Some aspects of unsaturated flow in jointed rock

The applicability of Darcy's Law to two-phase flow has been discussed. Specialised triaxial equipment has been employed to separately inject two pore fluid components (air and water) into fractured rock specimens, so that two-phase flow behaviour can be studied at high axial and confining stresses. Improvements to recently developed two-phase high-pressure triaxial apparatus have enabled the authors to continue their study of air–water (i.e. unsaturated) flow in intact and fractured rock specimens under a wide range of stress conditions, similar to those encountered in underground mining operations. In this paper, a simplified stratified two-phase flow model is also presented that satisfactorily predicts flow behaviour in an inclined rock fracture over a range of linear laminar flow for particular capillary pressure relationships. The mathematical model is based upon the principles of conservation of mass and momentum, and relates the fracture aperture (e_t) to phase permeability (k_i) using Poiseuille's law and the proposed ‘phase height’, h_i(t), for water and air phases. The experimental approach used to verify the model predictions is described and the predicted results compared with the measurements. The experimental data confirmed the relationship between relative permeability and flow rate, with respect to two-phase flow conditions.     

利用显微X光CT对围压和孔隙水压条件下岩石试样的细微成像及其分析

 为得到岩石试样在各种围压和孔隙水压条件下的成像并分析其变形,利用显微X光CT系统获得具有5 mm高分辨率的三维图像。为此,设计和制造了一个可以对岩石试样同时加围压和孔隙水压的新型压力容器。用此容器,对高20 mm、直径10 mm的Berea砂岩及Noto硅藻泥岩试样施加静水压并使之变形。在各种围压和孔隙水压条件下,每隔15° 测试其径向尺寸。试样的平均直径随着有效围压的增长而单调减小。在此,有效围压被定义为围压和孔隙水压之差。随着有效围压的增加,其直径的变化根据不同的方向而不同,即其变形的各向异性特征得到了证实。Noto硅藻泥岩试样的各向异性比最大,达8%。实验结果表明,此显微X光CT方法可用来测试在各种围压和孔隙水压条件下一般方法很难测得、小或不规整试样的变形。     

致密岩石气体渗流滑脱效应试验研究

由于致密结构和低的渗透率,气体在孔隙喉道小的致密岩石中流动会受到滑脱效应的影响。以湖南某试验场地致密砂岩为研究对象,对岩样进行了微观结构的SEM分析,通过一系列围压和孔隙压力作用下的砂岩气体流量和渗透率测试,研究气体在致密岩石中渗流特征,证明了致密砂岩气体流动存在滑脱效应现象,其渗流不符合Darcy定律。分析了孔压对滑脱效应的影响、滑脱效应对气测渗透率的影响以及滑脱因子与绝对渗透率的函数关系。研究结果表明,滑脱效应对气测渗透率的影响随着围压和气体孔隙压力的变化有所不同。同等围压下,孔隙压力越小,滑脱效应越明显,导致气测渗透率大于砂岩绝对渗透率。同等孔压下,当围压达到某一值后,其对滑脱效应的影响有限,同时也说明围压对岩石的压密是有限的。砂岩的平均气体孔隙压力与气测渗透率关系更加符合二次项曲线方程。计算获得的克努森数Kn说明了在相对高的围压和低的孔隙压力条件下,气体渗流过程位于滑脱流和过渡流之间,传统的N-S方程可能不再适用,应用Knudsen扩散方程更加合理,特别是当克努森数Kn比较高时。     

CO2–水两相条件下砂岩致裂特征与有效应力模型的试验研究

 CO2–水两相条件下的岩石力学行为是CO2地质封存中的关键科学问题之一。利用自主研发的厚壁圆筒式两相致裂仪进行CO2–水两相条件下砂岩压裂试验,并研究CO2–水两相有效应力模型。通过向试样加载内压、围压和轴压形成与井壁围岩类似的最小主应力为负的真三轴应力状态,采用半透隔板法进行CO2驱水试验以精确控制试样孔隙中CO2–水两相流体的组分压力和饱和度,最后通过内压致裂试样获得致裂压力。还进行了不同有效围压下含单相水孔流试样的致裂试验,得到其致裂压与有效围压的拟合函数。为研究CO2–水两相有效应力模型,选用4种可应用于岩石的非饱和介质有效应力公式与拟合函数联立推导得到破裂压力预测模型,与试验结果对比以间接验证这4种有效应力公式对于表征CO2–水两相流体条件下有效应力的适用性。结果表明,考虑Biot系数的Bishop非饱和有效应力模型能够较好地描述CO2–水两相流体下所测试砂岩的张性开裂行为,可直接作为CO2–水两相有效应力模型使用。     

