某历史街区古建筑火灾热释放速率的确定

结合昆明市某历史街区砖木结构建筑,分别采用NFPA 101A和公安部消防局起草的《火灾安全工程标准》建议的火灾热释放速率计算方法,对比分析计算了街区内砖木结构古建筑典型房间发生火灾时的热释放速率。分析结果表明,受不同的建筑风格和门窗洞口开启比例的影响,火灾燃烧模式既可能出现燃料控制型、也可能出现通风控制型,其火灾热释放速率也表现出较大的差异,性能化分析中应结合具体的情况合理确定热释放速率。     

地下商业街火灾热释放速率试验研究

本文通过研究测定燃料质量损失速率和出口的烟气流速,建立小火荷试验的火灾热释放速率与烟气生成量的关系,从而获得实体火灾试验中的地下商业街火灾热释放速率（Heat Release Rate）数据和烟气质量流量数据。     

单个小汽车火灾热释放速率影响因素分析

系统调研国内外单个小汽车全尺寸火灾试验结果,对点火时间、持续燃烧时间、火灾发展到HRR峰值所用时间和火灾HRR峰值进行统计分析,重点分析热释放速率的影响因素。结果表明,影响小汽车火灾试验结果的因素主要有:小汽车本身的燃烧性能、点火部位和点火方式、试验空间的围合状态以及油箱材质和油料数量等。     

倾斜隧道内可燃液体连续泄漏漫流特征及其潜在火灾热释放速率试验研究

摘 要：为研究倾斜隧道内可燃液体泄漏漫流引发的潜在火灾危险性,建立了双向坡度可调试验平台,对连续泄漏漫流形态、宽度、面积等特征随隧道坡度的变化规律进行了试验研究;同时开展火灾试验,研究燃料厚度对热释放速率的影响。结果表明：当隧道仅存在纵坡时,随着坡度的增加,液体漫流宽度及面积缩小;当同时存在横坡和纵坡时,液体流向隧道侧墙,漫流长度及面积缩小。液体漫流平均厚度为2 mm,该厚度下可燃液体热释放速率为经典模型计算值的30%~50%。结合上述试验研究,可对隧道内可燃液体连续泄漏漫流潜在火灾热释放速率进行估算。研究结果表明：隧道横坡由1%增加至2%,液体漫流面积可减少约50%,大幅降低潜在的热释放速率。     

固体可燃物热释放速率实验研究

详述了基于耗氧原理在房间量热器中测量热释放速率的整套实验系统,试验选取由复合板组成的木箱燃烧物,测试在不同引燃方式下的热释放速率特性,通过对比和分析试验数据,得到的结论对于进一步研究建筑板材的火灾特性具有重要意义。     

大空间建筑性能化防火设计中的火灾场景设计研究

根据大空间展览建筑的火灾危险源特性并结合一些实例对大空间展览建筑的火灾蔓延分析,设计火灾场景,设定火灾发展曲线等进行了研究。     

正庚烷热释放速率测量与研究

以欧洲标准火之一的正庚烷火（TF5）为主要研究对象，在符合ISO9705标准的ISOR00M全尺寸实验装置内对正庚烷火热释放速率进行测量与研究。通过在多组不同实验条件下，对正庚烷燃烧时的热释放速率等数据分析，发现相同质量的正庚烷在不同尺寸油盘中燃烧，油盘面积越大燃烧越剧烈，但同时油盘尺寸的增大也会带来影响燃烧的消极因素。研究结果还表明相同尺寸的油盘中不同质量正庚烷的燃烧，燃料质量的增加会使燃烧前期发展较缓慢，但是燃烧后期会更加剧烈，其促进燃烧的效应往往会弥补甚至超出前期的发展缓慢所带采的影响．     

