites. In general, Candida zeylanoides, Debaryomyces hansenii and the newly described Candida alimentaria were found to be the dominant yeast species. In addition, three putatively previously undescribed yeast species were isolated. Fourteen isolates, representing seven different species isolated during the production of the processed meat products and one species isolated from spoiled, modified atmosphere packed, sliced ham, were screened for their ability to grow in a meat model substrate under a low oxygen/high carbon-dioxide atmosphere (0.5% O(2), 20% CO(2), 79.5% N(2)) at two different temperatures (5 and 8°C). Eleven out of the tested 14 strains were able to grow in the meat model substrate with C. zeylanoides, D. hansenii, Pichia guilliermondii and Candida sake reaching levels of 10(5)-5×10(6) log (CFU/g), where sensoryical changes appear.     

光谱技术在乳及乳制品研究中的应用进展

文章阐述了光谱技术在乳及乳制品掺假和掺伪检测、营养成分检测、抗生素检测、微生物污染检测,乳及乳制品种类的鉴定等方面的应用。综述了近红外光谱、拉曼光谱、高光谱成像技术在乳及乳制品品质检测和安全评定上的重要应用和研究进展,指出多种技术联合应用是未来研究的趋势。     

The use of transglutaminase in dairy products

Modification of proteins by enzymes such as transglutaminase (TG) has recently become of great interest to food scientists. TG (EC 2.3.2.13) catalyses the post-translational modification of proteins by transamidation of available glutamine residues by the formation of covalent cross-links between glutamine and lysine residues in proteins. It is suggested that TG is a useful tool for the production of dairy products. In this review, properties of TG and its possible use in the manufacture of dairy products are discussed. Aspects covered include reactions catalysed by the enzyme and properties of modified proteins of selected milk proteins and products.     

乳制品中乳酮糖的测定

采用高效液相色谱法测定乳制品中的乳酮糖。该方法简单易行,应用示差折光检测器。最低检测限为1.82×10-7g,变异系数（CV％）为1.74,回收率为94.0％～98.5％。     

The occurrence of aflatoxins in mustard and mustard products

Natural occurrence of aflatoxins at concentrations of 750, 87 and 1420 micrograms/kg was recorded in 44, 33 and 80 samples out of 100 samples each of seeds, oil and cakes of mustard respectively. Out of 17 species of fungi isolated from mustard seeds, percentage incidence of the Aspergillus flavus group was maximum during monsoon and summer. Twenty-five per cent of isolates (out of 1143 isolates screened) of the A. flavus group were toxigenic, producing different components of aflatoxins in varying concentrations.     

The shelf-life of dairy products: 3. Factors influencing intermediate and long life dairy products

In this, the third part of a series of four reviews, the factors -which control the shelf-life of long and intermediate life dairy products are discussed. Two distinct types of product degradation are addressed. Firstly, the degradative potential of heat-resistant lipase, protease and phospholipase, derived from psychrotrophic bacteria commonly found in refrigerated milk, is examined. Secondly, the chemical composition of milk is reviewed and lipid oxidation, calcium induced aggregation of milk protein and Maillard reaction are identified as likely routes to product spoilage. The relative importance of these reactions to specific products will be discussed in the final part of this series of articles.     

The effects of dairy processes and storage on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) content in milk and in model IGF-I-fortified dairy products

The effects of several dairy processes on insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations in milk and the storage stability of IGF-I-fortified dairy products were examined. The IGF-I content in raw milk determined by radioimmunoassay was significantly changed by the strength of heat treatments. In commercial manufacture of whole milk dry powder, IGF-I concentration was not significantly changed. A significant reduction in IGF-I content was found as the result of fermentation with a commercial starter culture. The IGF-I content in fortified milk and dried milk powder exhibited no significant changes over the tested storage periods (12 d for milk, 4 wk for dried milk powder), but the IGF-I content in the yogurt decreased significantly during storage. The use of IGF-I was varied by lactic strains and was apparent in the viable cells. When IGF-I was encapsulated using the surface-reforming process, the remaining IGF-I content after fermentation was significantly higher compared with that of the untreated control. Therefore, enteric coating of IGF-I before fermentation might be an effective method for the prevention of IGF-I degradation during fermentation.     

花生四烯酸在乳制品中的应用

花生四烯酸(AA)是一种人体必需的多不饱和脂肪酸,是人体生长因子,影响婴幼儿大脑和神经发育.AA具有改善记忆力和视力、调节血脂和血糖、降低血清胆固醇、预防心血管疾病、辅助抑制肿瘤、预防癌变、神经功能调节等作用.人体自身不能合成AA,必需从食物补充才能满足机体代谢的需要,牛乳是人体补充营养物质的载体,而AA在牛乳中几乎不存在,所以在牛乳中强化AA已显得非常必要.本文介绍了AA添加带配方奶粉中的工艺流程和操作要点;AA应用于纯牛奶中的工艺流程和操作要点;开发富含AA酸牛奶的生产工艺和操作要点;开发富含AA乳饮料的工艺流程和操作要点.研究发现,AA在酸牛奶和乳饮料中的应用将是新的发展趋势,富含AA的乳制品将会给企业带来巨大的经济效益和社会效益.     

Calcium in dairy products

Increasing attention has been given to the nutritional role of calcium because many Americans do not consume their Recommended Dietary Allowance of this nutrient and because calcium deficiency may lead to the development of osteoporosis or other disorders. Calcium is absorbed in the intestines with the aid of a vitamin D metabolite and is used in the body for many essential functions. There are several ways to obtain calcium in the diet, but the best sources are milk and other dairy products because of their low cost and high bioavailability of this mineral. Some manufacturers have responded to the concern over lack of calcium in the diet by increasing its levels in milk. The amount of calcium in cheese and yogurt also can be elevated.