Investigations on air pressure and air losses in compressed air tunneling through saturated clayey soil

Determination of air pressure and assessment of air losses in clayey soil are of great importance to implementation of compressed air tunneling. In the present work, a series of air flow tests were performed to provide a more reasonable method based on flow characteristics of snap-off pressure and the dissolution/diffusion. Results showed that, the nonlinear air flow behavior and gas breakthrough were presented with the increase in air pressure. After that, the excessive pressure decreased continuously to reach an equilibrium termed as the snap-off. For the tested clayey soil, snap-off pressures around 250 kPa could be adopted as the air pressure, which was significantly lower than the gas breakthrough pressures. Diffusion coefficient of 1.5 × 10^-11 m²/s could be determined in the followed dissolution/diffusion stage, which bring 3 orders of decreasing magnitude in air losses compared to the capillary flow occurred after gas breakthrough. As a conclusion, the adoption of snap-off pressure in compressed air tunneling could effectively prevent the continuous air/water flow in clayey soil and create a more human-friendly environment. Additionally, less air losses could be presented compared to that using gas breakthrough pressure, indicating tremendous energy savings in field implementation.     

瓦斯压力对突出煤瓦斯渗流影响试验研究

 以典型煤与瓦斯突出矿井松藻煤电集团打通一矿7#突出煤层制备的型煤试件为研究对象,利用自行研制的三轴渗透仪,进行固定轴压和围压情况下的变瓦斯压力突出煤瓦斯渗透试验。试验结果表明：在轴压和围压固定的情况下,突出煤样的瓦斯渗透速度随着瓦斯压力的增大而增大。突出煤样瓦斯渗透速度随着瓦斯压力的增加,呈幂函数规律变化。随着瓦斯压力的增加,突出煤样两端的瓦斯压力梯度增大率会逐渐减小,最终趋近于零。而突出煤样的瓦斯渗透速度增加率则随着瓦斯压力的增大而减小,最终趋近于一恒定值附近。研究成果对提高突出矿井瓦斯抽采率有重要意义。     

Effect of damage on gas seepage behavior of sandstone specimens

In underground engineering,such as geological CO_2 sequestration,unconventional oil and gas exploration,and radioactive waste storage,permeability of rock is important to evaluate the potential CO_2 storage capacity,improve oil and gas production,and prevent leakage of radioactive waste.In this study,hydrostatic stress tests and triaxial compression tests with gas permeability measurements were carried out on intact and damaged sandstone specimens.Three series of experiment were designed to evaluate the permeability evolution laws of sandstone under different testing conditions.They included triaxial seepage tests on intact specimens under different confining pressures,triaxial seepage tests on damaged specimens with different extents of damage,and hydrostatic seepage tests on damaged specimens under increasing and decreasing gas pressures.Based on the experimental results,the effects of effective confining pressure,extent of damage and increasing and decreasing gas pressure on permeability of sandstone were investigated.It shows that the permeability of the intact sandstone specimens first decreased and then increased,followed by a constant value with increase in axial strain.The permeability of the sandstone specimens was observed to decrease with increase in effective confining pressure.The extent of damage affects the permeability evolution,but does not influence the failure patterns of damaged sandstone.As the gas pressure increased,the permeability of the damaged sandstone specimen increased.Under the same gas pressure condition,the permeability during the decreasing process is generally higher than that during the increasing process.These experiments are expected to enhance our understanding of seepage behavior in underground rock masses.     