沉管隧道火灾热释放速率试验研究

为了深入分析沉管隧道火灾发展过程及其规模,以港珠澳沉管隧道为研究对象,建立足尺隧道火灾试验平台,配备试验测量系统,开展足尺隧道火灾试验。试验火源选用油池火、木垛火以及真实车辆,通过失重法和热辐射法相结合的方式确定火源规模,同时,探讨影响其火灾热释放速率的因素。试验结果表明:油池火更适宜作为火灾试验火源;通过不同油盘的组合能够模拟多种规模的火灾,试验中最大规模为40 MW左右;废弃小汽车火灾规模近似为5 MW,中巴车近似为15 MW。另外,影响火灾热释放速率的主要因素是燃烧面积、燃料类型、火源位置和纵向风速等。     

空余罐壁无量纲高度对热释放速率的影响

针对不同罐径、油层上不同空余罐壁高度进行了油罐火灾实验,发现油罐空余罐壁在水平和竖直方向上都削弱了油品蒸气与周围空气的热质交换,油罐空余罐壁越高,热释放速率值越低。研究空余罐壁无量纲高度对油罐火灾热释放速率的影响,对热释放速率均值计算公式进行修正。结果表明,在一定范围内,充分发展阶段的释放速率均值与公式计算值有很好的对应关系。     

通风因子对火灾热释放速率影响的数值模拟

火灾热释放速率是消防设计领域和规范制定的重要影响因素。为了研究通风因子对火灾热释放速率的影响,采用FDS 5计算机场模拟软件进行数值模拟。模拟所设房间尺寸为5.0m×4.0m×3.0m,使用的可燃物为聚氨酯泡沫材料,分12种工况进行模拟。得出在通风因子较小的情况下,火灾热释放速率随着通风因子的增大而增大,但随着通风因子的增加影响逐渐减小。根据氧耗原理得到用通风因子计算最大热释放速率的公式,根据模拟结果对公式进行优化。     

风速对航空煤油池火热释放速率的影响

利用全尺寸多功能热释放速率综合实验平台,增加环境风速调节与控制模块,在不同环境风速的条件下进行航空煤油的油池火燃烧特性实验研究,实验所用圆形油盘的直径分别为0.2、0.34、0.5m,风速为0～3.78m/s。实验结果表明:热释放速率与风速影响因子之间存在较明显的函数关系。提出圆盘油池火燃烧热释放速率的表面风速影响因子,并给出了二者的函数关系。     

非稳态火源热释放速率在火灾网络模型中的应用

详细分析了目前常用的非稳态火源热释放速率计算式,并对其特点和参数范围进行了对比讨论;将各种非稳态火源热释放速率计算式嵌入建筑物火灾烟流性状预测软件并进行了算例验证。结果表明,加入非稳态火源的烟流性状预测软件计算结果与日本同类成功软件的计算结果吻合得很好,且曲线走势更平滑,并减轻了输入的工作量。结果证实了对烟流性状预测软件火源部分的改进是成功的。     

单体燃烧热释放测试影响因素的探讨

GB/T 20284-2006《建筑材料或制品的单体燃烧试验》是评定建筑材料及制品燃烧性能等级的重要测试方法。通过阐释燃烧热释放测试原理及计算公式,描述设备选型和日常校准核查的重要性,并基于试验数据说明试样安装对检测结果的影响。     

Measuring rate of heat release by oxygen consumption

This paper provides a comprehensive set of equations and guidelines to determine the rate of heat release in full-scale fire tests based on the O₂ consumption principle. The approach is different from other investigators as the enphasis is on full-scale fire test applications and the use of volumetric flow rates is avoided. Some general equations for flow rate (i.e., applicable irrespective of the configuration of the gas analysis system) are described first. In subsequent sections, distinctions are made between various gas analyzer combinations to derive the equations for rate of heat release. Procedures to calculate net rate of heat release from a specimen exposed to a gas burner or wood crib ignition source are also given. A summary at the end of the paper lists step by step procedures for all cases covered.     

