上行气固两相流充分发展段的颗粒浓度

在Ф100mm× 16m循环床提升管实验装置上测试了134组操作条件下提升管 12个截面位置的平均颗粒浓度 ,其中 113组操作条件下提升管中的气固两相流展现出明确的充分发展段 .结果表明 ,充分发展段的颗粒浓度εs 随颗粒循环量G_s 的增加而增大且具有显著的线性关系 ,ε_s 随表观气速U_g 的增加以幂函数关系减小 .所提出的实验关联式不仅较好地拟合了本文所获得的充分发展段的平均颗粒浓度数据 ,而且诠释了以往有关提升管稀相段出口颗粒浓度预测结果之间的差异 ,更明确地反映了充分发展段颗粒浓度与操作参数之间的定量关系     

多段分级转化流化床提升管中颗粒聚团特性的研究

采用PC6D型颗粒浓度测量仪,在多段分级转化流化床冷态实验装置上,测量了提升管中局部固体浓度,对颗粒聚团特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:径向上絮状物的时间分率Fc和絮状物内的颗粒浓度εsc在床层中心区(r/R0.6)较低,而在边壁区(r/R0.8)相对较高。提升管所有截面上各径向位置的Fc和εsc均随表观气速urg的减小和/或固体循环量Gs的增加而增加,轴向上操作条件对底部加速段Fc、εsc的影响明显高于对上部充分发展段Fc、εsc的影响;径向上操作条件对中心区Fc、εsc的影响显著高于对边壁区Fc、εsc的影响。在絮状物颗粒浓度0到εsmf范围内,得出絮状物内的颗粒浓度εsc与该处相应的局部颗粒浓度εs的变化关系式为εsc=3.33εs0.8。     

16m高气固提升管中的压力梯度与流动行为研究

在较宽操作条件范围对16m高提升管中气－固两相流（空气－FCC颗粒）的压力梯度进行了实验测试,进一步揭示了快速流态化和密相气力输送这两种流动形态的动力学特征及其与操作参数的关系。结果表明,在表观气速增大的过程中气固提升管中的轴向压力梯度并非总是不断趋于均匀分布;提升管高度对快速流态化到密相气力输送状态的过渡有重要影响,对于给定的表观气速,提升管高度增加将使过渡点所应的颗粒循环量和床层颗粒浓度都减小。本实验条件下所有过滤点对应的床层颗粒浓度较为一致,平均为0．0104,并由此得到过渡点操作参数Ug与Gs的关联式。本文研究表明,在以往工作基础上进一步研究提升管高度对流动行为的影响极有必要。     

多段分级转化流化床提升管速度场的研究

针对流化床煤气化过程中需要长气固接触时间和高固体浓度,开发了耦合灰熔聚流化床和提升管的多段分级转化流化床。为了研究多段分级转化流化床提升管中局部颗粒速度的径向、轴向分布,在不同的操作条件下,采用PV-6型颗粒速度测量仪在冷态实验装置中系统测定提升管内局部颗粒速度。实验结果表明:提升管中任何径向、轴向位置的颗粒速度随着操作气速的增大而增大,随循环量的增加而减小。操作条件对中心区颗粒速度变化的影响明显高于边壁区。颗粒的加速首先发生在提升管中心区域,然后向边壁区域扩展。颗粒速度径向分布的不均匀性沿轴向逐渐增大,并且受操作气速影响比较大。     

基于气固两相流的双循环流化床提升管压降模型的预测和实验研究

为研究提升管颗粒循环流率对提升管压降的影响，搭建双循环流化床冷态实验系统，采用差压变送器进行提升管轴向区域压降的实验研究。基于提升管不同的颗粒速度计算方法，充分考虑加速区和充分发展区的不同压降机理，建立加速区、充分发展区和整个提升管压降模型，与实验结果比较发现：加速区颗粒速度采用滑移系数方法所得压降与实验值较吻合，在充分发展区进行压降计算时颗粒速度采用滑移速度等于终端速度计算所得结果较精确；在提升管压降计算时可综合考虑加速区和充分发展区适用的压降模型进行计算，可为实际生产运行中采用压差法进行提升管轴向颗粒浓度的分布提供一定参考，为提升管压降的在线监测提供指导。     

