广东省17个不同荔枝品种果实品质比较分析

以17个荔枝品种的果实为试材,利用常规的加工特性分析方法,进行了果实的理化指标和营养成分分析。结果表明,17种荔枝品种中白腊、鸡嘴、珍珠、桂味、糯米糍和白糖罂6个品种的色泽良好,具有典型的荔枝风味、糖酸比适宜、热处理褐变程度轻,是最适宜加工果汁的优良品种。     

荔枝果汁产品开发与市场策略分析

荔枝是我国岭南特色水果之一,其采收季节短,贮藏保鲜难度大,鲜果供应期集中,限制了荔枝产业的健康发展。荔枝加工产品主要包括荔枝干、荔枝罐头等。果汁加工具有原料消耗量大,市场需求高,对水果原有营养成分保存较多的特点,因此一直是水果加工的最主要形式,但目前荔枝果汁产品还鲜见于市场。本文探讨了以荔枝为原料,加工成为果汁系列产品的可行性和市场策略,以期为荔枝产业的持续发展提供有益的思路。     

不同品种荔枝果实加工特性比较研究

以25 个荔枝品种的果实为试材,利用常规的加工特性分析方法,进行果实的组成、理化指标、可溶性蛋白、总酚和总抗氧化能力的分析。结果表明：荔枝品种间果实出汁率、可溶性固形物含量、可食率、总酸、糖酸比差异较大,惠东红岩出汁率最高(70.76%),甜岩最低(32.77%),水晶球可溶性固形物最高(19.57%),香荔最低(12.00%)。荔枝品种的多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶的活性和色泽稳定性差异较大。初步评价,惠东红岩、糯米糍、园枝、黑叶、中山状元红和白糖罂是适宜于果汁和果酒加工的优良品种。荔枝的可溶性蛋白、总酚和总抗氧化能力差异也较大,分别在0.03～1.26mg/L、11.75～487.35mg/L 和1.90～30.06mmol/L 之间。     

优新荔枝品种果实品质风味特征比较

明确华南5个优新荔枝品种果实品质风味特征的差异,为荔枝的品质评价、果品加工和产业优化提供科学依据。通过测定荔枝果肉糖酸组分和游离氨基酸含量,比较不同品种果实品质和风味差异。结果表明:桂味、仙进奉和井岗红糯为糖分均衡累积型品种,妃子笑和糯米糍分别为还原糖和蔗糖累积型品种。5个荔枝品种均主要累积苹果酸,酒石酸次之;最主要的游离氨基酸为γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)或丙氨酸(Ala)。甜味贡献最大的均是果糖,氨基酸中均以Ala、谷氨酸(Glu)和缬氨酸(Val)分别对甜味、鲜味和苦味的贡献最大,酒石酸则是酸味的最大贡献者,GABA对涩味贡献极大。荔枝品种间果肉甜度、甜度/总酸、总糖/总酸、甜味/鲜味氨基酸和甜味/苦味氨基酸均差异显著(P<0.05)。用上述指标评价5 个荔枝品种的品质风味,评价结果差异大。不同品种荔枝果实风味物质含量差异显著。果糖、Ala、Glu、Val、GABA和酒石酸是荔枝果实独特风味的关键物质基础。     

荔枝干品质评价指标体系的建立

通过对荔枝干的品质指标进行分析,确定不同品质指标对荔枝干品质的影响,为荔枝干品质评价指标的筛选提供理论依据,并优选出具有干制优势的荔枝品种。通过测定33个品种的荔枝汁液外流率、果实质量、可食率、色泽、破壳率、总糖、总酸、蛋白质、糖酸比等11个品质指标,对其进行主成分分析和聚类分析,结果发现:荔枝干多个品质指标间存在相对独立性或密切相关性;经主成分分析,6个主成分的累计贡献率达88.80%,可反映荔枝干品质的绝大部分信息;聚类分析结果表明,11个主要品质指标可聚为6类,最终将品质指标简化为糖酸比、可食率、果皮色泽L*值、汁液外流率、果实质量和蛋白质含量6个指标。建立了荔枝加工品质评价体系模型,并优选出品质较好的加工品种:"鸡嘴"、"糯米糍"和"仙进俸"。     