Experimental research on water retention and gas permeability of compacted bentonite/sand mixtures

Highly compacted bentonite-based materials are often considered as buffer or sealing materials for deep high-level radioactive waste repositories. In situ, the initial state of bentonite-based materials is only partially saturated, which has a very high suction that will promote water absorption from the host rock. In addition, a gradient of water saturation will be formed between the external part and the central part of the compacted bentonite blocks. In this paper, water retention tests, under both constant-volume and free-swelling conditions, were performed to investigate the suction behavior of a compacted bentonite/sand mixture. In order to investigate the sealing ability of the partially saturated bentonite/sand mixture, gas permeability tests were also carried out under the in situ confining stress. It was found that the confining conditions have a limited effect on the water retention capacity of the compacted bentonite/sand mixture at lower levels of relative humidity (RH), while this influence is significant at higher RH levels. The results of gas permeability tests show that gas permeability is very sensitive to the water content and the confining pressure. When the sample (stable at RH=98%) was subjected to a in situ confining pressure (7–8 MPa), the gas permeability was very low (1.83×10^–14 m/s) which indicates that gas tightness can be obtained even though the sample is not fully saturated.     

Investigation of mechanical properties of soft rock due to laboratory reproduction of physical weathering process

The focus of the present study is on soft rocks (moderately weathered granite and artificial rock) that have suffered physical weathering due to changes in temperature and confining pressure. Unconfined compression tests were conducted on moderately weathered granite, and triaxial compression tests were conducted on artificial rocks. Two test plans were conducted to study the effect of weathering. In the first plan, the specimens suffered weathering process cycles under unconfined conditions, followed by triaxial tests with different confining pressures (0 kPa, 30 kPa, 60 kPa, and 90 kPa). In the second plan, the specimens suffered weathering process cycles under a certain confining pressure (0 kPa, 30 kPa, 60 kPa, and 90 kPa), and the shear strength and initial Young's modulus in each weathering cycle was then studied. Finally, based on the formula of the shear wave velocity and initial Young's modulus, the relationships between normalized shear strength and normalized shear wave velocity were found. These relationships can be used in a further study to understand rock strength on site by detecting the shear wave velocity.The results of this study show that artificial rocks (cement treated sand, CTS) can be used as a homogeneous material to simulate soft rock. In the stress-strain curves, the initial Young's modulus showed no significant change when increasing the confining pressure. The initial Young's modulus showed a nonlinear decrease when the weathering process cycle increased. When soft rocks suffer the weathering process at a certain confining pressure, the relationship between normalized shear strength and normalized shear wave velocity was linear. When soft rocks suffer the weathering process at different confining pressures, the normalized shear strength under a lower confining pressure dropped faster than when the confining pressure was higher.     

基于数值实验的岩石试样最佳长径比研究

 通过颗粒流虚拟实现岩石单轴和三轴压缩试验,对不同设计长径比0.5,1.0,1.5,2.0,2.5,3.0,4.0的岩石试样进行不同围压下的数值压缩试验,分析长径比和围压对岩石试样破坏过程、破坏形态、应力–应变曲线和破坏过程中能量转移的影响。分析结果表明：利用力学指标研究岩石最佳长径比的试验数据离散性较大;利用能量研究最佳长径比,则试验数据离散性小。相对于力学指标研究方法,能量法的试验结果规律稳定。基于此研究认为,岩石试样的最佳长径比为3.0。     

采空区瓦斯与大气两相混溶扩散模型及其求解

基于两相混溶气体渗流一扩散方程，建立了非均质采空区瓦斯涌出与风流交换的模型，用迎风式Galerkin数值方法求解，以可视化方式直观描绘了回采中采空区瓦斯的运移与分布的流体力学原理，采空区瓦斯源用负指数衰减函数描述。在力学处理上，对不透气顶、底板采空区的瓦斯涌出用可压缩两相气体混溶来考虑，流态（速度场）计算则用不可压缩气体渗流求解，由此可克服了以往采用不可压缩气体渗流一扩散模型计算瓦斯分布结果中因“超饱和”解所带来的误差和失真问题。给出增大风量后瓦斯分布的算例，由此反映出工作面风压与采空区内部瓦斯压力的动态平衡性。与单相流计算结果对比，在风流流速相对较高的情况下，两者的瓦斯分布结果基本一致，反之则差别很大，算例中开始出现差别的临界风速为0．091m／min，在采空区深部处瓦斯分布显著不同。     

Study on performance of horizontal single pass shell and multi-tube heat exchanger with baffles by air bubble injection

ABSTRACT

The single pass shell and multi-tube heat exchanger with double segmental baffles'’ performance improvement were experimentally investigated by two methods of air injection into shell side when an increase in air bubble created an effect in the corresponding values of shell and tube heat exchanger such as the overall heat transfer coefficient, effectiveness, NTU and the pressure loss. In the first method, air bubble injection into shell side was parallel to the cold water flow; also in the second method, air bubble injection into shell side was cross flow to the cold water with different air flow rates to calculate approximately the most favourable performance conditions. 1–6?LPM of air flow rates and 10–20?LPM shell side water flow rates were transformed with constant tube side hot water flow rate.     

