苯酚对污水生物脱氮系统亚硝积累及污泥性能的影响

采用SBR缺氧/好氧反应工艺,研究了不同苯酚浓度对脱氮过程中亚硝积累与污泥性能的影响。结果表明,苯酚浓度在0~90 mg·L^-1变化时系统出现2次明显亚硝酸盐积累,最终稳定维持在70%±5%,低浓度(0~30 mg·L^-1)系统亚硝酸盐积累恢复是微生物改变自身结构及分泌胞外聚合物导致;高浓度(60~90 mg·L^-1)苯酚条件下亚硝积累是由于苯酚对AOB(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,氨氮氧化细菌)和NOB(nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,亚硝酸氧化细菌)抑制作用引起的微生物种群改变形成。氨氮氧化速率和氮氧化物生成速率由10.85 mg N·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1和10.12 mg N·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1降低至2.79 mg N·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1和2.32 mg N·(g MLSS)^-1·h^-1,亚硝酸盐积累率和氮氧化物生成速率呈现负相关性,与苯酚浓度呈正相关;荧光原位杂交表明苯酚的抑制使得硝化菌群结构发生了变化,AOB 相对数量由2.80%增加为9.30%。苯酚的可降解性使得系统污泥浓度由2500 mg·L^-1左右上升至5870 mg·L^-1。当EPS(extracellular polymeric substances,胞外聚合物)总量由67.20 mg·(g VSS)^-1减少至32.10 mg·(g VSS)^-1时,SVI从165 ml·g^-1降到50 ml·g^-1。亚硝酸盐积累、丝状菌和胞外聚合物是引起活性污泥系统SVI变化的原因,其中NAR影响最大,丝状菌次之。     

游离氨抑制Nitrobacter活性动力学试验

为探究游离氨（FA）对亚硝酸盐氧化细菌中硝化杆菌属（Nitrobacter）活性抑制动力学影响,本试验采用序批式活性污泥（SBR）反应器,在通过改变系统进水FNA浓度达到富集Nitrobacter基础上,以富含Nitrobacter污泥为对象（宏基因组物种注释和丰度分析显示Nitrobacter占细菌总数40.3%）,基于批次试验,考察不同FA浓度梯度下亚硝酸盐氧化过程Nitrobacter比耗氧速率（SOUR）变化规律,进而采用非基质抑制动力学模型对试验数据进行拟合。结果表明,当FA>7.3 mg·L^-1时,SOUR随着FA浓度的升高而降低。尤其当FA浓度高于22.2 mg·L^-1时,SOUR降为0 g N·（g VSS·d）^-1,最大比耗氧速率为0.62 g N·（g VSS·d）^-1。此外,基于Nitrobacter活性抑制程度判断,FA抑制Nitrobacter活性抑制类型符合非竞争性可逆抑制动力学。     

EGSB处理中药废水过程中厌氧颗粒污泥特性变化

通过分析厌氧颗粒污泥粒径分布、机械强度、二价金属含量、胞外聚合物含量等,探讨了EGSB反应器处理中药废水过程中颗粒污泥特性变化。结果表明,在中药废水COD浓度为2000～5000 mg·L^-1、HRT为12 h、T为30℃的条件下,颗粒污泥粒径分布在500～1000 μm之间,完整系数（integrity coefficient,IC）小于20,颗粒污泥EPS总量、蛋白含量、多糖含量分别为85.59、63.67和21.92 mg·（g VSS）^-1,此时颗粒污泥絮凝性良好,机械强度高。当HRT减少为6 h时,IC为30.03,蛋白与多糖的比值增大到6.86,但多糖含量仅为18.11 mg·（g VSS）^-1;而当T降低为20℃时,颗粒污泥粒径分布在250～750 μm之间,IC增大到32.11,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Mn²⁺含量减少 为20.78、4.79和0.94 mg·L^-1,颗粒污泥EPS显著降低,其总量、蛋白含量、多糖含量仅为69.04、58.87和10.17 mg·（g VSS）^-1,在此运行条件下,出现了颗粒污泥的解体、流失,同时出水水质变差。     

