基于副本索引的P2P副本一致性维护策略

P2P中副本应用从静态逐渐转变到动态更新,研究如何管理动态改变数据的一致性问题成为关键。该文提出一种基于副本索引的无结构P2P副本一致性维护策略,在创建副本时将副本所在节点的索引发送至种子节点保存,同时自身保存种子节点的索引。当副本节点发生更新后,主动发送信息通知种子节点,种子节点根据副本索引表进行副本的一致性维护。仿真实验和分析表明,该副本一致性维护策略能有效地提高副本的一致性,减少冗余消息数目。     

P2P系统中基于副本链的一致性维护算法

提出一种无结构纯P2P的副本一致性维护算法。利用副本节点发起的第一次更新消息在P2P网络中的广播,由其他收到消息的副本节点给出响应,构建副本链。副本链建立后,更新消息在副本节点间进行传播,不再在网络中洪泛。副本链的维护通过记录首次发起更新的副本节点IP地址完成。仿真试验证明该算法是简单有效的。     

基于轨迹标签的无结构P2P副本一致性维护算法

副本的存在是一种提高P2P系统的可扩展性、容错性、可用性和减少查询响应时间的有效手段.随着P2P应用逐渐由只读静态文件共享转换为需要实时更新的读写动态文件交互,副本一致性维护成为确保新业务正确运行的关键.从直接更改消息报文角度出发,提出一种基于节点轨迹标签的无结构P2P副本一致性维护算法,通过在传输消息的报文中添加已接收更新消息的节点轨迹地址链表标签,可以在消息传输源节点进行冗余判断,以减少冗余消息数目.同时,针对直接存储节点地址轨迹标签算法的消息长度随着消息传输轮数和网络度数增加而不断加大的问题,提出一种用Bloom filter替代地址链表轨迹标签的算法.通过Bloom filter这种简洁的结构表示地址链表,可以减少添加到报文中的轨迹长度,利用Bloom filter的"或"运算可以简化传输节点的冗余判断.实验结果表明:节点轨迹标签算法可以极大地降低冗余消息数目,提高P2P系统的可扩展性.副本节点网络连通性越强,消息数目和传输带宽的减少就越明显.该研究可以用到传感器网络等其他自组织网络的一致性维护中.     

P2P存储系统副本一致性维护策略

副本策略是提高P2P存储系统的可扩展性、容错性、可用性的有效手段。随着新的应用发展,P2P中副本应用从只读静态文件共享转变为读写动态文件交互,副本的一致性维护变得越来越重要。提出一种副本信息传播树的维护策略,该策略把文件副本的相关信息保存在二叉树上,通过订阅和取消订阅算法维护副本的一致。实验证明该策略能有效减少维护开销,避免相关问题的出现。     

MANET中基于簇的缓存一致性维护策略

协作缓存在移动自组织网络中得到了充分的应用和部署.提出了一种基于簇的一致性维护策略CCS(cluster-based consistency scheme).在CCS中,相邻的节点组成一个簇.每个簇中挑选一个能量较高、较稳定的节点作为簇头,而簇中的其他节点与簇头节点最多相距两跳.簇头节点利用基于DHT(distributed Hash table,分布式哈希表)的Chord协议作为组管理协议,即簇头节点组戍一个Chord环.通过动态地在Chord环上建立更新树传播更新内容.这样,更新数据在不同的簇之间是通过更新树传播的,而在簇内是通过MAC层的广播传播的.仿真实验结果表明,与基于流言传播的缓存一致性维护策略相比,CCS具有开销小、成功率高和传播快的特点.     

基于P2P和XML内容的发布订阅系统

介绍了一种面向大规模分布式应用的发布订阅中间件系统,系统采用一种结合了下推树和自下而上树自动机的XPath订阅快速匹配算法,支持XPath多谓词和分支特性。系统事件代理P2P网络节点之间的事件或订阅消息路由采用了扩展的Chord路由协议和订阅聚合、覆盖等多种优化措施。实验结果表明,系统具有较好的效率和性能,能满足面向大规模分布式应用的要求。     

基于P2P网络环境下的副本一致性维护算法

目前副本策略已经被广泛地应用于提高P2P系统的性能和可扩展性.随着越来越多的业务的发展,需要文件更新频繁以及网络的高度动态性,使得副本的一致性维护亦变得越来越重要.针对这个问题,研究在高度动态的网络环境下,将结点离线率和副本点与非副本之间的转换概率作为依据,构建维护责任点分担owner责任.并用分层式混合推拉式谣言机制传递更新信息,减少冗余信息.实验证明,新算法在更新过程中能维持高的更新成功率和较低的流量开销,更适应动态网络的扩展.     