高压油气藏对砂岩力学特性影响的试验研究

 首先采用声波纵、横波测量方法,进行岩样筛选。然后根据高压油气藏地质构造特征,设计模拟高压油气藏内部孔隙压力变化条件下岩石力学特性测试的方案。在GCTS–1000型三轴压缩试验机上进行高温高压三轴岩石力学测试,结果表明：随着砂岩内部孔隙压力增加,外部围压保持不变的条件下,岩石的强度与围压不呈单调上升的变化趋势,而是随着孔隙压力的增加,净围压减小,岩石强度先随净围压减小而逐渐减小,之后则表现出反常的增大现象。在地压梯度为2.20 MPa/(100 m)时,产生最低强度值。随着地压梯度的增大,岩石强度值反而升高,形成一个V形曲线。砂岩的弹性模量为一波浪形曲线,上下波动范围最大差值为2 909 MPa。泊松比的值从低向高;在地压梯度大于2.00 MPa/(100 m)时,泊松比接近0.5。重复试验揭示了岩石三轴强度特性的这一特殊现象。该结果对于高压油气藏、水泥环和套管系统的真三维套管变形与损坏的模拟有着重要的参考价值,而且是必不可少的基础数据。     

水位下降过程中气相对土坡稳定性的影响

基于饱和-非饱和水-气二相流模型,对土坡在水位下降过程中的孔隙水压力、孔隙气压力、毛细压力及水相饱和度的变化过程进行模拟;基于模拟得到的不同时刻的渗流状态,采用Bishop简化方法推导出考虑孔隙气压力及坡外水压力的土坡安全系数计算公式,分析了水位下降过程中不同渗透性土坡安全系数的变化规律,及基质吸力和气相的存在对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:水位下降过程中土坡的安全系数逐渐减小,水位下降后土坡的安全系数略有增大;考虑气相影响后土坡的安全系数降低,考虑基质吸力影响后土坡的安全系数增大;岸坡土体的渗透率越大,水位下降过程中安全系数较大,而水位下降后安全系数较小。     

含节理大理岩变形和强度特性的试验研究

 锦屏二级水电站处于高地应力区域,引水隧洞开挖后岩体变形和稳定问题十分突出。从辅助洞取样制备含节理试件,采用MTS815.03岩石三轴试验机,开展了含天然节理大理岩试件的常规三轴压缩试验。试验中,节理面与最大主应力夹角θ为29.3°～56.0°,围压为5～40 MPa。通过试验结果分析,主要得到如下结论：(1) 试件共有两类破坏形式：穿切节理面破坏和沿节理面滑移。试件破坏形式主要取决于节理面与最大主应力夹角大小。在试验围压范围内,围压高低对试件破坏形式没有影响。(2) 试件变形特征取决于节理面与最大主应力夹角的大小,并受围压高低影响。(3) 试件轴向变形曲线均具有较好的线性段,但其轴向等效弹性模量均显著低于完整岩石弹性模量。(4) 试件强度首先取决于θ的大小,θ＞40.0°的试件破坏强度与完整岩石相当;θ＜40.0°的试件破坏强度较完整岩石有显著降低,不同节理强度差异是导致不同试件破坏强度差异的主要原因。     

围压与温度共同作用下盐岩的SHPB实验及数值分析

 在自主研制的可进行围压和温度共同加载的分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)实验装置TSCPT-SHPB基础上,对盐岩在5～25 MPa围压作用下的轴向动力性能以及盐岩在40 ℃～80 ℃,0.0～0.5 MPa围压下进行实验研究,分析围压和应变率对盐岩在围压作用下轴向抗压强度动力增长系数(DIF)的影响,以及温度和围压对盐岩动态力学性能的影响。结果表明：在动态作用下,围压对盐岩延性的提高有显著影响;盐岩属率敏感性和温度敏感性材料,其峰值强度随应变率的提高而提高,在低围压下的提高幅度比高围压下显著,并得到实验范围内盐岩材料动力增长系数(DIF)与围压和应变率关系的表达式;在高应变率(400 s－1)条件下,盐岩的动态峰值强度随温度的升高而降低,并依据实验数据,拟合得到峰值强度在各实验温度下随围压变化的计算公式。为考虑应变软化效应,对ABAQUS有限元软件中的Drucker-Prager模型进行改进,并基于单向动态围压下的实验数据拟合的计算参数,对盐岩TSCP-SHPB实验进行数值模拟,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。     