几种保鲜模式对荔枝贮藏效果对比

为研究保鲜模式对荔枝果实贮藏品质变化的影响,在模式可控的保鲜厢体上,以"桂味"荔枝果实作为试验材料,分别在气调、控温控湿和仅控温3种保鲜模式下,开展荔枝果实贮藏试验,比较不同保鲜模式对荔枝果实贮藏效果的影响。试验结果表明,贮藏20 d后,气调模式荔枝的好果率接近1.00,控温控湿模式好果率为0.81,仅控温模式荔枝好果率为0.59;在贮藏期前5 d,不同保鲜模式下的荔枝果实品质差异不显著;仅控温模式荔枝在贮藏过程中果皮水分百分含量迅速下降至0.57、果实失重率迅速增长至11.52%;气调和控温控湿模式下,荔枝果实失重率分别上升至2.91%和2.05%,果皮水分百分含量分别从0.73降至0.69和0.71;不同保鲜模式对荔枝果肉TSS和TA含量变化影响不显著;第20 d货架期试验表明,气调模式能够延缓荔枝果实货架期失重率的变化。研究结果为荔枝果实贮运方式选择提供一定的参考。     

采后氧化白藜芦醇处理对荔枝果实品质与耐贮性的影响

为研究氧化白藜芦醇（oxyresveratrol, OXY）对采后荔枝果实的保鲜作用,该试验以“岵山晚荔”荔枝果实为试材,采用0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3 g/L 4种不同质量浓度的OXY溶液和去离子水（对照组）对采后荔枝果实进行浸泡5 min的处理,通过测定贮藏期间OXY处理组和对照处理组对荔枝果实褐变指数、感病指数和商品率的影响,筛选出适宜的OXY处理浓度为0.2 g/L。而后以0.2 g/L OXY溶液和去离子水（对照组）处理采后荔枝果实,进一步探究OXY对荔枝果实采后品质和耐贮性的影响。结果表明,0.2 g/L OXY处理可保持果实较高的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性糖和维生素C的含量,延缓采后荔枝果皮L^*值和a^*值的下降,较好地保持荔枝果实的外观色泽;抑制贮藏后期呼吸强度和失重率的增加,有效控制采后荔枝果实褐变指数和感病指数的升高,显著提高采后荔枝果实的商品率。     

新型连续式荔枝分级去皮机设计

以先分级再去皮为思路,结合荔枝的物理和化学特性,设计一种新型连续式荔枝分级去皮机。该设备将光束遮断式分级机构和去皮机构有机地融为一体,制成光束遮断式分级机构对荔枝进行分级,运用先开口后撕裂的原理制成去皮机构对荔枝进行去皮。可以连续完成荔枝加工中的分级、有序上料、割口、去皮、果实收集5个过程。既可以实现荔枝的连续高效分级和去皮操作,又可以保持荔枝的完整均匀形态。有利于实现荔枝分级去皮自动化,便于工业化生产。     

荔枝的保健作用及开发利用前景

综述了我国荔枝资源的分布、生产、加工现状以及荔枝的食疗保健作用机理和现代药理学研究进展，展望了荔枝开发利用前景。     

采后“乌叶”和“兰竹”荔枝果实果皮褐变的差异性研究

果皮褐变是影响采后荔枝果实品质和货架期最重要的因素。本文比较研究了在(8±1)℃贮藏条件下"乌叶"和"兰竹"荔枝果实果皮褐变的差异性及其与酚类物质代谢的关系。结果表明:与"兰竹"荔枝果实相比,采后"乌叶"荔枝果实较不容易发生果皮褐变,贮藏期间,"乌叶"荔枝果实的果皮褐变指数显著低于"兰竹";"乌叶"荔枝果实的果皮花色素苷、类黄酮和总酚含量高于"兰竹",而多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性则低于"兰竹"。贮藏期间,荔枝果皮的花色素苷、总酚、类黄酮含量和PPO活性不断下降,而POD活性则不断上升,但在同一贮藏期间,"乌叶"荔枝果皮的花色素苷、总酚、类黄酮含量都高于"兰竹",而PPO和POD活性则低于"兰竹"。据此认为,采后"乌叶"荔枝果实较不容易发生果皮褐变与其保持较低的果皮PPO和POD活性而减少果皮花色素苷、总酚和类黄酮含量的下降有关。     

Diffusivity,shrinkage and simulated drying of litchi fruit (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.)