结构化对等网络中P2P 僵尸网络传播模型

依赖结构化对等网传播的P2P僵尸是未来互联网面临的重要威胁.详细分析了两种典型的结构化P2P协议Chord和Kademlia的工作原理,在此基础上,使用数学建模的方法建立了结构化P2P僵尸网络的传播模型.该模型将Kademlia,Chord协议与双因子免疫机制、主机在线率等因素相结合,较为全面地研究了两种典型的结构化P2P网络中僵尸的传播机理,并使用软件仿真的方法模拟了节点超过百万时,结构化P2P网络中僵尸的传播行为,通过软件仿真得出的数据与理论数据进行对比,验证了模型的正确性.从实验结果可以看出:对于Kademlia和Chord两种结构化P2P网络,僵尸传播无论是双因子免疫模型还是结合双因子与主机在线率的模型,理论模型与仿真结果都非常吻合,体现了模型的准确性,为僵尸的检测与防御提供了理论依据.     

结构化P2P自适应混合负载均衡策略

本文在深入研究已有负载均衡策略的基础上,提出了一种建立在结构化P2P上基于Chord的自适应高可用性混合负载均衡策略--RGP(Replication and Gossip Policy).该策略结合了流言传播与动态副本策略,并将负载失衡分为轻负载和重负载区分对待,以提高结构化P2P网络的性能.     

基于随机Petri网的P2P存储系统可靠性模型和分析

可靠性是可信性研究的基本内涵之一,也是P2P ( Peer-to-Peer)存储系统研究的关键。P2P存储系统结点具有高动态特征,结点频繁地上下线给系统的可靠性分析带来困难。结点的暂时离线会增加副本数量,从而导致系统不必要的损耗。较多的副本数量会增加系统的可靠性,但是同时会导致系统的一致性维护成本增加。而较少的副本数量又会导致系统的可靠性显著降低。针对副本的数量和可靠性之间的关系,采用随机Pctri建立了P2P存储系统的可靠性模型并加以分析,围绕数据可靠性度量要求和数据副本的数量建立关系模型,从理论上指明研究系统可靠性的目的和基本原则,这可以在系统组建之初帮助优化系统的设计。     

P2P网络中基于DHT的自适应Chord风险模型

针对Chord模型在节点加入或离开时产生大量消息,不适用于动态网络的问题,提出一种基于分布式哈希表（Distribute Hash Table,DHT）的自适应Chord模型,即Self-adaptive Chord。方法是该模型在节点加入或离开的时候暂不考虑整个网络逻辑拓扑的一致性,只简单更新其前驱节点和后继节点的路由表,而在节点转发消息时动态地调整各节点路由表,使得网络逻辑拓扑动态地趋向于一致。通过实验对比评估了自适应Chord和Chord性能,结果表明自适应Chord能有效降低由于网络动荡引发的消息数量,同时基本保留了Chord的高效率查询。结论为自适应Chord提供了一种在节点动荡频繁的环境下的候选解决方案。     

Efficient and Scalable Consistency Maintenance for Heterogeneous Peer-to-Peer Systems

Consistency maintenance mechanism is necessary for the emerging Peer-to-Peer applications due to their frequent data updates. Centralized approaches suffer single point of failure, while previous decentralized approaches incur too many duplicate update messages because of locality-ignorant structures. To address this issue, we propose a scalable and efficient consistency maintenance scheme for heterogeneous P2P systems. Our scheme takes the heterogeneity nature into account and forms the replica nodes of a key into a locality-aware hierarchical structure, in which the upper layer is DHT-based and consists of powerful and stable replica nodes, while a replica node at the lower layer attaches to a physically close upper layer node. A d-ary update message propagation tree (UMPT) is dynamically built upon the upper layer for propagating the updated contents. As a result, the tree structure does not need to be maintained all the time, sav-ing a lot of cost. Through theoretical analyses and comprehensive simulations, we examine the efficiency and scalability of this design. The results show that, compared with previous designs, especially locality-ignorant ones, our approach is able to reduce the cost by about 25-67 percent.     

An optimized strategy for update path selection in unstructured P2P networks

With the growth of P2P file sharing systems, people are no longer satisfied with the sharing of the read-only and static files, and thus the systems with mutually writable and dynamic files have emerged, resulting in the replica inconsistency problem. To maintain the replica consistency, too many update messages need to be redundantly propagated due to the lack of the sharing of globally updated path information in the existing strategies. To address this problem, we propose an optimized strategy for update path selection, which makes the nodes share the update path information by using clone, variation and crossover operations for the update paths. We also present a repeated update strategy to cope with the churn problem so as to maintain replica consistency as far as possible even if some nodes temporarily leave the network. The simulation results show that our strategy can significantly reduce the number of the redundant update messages without lowering the message coverage, thus improving the availability of the unstructured P2P networks.     