循环床提升管中粗重颗粒浓度的轴向分布

在10m高提升管中对空气-沙子体系的压力梯度进行系统测试,研究了粗重颗粒平均颗粒浓度云的轴向分布及操作条件对它的影响。结果表明,粗重颗粒的^εs在相同操作条件下显著低于FCC颗粒;随操作条件的不同,沙子颗粒表现出与FCC显著不同的轴向分布形态。高气速下粗重颗粒^εs的轴向分布与FCC相似表现为单调下降或直线形关系;但在表观气速Ug降低至某一临界值后,粗重颗粒^εs的轴向分布呈现出波动形式,表明沙子颗粒在提升管中的流动是一个加速-减速-再加速直至充分发展的过程。随Ug减小或Gs增大,提升管各截面上云升高;当^εs的轴向分布为波动形式时,提升管底部截面和中部颗粒聚集截面上^εs的变化较其它截面更为显著。     

流化床-提升管耦合反应器内沥青颗粒的流动特性

针对重油残渣(沥青颗粒)气化制氢工艺,在流化床-提升管耦合反应器大型冷模实验装置上,考察了不同操作条件下沥青颗粒体系在耦合反应器内截面平均密度的轴向分布. 结果表明,对单组分沥青颗粒体系,耦合反应器适宜的操作条件为：提升管表观气速ug,r=0.70~1.76 m/s;与A类颗粒相比,沥青颗粒在耦合反应器内的流动特性呈现不同的特点,整个反应器沿轴向可分为底部流化床密相区、提升管底部低密度区、提升管颗粒密度重整区、提升管加速区、充分发展区和出口约束区6个区域;反应器内截面平均密度随颗粒质量流率增大而增大,随表观气速增大而减小;确定了耦合反应器内提升管区域截面平均固含率的影响参数为ep', Fr及H/Dr,并利用实验数据回归了平均固含率的轴向分布经验模型,其计算值与实验值吻合较好.     

循环流化床提升管中颗粒速度的径向分布及其沿轴向的发展

采用5光纤速度探头对f100mm?5.1m循环床提升管8个高度截面上11个径向位置的局部颗粒速度进行了实验测试,并采用径向不均匀指数(RNI)对颗粒速度径向分布的不均匀性及其沿轴向的变化进行了定量描述。研究结果表明:在高气速、高颗粒循环量操作时,操作条件对颗粒上升速度和下降速度的径向分布的影响在加速段和充分发展段呈现出不同的规律;颗粒上升速度和下降速度沿轴向的变化在核心区和边壁区也表现出不同的趋势。当颗粒循环速率大于200 kgm-2s-1时,颗粒的加速段长度大大延长,以至于大于提升管的高度(15.1m)。颗粒速度径向分布的不均匀性沿轴向是逐渐增大的,并且与截面平均颗粒速度存在很强的相关性。     

流化床提升管中脱油油砂颗粒固含率的轴向分布

针对油砂直接流化焦化工艺,建立了一套大型冷模提升管循环流化床装置. 粒度测试结果表明,该脱油油砂颗粒属宽筛分混合颗粒,且细颗粒含量较多,粒度分布宽(1~>2000 mm). 在不同操作条件下,采用多点压力密度测量仪测定了提升管内压力梯度和截面平均固含率沿提升管轴向的分布. 实验结果表明,脱油油砂颗粒在提升管内截面的平均固含率随表观气速增大而减小,随颗粒循环强度增大而增大;固含率沿提升管轴向的分布为C型,即上下两端较浓、中间较稀,且沿提升管自上而下分为3个区域：颗粒约束返混区(>12 m)、充分发展区(4~12 m)和颗粒加速区(<4 m);在相同操作条件下,脱油油砂颗粒在提升管内截面的平均固含率高于FCC颗粒,加速段与约束返混段长度大于FCC颗粒;确定了脱油油砂颗粒在提升管内截面平均固含率的影响参数为ep', Fr及Hr/Dr;通过实验数据回归得到提升管内截面平均固含率轴向分布的经验模型,计算与实验值吻合较好.     