Litchi (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.) is an important commercial fruit in Thailand and Vietnam. Litchi fruit is consumed both as fresh and dried products. Also most of the export of litchi is in the form of dried whole litchi fruit. Thermo-physical properties and drying model of litchi fruit is important for optimum design of litchi dryer. This paper presents moisture diffusivity, shrinkage and finite element simulated drying of litchi fruit. The moisture diffusivities of litchi were determined by minimizing the sum of square of deviations between the predicted and experimental values of moisture content of thin layer drying under controlled conditions of air temperature and relative humidity. The components in the form of cylinder for seed and seed stalk and slab for seed coat, shell and flesh were dried in thin layers at the air temperatures of 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C and relative humidity in the range of 10–25%. The mean diffusivity of flesh, seed and shell of litchi fruit increased with temperature and was expressed by the Arrhenius-type equation, but the diffusivities of seed coat and seed stalk were independent of temperature. The moisture diffusivities of seed coat and seed stalk were much lower than those of the other parts of the litchi. The shrinkage of litchi fruit has also been determined experimentally and it was expressed as a function of moisture reduction. A two-dimensional finite element model has been developed to simulate moisture diffusion in litchi fruit during drying. Shrinkage of the flesh and different component diffusivities of litchi during drying were also taken into account. The finite element model was programmed in Compaq Visual FORTRAN version 6.5. This finite element model satisfactorily predicts the moisture diffusion during drying. Moisture contents in the different components in the litchi fruit during drying were also simulated. This study provides an understanding of the transport processes in the different components of the litchi fruit.     

采后荔枝果实安全保鲜技术研究进展

荔枝果实在采后贮藏和运输中极易发生病原菌侵染、褐变及腐败而导致品质劣变。目前常用的物理保鲜方法成本高,而人工合成化学杀菌剂处理可能会有一定残留且病原菌容易产生抗药性,故使用无毒害、可生物降解、对环境无污染的新型安全保鲜技术是目前的研究热点。对国内外壳寡糖涂膜保鲜技术、植物提取物保鲜技术和生物拮抗菌保鲜技术等安全保鲜技术在采后荔枝果实保鲜应用的研究进展进行了综述,旨在为维持采后荔枝果实品质,延长荔枝果实贮藏期提供技术参考。     

Antioxidant properties of polymeric proanthocyanidins from fruit stones and pericarps of Litchi chinensis Sonn

Fruit stones and pericarps of Litchi chinensis, waste products of the food, were studied as a source of polymeric proanthocyanidins. The structures of the polymeric proanthocyanidins isolated from Litchi chinensis were characterized by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) coupled with high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) analysis. The spectra obtained through MALDI-TOF MS analysis revealed that the dominant A-type procyanidin polymers occurred in each polymer length with one or more A-type linkages. The polymeric proanthocyanidins of litchi fruit stones exhibited longer polymer length than those of fruit pericarps, with polymerization degrees up to 20 and 11 for fruit stones and pericarps, respectively. After depolymerization with toluene-??-thiol, HPLC-ESI-MS analysis showed that epicatechin and A-type dimer were the major constituent units, and the mean polymerization degrees were 15.4 and 5.8 for polymeric proanthocyanidins of fruit stones and pericarps, respectively. The antioxidant properties investigated using DPPH, ABTS and FRAP methods showed that the higher polymerization degree of polymeric proanthocyanidins from litchi fruit stones exhibited higher antioxidant activities than those from litchi pericarps.     

荔枝加工副产物研究进展

荔枝加工副产物主要包括荔枝壳和荔枝核。荔枝壳含有较高的花青素和其它多酚类物质,具有抗氧化、抗肿瘤、降血脂等功能,可用于开发功能食品和食用色素。荔枝核含有皂苷、多酚、脂肪酸等功能成分,具有降血糖、降血脂、抗病毒、护肝等功效,可用于开发功能食品和药品;此外,荔枝核还含有丰富的淀粉,可用于生产淀粉和酒精。多层次分级综合利用是将来荔枝副产物开发利用的发展方向。     

Nutrient components,health benefits,and safety of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.): A review