?无结构P2P网络中的混合式搜索方法

针对轻洪泛冗余查询消息数多、对稀有资源搜索延迟大的问题,提出一种结合无结构P2P搜索技术和双向Chord环的混合式搜索方法。该方法利用节点的异构性,在k-walker随机走的基础上,根据邻居节点的查询能力,对查询请求的转发方式进行改进,在双向Chord环中对无结构P2P未搜索到的资源进行结构化P2P搜索。仿真结果证明,与轻洪泛相比,混合式搜索方法的冗余查询消息数较少,对稀有资源的搜索延迟较小。     

CMV: File consistency maintenance through virtual servers in peer-to-peer systems

Peer-to-peer (P2P) has become a mainstream architecture in numerous diverse distributed applications. However current P2P systems do not provide consistency guarantees under multiple reader multiple writer scenarios. Such a feature is desirable as well as necessary for supporting more diverse applications than merely file-sharing systems. In this paper, we develop a highly scalable and efficient algorithm, called Consistency Maintenance through Virtual servers (CMV), in P2P systems. In this algorithm, consistency of each dynamic file is maintained by a Virtual Server (VS). A file update can only be accepted through the VS to ensure one-copy serializability consistency. The VS of a file is a logical network composed of multiple Replica Peers (RPs) that have replicas of the file. Mathematical analysis is performed for optimal parameter selections that achieve minimum overhead messages for maintaining file consistency. Simulation experiments are conducted to compare the performance of the proposed CMV algorithm with two existing schemes, namely the rumor spreading based scheme and the Update Propagation Through Replica Chain (UPTReC) scheme. Our results show that CMV can quickly commit update to the system and significantly reduce (by more than 90%) overhead messages compared to these schemes under various system conditions.     

P2P consistency support for large-scale interactive applications

Peer-to-Peer (P2P) systems have been widely used by networked interactive applications to relieve the drawback and reduce the reliance on well-provisioned servers. A core challenge is to provide consistency maintenance for a massive number of users in a P2P manner. This requires propagating updates on time by only using the uplink bandwidth from individual users instead of relying on dedicated servers. In this paper, we present a P2P system called PPAct to provide consistency maintenance for large-scale fast-interactive applications. We use massive multi-player online games as example applications to illustrate PPAct. The design can be directly applied to other interactive applications. We adopt the Area-of-Interest (AOI) filtering method, which is proposed in prior works [1], [2], to reduce bandwidth consumption of update delivery. We solve the AOI’s critical problem of bandwidth shortage in hot regions by dynamically balancing the workload of each region in a distributed way. We separate the roles of view discovery from consistency maintenance by assigning players as “region hosts” and “object holders.” A region host is responsible for tracking objects and players within a region, and an object holder is responsible for sending updates about an object to interested players. Lookup queries for view discovery are processed by region hosts, while consistency maintenance of objects is taken by object holders. Separating the roles not only alleviates the workload overflow in hot regions, but also speeds up view discovery and update delivery. Another key idea is that peers contribute spare bandwidth in a fully distributed way to forwarding updates about objects of interest. Thus popular, high-demand objects will have more peers forward updates. We also present how to select capable and reliable players for region hosts and object holders.A P2P network simulator is developed to evaluate PPAct on two major types of online games: role-playing games (RPGs) and first-person shooter (FPS) games. The results demonstrate that PPAct successfully supports 10,000 players in RPGs and 1500 players in FPS games. PPAct outperforms SimMud [2] in RPGs and Donnybrook [3] in FPS games by 40% and 30% higher successful update rates respectively.     

一种改进的Chord网络模型

经典的Chord模型中为维护Chord环路由信息而周期性执行的Stabilize操作产生了大量的消息转发。提出一种改进的Chord模型,通过使用优化的双向Finger表,使得只在节点加入或离开时才进行路由更新,降低了消息转发的开销,同时优化了路由定位算法。     

基于混合式拓扑结构的P2P信息管理系统设计

对等网络所面临的两个最基本的问题是如何进行信息有效查找、定位以及如何进行网络的自我管理。文中介绍了一种基于混合式拓扑结构的分布式信息查找（DHH）体制。该体制可以实现信息的高效查找和节点的自我管理,同时达到可扩展性,有效性,可靠性,负载均衡和用户匿名性等指标。