分型算法在二维非恒定流的数值模拟中的应用

采用分型算法求解水流运动的二维浅水方程，采用“动边界”技术追踪在非恒定流时因水位的变化而引志的计算区域边界的变化，建立了天然延晨恒定流的数学模型，通过实例计算说明，本模型对河口湖泊等一类宽阔水域流场的计算非常有效，能够满足实际工程的需要。     

拟合曲线坐标下弯曲河段水流三维数学模型

在采用拟合曲线网络系统模拟天然河道边界基础上，建立了符合弯道(含急弯河道)水流特性的贴体坐标系下三维数学模型，并针对弯曲河段可能引起的回流及环流，引入双方程κε紊流模型精细模拟，经长江某急弯河段的实例计算，取得较为理想的效果。     

非恒定水深平均的K－ε紊流模型的有限元模式

本文在水深平均的二维流动的数学模型基础上，引入Ｋ－ε二方程模式，建立了水深平均的Ｋ－ε紊流模型，采用能适应不规则边界的有限元计算模式，对易引起不稳定的对流项引进迎流技巧，从而大大提高了计算稳定性。针对应用到河口海湾中的紊流模型具有大尺度计算网格的特点，本文分析了常用壁面律的局限性，比较了Ｋ方程中ＧＫ项与ＧＫＶ项的大小，并分析了紊流模型的优点。     

非恒定水深平均的K—ε紊流模型的有限元模式

本文在水深平均的二维流动的数学模型基础上，引入Ｋ－ε二方程模式，建立了水深平均的Ｋ－ε紊流模型，采用能适应不规则边界的有限元计算模式，对易引起不稳定的对流项引起迎流技巧，从而大大提高了计算稳定性，针对应用到河口海湾中的紊流模型具有大尺度计算网格的特点，本文分析了常用壁面规律的局限性，比较了Ｋ方程中Ｇｋ项与Ｇｋ项与Ｇｋｖ项的大小，并分析了紊流模型的优点。     

河道二维非恒定流场计算方法研究

本文提出了天然河道二维非恒定流速场计算的通用数学模型。该模型克服了天然河道边界形状复杂、长宽尺度相差悬殊以及由于水位波动引起计算边界变化等困难。本文指出了算子分裂法在实用上的局限性,它只适用流态空间变化不剧烈的情况。用本文提出的方法对长江口及苏州河口流场进行了计算,计算与实测吻合良好。     

基于CCHE的塔什米里克引水枢纽二维水流数值模拟

基于CCHE软件,采用混合掺长紊流模型,建立了新疆典型河流塔什米里克引水枢纽的二维水流数学模型。针对引水枢纽复杂地形边界的网格独特处理方式,使模拟条件更加贴合实际。模型基于试验,选取了引水枢纽典型流量工况下水流运动进行计算,结果显示了引水枢纽附近的水流流态、流速、流线分布,以及典型断面水面线特征,皆与模型试验吻合良好。表明该数学模型中的零方程紊流模型(混合掺长模型)能够有效地计算低水头引水枢纽水流特性问题,且具有一定的稳定性。     

复杂水域双向平面二维水沙数学模型的建立与验证

针对洞庭湖区复杂水域多进出口和双向水流等水沙运动特点,结合该湖区航道整治工程,建立了复杂水域平面二维水沙数学模型模拟洞庭湖区白沙嘴滩至茅草街湖段的水沙运动情况,并采用实测资料进行了模型验证,所得计算结果与实测资料比较吻合,说明所建立的数学模型可以应用于该湖区复杂水域双向水沙运动及河床冲淤变形计算,也可以解决不规则区域的动床边界和干河床问题。     

浓度平均的k—ε紊流全场模型及其验证

用浓度平均的Ｋ－ε紊流全场模型对室内浅水水池中流动进行了模拟，所得流态、流速及温度分布与试验结果较为一致，验证表明，这种全场模型预报的输移扩散规律，用于大水域的实际工程是可行的也是成功的。     

三维宽顶堰紊流场数值模拟及分析

本文利用三雏标准k-ε紊流数学模型,选择VOF方法追踪自由表面,采用气液两相流计算模型对宽顶堰流场进行了数值模拟,计算结果与试验数据较为吻合.模拟结果表明,数值模拟能够广泛应用于数值模拟带有复杂自由表面的泄水建筑物紊流场.     

三维宽顶堰紊流场数值模拟与分析

本文利用三维标准k-ε紊流数学模型,选择VOF方法追踪自由表面,采用气液两相流计算模型对宽项堰流场进行了数值模拟,计算结果与试验数据较为吻合.模拟结果表明,数值模拟能够广泛应用于数值模拟带有复杂自由表面的泄水建筑物紊流场.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.