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a tropical to subtropical fruit that is widely cultivated in more than 20 countries worldwide. It is normally consumed as fresh or processed and has become one of the most popular fruits because it has a delicious flavor, attractive color, and high nutritive value. Whole litchi fruits have been used not only as a food source but also for medicinal purposes. As a traditional Chinese medicine, litchi has been used for centuries to treat stomach ulcers, diabetes, cough, diarrhea, and dyspepsia, as well as to kill intestinal worms. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that whole litchi fruits exhibit antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, and antiobesity activities and show anticancer, antiatherosclerotic, hypotensive, neuroprotective, and immunomodulatory activities. The health benefits of litchi have been attributed to its wide range of nutritional components, among which polysaccharides and polyphenols have been proven to possess various beneficial properties. The diversity and composition of litchi polysaccharides and polyphenols have vital influences on their biological activities. In addition, consuming fresh litchi and its products could lead to some adverse reactions for some people such as pruritus, urticaria, swelling of the lips, swelling of the throat, dyspnea, or diarrhea. These safety problems are probably caused by the soluble protein in litchi that could cause anaphylactic and inflammatory reactions. To achieve reasonable applications of litchi in the food, medical and cosmetics industries, this review focuses on recent findings related to the nutrient components, health benefits, and safety of litchi.     

荔枝果酒产业与技术研究进展

荔枝具有独特的果香,酸度糖度适中,果汁丰富,富含多种营养物质,极具保健功能,非常适合酿酒,酿酒是一条解决荔枝产期集中、不耐藏、鲜销困难等产业问题的重要途径。文章从荔枝果酒的产业意义、产业概况、酿造工艺、香气成分、荔枝品种酿酒适性等方面对近年来荔枝果酒产业与技术的研究进展进行综述,并提出建议。     

Role of endogenous and exogenous phenolics in litchi anthocyanin degradation caused by polyphenol oxidase

The degradation of anthocyanins and/or the oxidation of phenolics caused by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) results in an enzymatic browning reaction of fruits and vegetables. This work was conducted with a view to explaining the unexpected observation that litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) PPO did not directly oxidise litchi anthocyanins. PPO and anthocyanin from litchi fruit pericarp were extracted and purified, respectively, and then the anthocyanin degradation by PPO in the presence of (−)-epicatechin (endogenous PPO substrate), and catechol and gallic acid (exogenous PPO substrates) were analysed comparatively. The results showed that catechol was the most effective in litchi anthocyanin degradation, followed by (−)-epicatechin and gallic acid, but no significant differences existed between catechol and (−)-epicatechin. The study suggested that litchi PPO directly oxidised (−)-epicatechin; then oxidative products of (−)-epicatechin in turn catalysed litchi anthocyanin degradation, and finally resulted in the browning reaction, which can account for pericarp browning of postharvest litchi fruit.     

壳聚糖对荔枝果皮渗漏性及贮藏时间的影响

通过分析经壳聚糖涂膜处理的荔枝果实在贮藏期间果皮细胞的渗漏率的变化,研究果皮细胞电解质渗漏性与果实贮藏性能之间的关系。在研究的29、22、15和8℃4个温度范围内,随贮藏温度下降,果皮渗漏率降低,果实贮藏时间延长。在贮藏时间范围内,渗漏率表现为先是升高至峰值,然后下降。渗漏率开始发生下降后,果实失去商品价值。并且渗漏率峰值出现得越晚,果实贮藏时间越长。渗漏率(X)与褐变指数(Y)呈显著的正相关(R=0.9506),其回归方程为Y=0.0683X-1.0039。壳聚糖涂膜处理明显抑制荔枝果皮细胞的渗漏率,果实贮藏时间较长。     

普鲁兰多糖复合液涂膜对荔枝采后保鲜效果评价

以普鲁兰多糖为主要成膜剂,制备新型荔枝保鲜材料,并探索了其在不同温度条件下对荔枝的保鲜效果。结果表明:在夏季常温(34±2) ℃、空调(26±2) ℃及低温(5±2) ℃条件下,普鲁兰多糖复合液涂膜可有效抑制荔枝褐变,降低可溶性固形物、pH、可滴定酸、维生素C等营养物质的损失,维持较高的好果率。普鲁兰多糖涂膜对低温环境下的荔枝保鲜效果最佳,贮藏14 d后褐变指数为1,好果率为91%。与之相比,空白对照组及施保功溶液浸泡组荔枝在第12 d时已完全褐变,好果率为0%。普鲁兰多糖复合液涂膜结合低温贮藏,可以有效维持荔枝采后新鲜度,延长保鲜期。