地应力对突出煤瓦斯渗流影响试验研究

 以典型煤与瓦斯突出矿井松藻矿务局打通一矿原煤制备的试样为研究对象,利用自行研制的自压式三轴渗透仪及MTS815型力学试验机,进行固定瓦斯压力及不同围压情况下突出煤试样试验研究。结果表明：在相同围压下,突出煤试样渗流速度随着轴压的增加,表现为先下降后升高,达到应力峰值后,先下降然后趋于稳定;试样在峰后的渗流速度随着围压增大而降低,当围压达到4 MPa以后,渗流速度下降缓慢,几乎保持定值。建立渗流速度–轴压的全过程方程,推导出反映出瓦斯梯度变化的渗流速度–轴向应变关系曲线。     

不同围压条件下TBM刀具破岩模式的数值研究

为了研究不同围压条件下TBM刀具在掘进施工过程中的破岩机理,基于2-D离散单元法,利用UDEC仿真软件建立了双把TBM刀具侵入岩石的仿真模型。在此基础上设计了一组数值试验,成功地模拟出了不同围压条件以及不同刀间距下岩石裂纹生成,扩展和岩石破碎的全过程。仿真结果表明：TBM刀具作用下岩石存在四种基本的破碎模式,它们的出现与围压以及刀间距有关;破碎模式对刀具的破岩效率,岩石破碎块度均有影响;随着围压的增加,最优刀间距增大,但围压超过一定值后,最优刀间距反而减小。     

基于能量耗散原理的盐岩动力特性及破坏特征分析

 为研究盐岩的动力特性和破坏特征,利用带围压的分离式Hopkinson压杆(SHPB)试验装置,对盐岩进行不同围压(5,15和25 MPa)下的冲击试验,并基于能量耗散原理来研究盐岩动态力学性能以及破坏特征,分析整个试验过程中的能量传递与转化,探究围压和输入能量对试件吸能及破坏的影响。研究结果表明：在同一围压下,随着入射能的增加,盐岩硬化效应越明显,表现为能量反射率增高而透射能和吸收能降低;在相同或相近的入射能下,随着围压的升高盐岩的流塑性变得越明显,但在动力荷载下盐岩由流塑性向脆性转变,最后发生脆性破坏;随着吸收能的增加,盐岩的峰值应力因围压不同而表现出不同的变化趋势,低围压时,吸收能越大,峰值应力越高,而高围压时,吸收能越大,峰值应力却越小;在有围压状态下,盐岩的冲击破坏形态与其他的脆性岩石相似,但在破坏机制上存在很大差异。     

不同含水饱和度低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应研究

低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应的研究是油气开采与存储领域十分重要的内容,但目前关于低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应的研究大多是在气体单相流下进行的,对于气–液两相流时,液体对气体滑脱效应的影响,所做的研究不足。因此,利用研发的低渗透岩石惰性气体渗透性测试系统,对含水饱和度为0~70%的低渗透砂岩,进行了不同含水饱和度的低渗透岩石气体滑脱效应及有效渗透率变化规律的研究,试验结果表明:(1)二次公式k_g=k_∞(1+b/q-a/p~2)可以较为准确的解释低渗透岩石的气体滑脱效应,准确性明显高于Klinkenberg公式。(2)含水饱和度对低渗透岩石的气体滑脱效应有明显影响,气体滑脱效应随着含水饱和度增大而减少,在含水饱和度超过50%时,气体滑脱效应几乎完全被限制。(3)由于水的作用,含水的低渗透岩石随着围压增大,气体滑脱效应减少,这与克氏理论的结论相反。(4)含水饱和度对低渗透岩石的有效渗透率影响显著,随含水饱和度的增大有效渗透率减少,且围压越大,低渗透岩石的有效渗透率对含水饱和度变化越敏感。(5)低渗透岩石的有效渗透率与含水饱和度符合幂函数关系,即k_∞=k_0(1-S_w)~c。