气固循环床提升管内的局部颗粒浓度及流动发展

采用反射式光纤浓度探头对f100mm×15.1m循环床提升管8个轴向截面上11个径向位置的局部颗粒浓度进行了测量, 分析研究了颗粒浓度径向分布的不均匀性及其沿轴向的发展变化。结果表明:提升管内气固两相流的发展并不同步,而是一个由核心区向边壁区逐渐扩展,并最终达到总体充分发展的过程,该过程主要受边壁区发展过程所控制;相对于核心区,边壁区的发展不仅显著缓慢,而且受操作条件的影响也较显著。实验还发现:在颗粒加速段,无因次颗粒浓度的径向分布不具有相似性,不仅与径向位置有关,而且还与床层截面高度有关。     

上行气固两相流充分发展段颗粒浓度关联及预测

在高度分别为15.1m和10.5m的两套实验装置上,对快速流态化到稀相气力输送流型下提升管内的轴向压力梯度进行了系统测试,以研究提升管充分发展段内不同颗粒的浓度变化及其与操作参数的关系。实验在其中175组操作条件下展现出明显的充分发展段(>2.8m)。结果表明,表观气速在3~8m?s-1之间变化时,对充分发展段颗粒浓度随终端颗粒浓度的变化关系影响显著,但当表观气速>8m?s?1或<3m?s?1时,其对充分发展段颗粒浓度随终端颗粒浓度线性增加的关系影响极弱;在此基础上提出的预测关联式更明确地反映了操作条件等因素对充分发展段颗粒浓度的定量影响关系,其计算结果与本实验和相关文献的实验数据吻合良好。     

Comprehensive Study on the Solids Acceleration Length in a Long CFB Riser

Systematic experimental work was conducted to investigate the solids acceleration length in a 0.10 m i. d., 16 m long circulating fluidized bed (CFB) riser with fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) particles over a wide range of operating conditions. A more feasible method is proposed to determine the acceleration length from the measured axial profiles of pressure gradient (or apparent solids holdup). With this new method and large amounts of experimental results, a clear picture of the variation of the acceleration length with both solids circulating rate and superficial gas velocity is obtained. It is found that the acceleration length increases generally with increasing solids flow rate and/or decreasing gas velocity. However, the particular variation patterns of the acceleration length with operating conditions are quite different in different operation ranges. Especially under the conditions near or at the accumulative choking, the acceleration length extends rapidly with increasing solids flow rate and/or decreasing gas velocity, and sometimes takes up the whole riser height. Reasonable explanations are provided for the observed variation patterns of the acceleration length.     

低固含率气-液-固循环流化床流动特性

应用基于互补金属氧化物半导体(complementary metal oxide semiconductor,CMOS)传感器的高速图像采集和处理技术,实验研究了低固含率条件下,低密度大孔吸附树脂固体颗粒气-液-固三相循环流化床的流体力学行为,分析了操作条件、液相物性、颗粒性质等对床内的固体颗粒循环速率、相含率、气泡运动等特性的影响,得到了具有合理物理解释的实验数据和结果。     

A comparison of flow development in high density gas‐solids circulating fluidized bed downer and riser reactors

Comparison of flow development in high density downer and riser reactors is experimentally investigated using fluid catalytic cracking particles with very high solids circulation rate up to 700 kg/m²s for the first time. Results show that both axial and radial flow structures are more uniform in downers compared to riser reactors even at very high density conditions, although the solids distribution becomes less uniform in the high density downer. Solids acceleration is much faster in the downer compared to the riser reactor indicating a shorter length of flow development and residence time, which is beneficial to the chemical reactions requiring short contact time and high product selectivity. Slip velocity in risers and downers is also first compared at high density conditions. The slip velocity in the downer is much smaller than in the riser for the same solids holdup indicating less particle aggregation and better gas‐solids contacting in the downer reactors. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1172–1183, 2015     