Statistical characterization of the time to reach peak heat release rate for nuclear power plant electrical enclosure fires

Since publication of NUREG/CR-6850 (EPRI 1011989), EPRI/NRC-RES Fire PRA Methodology for Nuclear Power Facilities in 2005, phenomenological modeling of fire growth to peak heat release rate (HRR) for electrical enclosure fires in nuclear power plant probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) has typically assumed an average 12-min rise time [1]. One previous analysis using the data from NUREG/CR-6850 from which this estimate derived indicated this could be represented by a gamma distribution with alpha (shape) and beta (scale) parameters of 8.66 and 1.31, respectively [2]. Completion of the test program by the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (USNRC) for electrical enclosure heat release rates, documented in NUREG/CR-7197, Heat Release Rates of Electrical Enclosure Fires (HELEN-FIRE) in 2016, has provided substantially more data from which to characterize this growth time to peak HRR [3]. From these, the author develops probabilistic distributions that enhance the original NUREG/CR-6850 results for both qualified and unqualified cables.² The mean times to peak HRR are 13.3 and 10.1 min, respectively, with a mean of 12.4 min when all data are combined, confirming that the original NUREG/CR-6850 estimate of 12 min was quite reasonable.Via statistical-probabilistic analysis, the author shows that the time to peak HRR for qualified and unqualified cables can again be well represented by gamma distributions with alpha and beta parameters of 1.88 and 7.07, and 3.86 and 2.62, respectively. Working with the gamma distribution for All cables given the two cable types, the author performs simulations demonstrating that non-suppression probabilities, on average, are 30% and 10% higher than the use of a 12-min point estimate when the fire is assumed to be detected at its start and halfway between its start and the time it reaches its peak, respectively. This suggests that adopting a probabilistic approach enables more realistic modeling of this particular fire phenomenon (growth time).     

木垛暴露面积与其热释放速率关系的研究

介绍木垛暴露面积计算公式,计算了试验条件中木垛的暴露面积;利用ISO 9705标准试验房间火试验测试了木垛的热释放速率峰值、达到热释放速率峰值的时间和达到峰值前的热释放速率平均值;用线性拟合的方法分析木垛暴露面积与热释放速率值之间的关系,得到了拟合系数及拟合相关系数;利用线性拟合公式预测了在已知木垛暴露面积的条件下,木垛的热释放速率值,并与试验值进行了比较分析。     

On the significance of transient heat release rate excursions above a set limit

When a heat release rate limit for a consumer product is set by a regulatory agency, it is of interest to know whether small excursions above that limit, such as may occur due to production line variability, represent a disproportionate increase in fire hazard. This paper presents a methodology to examine this issue. The heat release rate curve of the object is described by a Gaussian time variation; a perturbation peak, also Gaussian, is added to this main peak. The impacts of the perturbation peak on the build up of hazardous conditions in a room fire (where the object is the only item burning) and on the threat of ignition of secondary items are examined. For the peak heat release rate domain studied here, only the ignition threat is significantly affected by the perturbation peak. The results quantify the trade-off between the height of the perturbation peak and its duration for a fixed percentage of increase in the room area threatened by secondary object ignition. The results show that the increased threat is of the same order as the relative perturbation in heat release rate.     

住宅地面辐射供暖系统中因地板覆盖产生的散热量安全系数

对城镇单元住宅的室内地面覆盖情况进行了问卷调查,根据调查结果统计出各种房间内地面覆盖率的分布规律。通过对覆盖家具前后辐射地面散热量的模拟计算,得出了家具对地面散热量的影响程度。认为有家具等地面覆盖物时,辐射地面总散热量的安全系数为0.60～0.85。     

Estimation of chemical heat release rate in rack storage fires based on flame volume

Quantification of heat release rate is crucial to many fire research works. Under certain conditions, such as very large fires and fire tests with sprinklers, measurements of fire heat release rate can be a challenging problem. This study attempted to develop a methodology of estimating chemical heat release rate using flame volume. This method is based on the theory that heat release rate per unit flame volume is relatively invariant, as long as the combustion is controlled by diffusion in buoyant fires under well-ventilated conditions. Test data were examined from a variety of fire experimental conditions to evaluate the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the flame-volume based method can provide reasonable estimation of heat release rate compared to oxygen-consumption based method.