加长循环流化床提升管中加速段长度的实验研究

Systematic experimental work was conducted to investigate the solid acceleration length in a 16 m long circulating fluidized bed riser with fluid cracking catalyst particles over a wide range of operating conditions. A more feasible method is proposed to determine the acceleration length from the measured axial profiles of pressure gradient (or apparent solid holdup). With this new method and large amount of experimental data, a clear picture on the variation of the acceleration length with both solid circulating rate and superficial gas velocity is obtained.It is found that the acceleration length increases generally with increasing solid flow rate and/or decreasing gasvelocity. However, the trend in variation of the acceleration length with operating conditions are quite different in different operation ranges. Reasonable explanations are suggested for the observed variation patterns of acceleration length.     

Axial hydrodynamic studies in a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed riser

Axial distribution of phase holdups was studied in the riser of a gas-liquid-solid circulating fluidized bed (GLSCFB). The effects of gas and liquid superficial velocities as well as solids circulation rate on radial distribution of phase holdups at different axial locations were investigated. Electrical resistance tomography (ERT) and optical fiber probe were employed online in the experiments for a precise determination of phase holdups. An empirical model was developed for the determination of gas bubbles in analysis of data obtained by fiber optic sensor. Gas holdup was higher at the central region of the riser and increased axially due to coalescence of small bubbles and decrease of hydrostatic pressure at higher levels in the riser. This led to an increase in solids holdup in regions close to the wall which was slightly higher than the solids holdup at the wall. Both solids and liquid holdups were lower in the central region and increased radially towards the wall. Gas holdup decreased with increasing solids circulation rate but opposite trend was observed for solids holdup. Solids circulation rate had negligible effect on liquid holdup at lower axial locations compared to top of the riser. Cross-sectional average of solids, gas and liquid holdups did not change significantly at higher liquid superficial velocities.     

提升管-流化床耦合反应器颗粒约束返混区的流动特性及约束作用分析

针对催化汽油辅助反应器改质降烯烃工艺,在一套提升管-流化床耦合反应器大型冷态实验装置上,系统研究了提升管出口段的颗粒流动特性,通过定义约束指数R_i（R_i为颗粒约束返混区实际截面平均固含率与理论截面平均固含率之比）定量反映提升管出口分布器及流化床层的约束作用。结果表明,与常规提升管相比,耦合反应器提升管出口存在一个颗粒约束返混区,其长度主要受表观气速、颗粒循环强度及上部流化床内颗粒静床高度影响;由于出口设置了倒锥形分布器,使得颗粒约束返混区靠近提升管出口区域在表观气速较低和颗粒循环强度较大时,局部固含率最大值出现在量纲 1半径Φ＝0.7处;颗粒约束返混区的约束指数在靠近出口的过程中逐渐增大,气固流动受到分布器及上部流化床层的约束作用亦逐渐增强。     

The influence of distributor structure on the solids distribution and flow development in circulating fluidized beds

The influence of distributor structure on solids distribution is studied in two riser circulating fluidized bed reactors with different distributor structures but similar diameters. Optic fibre probes were used for the measurement of local solids distribution. The axial and radial distribution of solids holdup in the riser with a multi‐tube distributor is more uniform than that with a multi‐orifice distributor. The radial profiles of particle velocity in the riser with the multi‐tube distributor are also more uniform than that with the multi‐orifice distributor. In the riser with the multi‐tube distributor, both gas and particles are distributed more uniformly across the section, so that the flow acceleration is much more uniform and faster. The flow development is much faster and the fully developed region is reached early for the riser with the multi‐tube distributor. The distributor design is an important factor for the design of circulating fluidized bed reactor.