好氧颗粒污泥吸附氨氮性能

在水温（25±1）℃、0.1 mol·L^-1 Trise-HCl缓冲液为反应体系并不断通入高纯氮气的厌氧条件下,以小试SBR反应器培养的好氧颗粒污泥为吸附剂,考察了好氧颗粒污泥对氨氮的吸附作用及其影响因素。好氧颗粒污泥表现出比絮体活性污泥更大的对氨氮的吸附容量。当初始氨氮浓度为30 mg·L^-1时,颗粒污泥与絮体污泥的吸附容量分别为1.83 mg NH₄⁺-N·（g VSS）^-1和1.18 mg NH₄⁺-N·（g VSS）^-1。由于细胞之间的遮蔽效应,污泥对氨氮的吸附容量随污泥浓度的升高而降低。盐度（NaCl）显著影响颗粒污泥对氨氮的吸附效果：盐度越高,污泥吸附容量越小。试验结果表明,污泥对氨氮的吸附作用不可忽略且需要进一步深入研究。     

低有机质污泥投加药剂联合低温热水解及后续厌氧发酵研究

污水厂污泥量日益增加,所含的有机物可用于厌氧发酵产甲烷,但目前多数污水处理厂多为低有机质污泥。本文围绕低有机质污泥投加不同药剂联合低温热水解对污泥溶解性物质变化及厌氧发酵规律的影响情况进行研究。结果表明,投加药剂联合低温热水解不仅有助于有机物[可溶糖、可溶蛋白和TVFA（挥发性有机酸（]的溶出与生成,而且有助于后续厌氧发酵产甲烷。在本实验所研究的低温热水解（污泥含固率为8%,热水解处理温度为90℃,处理时间为24 h）及药剂投加量[NaOH：0.018 g·（g DS（^-1、Ca（OH（₂：0.016 g·（g DS（^-1、CaCl₂：0.0375g·（g DS（^-1]的条件下,有机物溶出与生成的效果为NaOH> Ca（OH（₂> CaCl₂,其中热水解联合NaOH中可溶糖、可溶蛋白和TVFA浓度分别达到3051 mg·L^-1、10686 mg·L^-1和5740 mg·L^-1。对于产甲烷促进效果为NaOH> CaCl₂> Ca（OH（₂,其中投加NaOH后最大累积产甲烷量可达到101.9 ml·（g VS（^-1。     

间歇低氧曝气下CANON工艺处理生活污水的启动

利用序批式反应器（SBR）接种短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化污泥处理实际生活污水,在间歇低氧曝气条件下实现了CANON工艺的启动。同时,保证适宜的温度和污泥浓度对处理效果及系统的稳定也很重要。该运行模式下,可实现对亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）的抑制淘洗,短程硝化和厌氧氨氧化为主导反应,自养脱氮体系稳定。系统稳定运行后污染物去除效果良好：进水总氮和氨氮质量浓度为63.9 mg·L^-1和62.7 mg·L^-1,出水总氮和氨氮质量浓度为12.3 mg·L^-1和7.6 mg·L^-1,总氮和氨氮去除率为77.8%和86.7%,总氮去除负荷达0.16 kg N·（m³·d）^-1。试验研究为间歇低氧曝气运行模式推广应用于城市污水自养脱氮提供了参考。     

丙烯腈生产废水中氰及腈类化合物对硝化作用影响的模拟研究

丙烯腈生产废水存在的丙烯腈、乙腈、氰化物等有毒有害物质对活性污泥的硝化过程产生严重的抑制作用,极大的影响了废水中氨氮的去除。笔者采用SBR反应器进行生化小试模拟试验,分别研究了不同含量丙烯腈、乙腈和氰化物对活性污泥系统中硝化细菌去除氨氮效果的影响。实验结果表明,当进水丙烯腈浓度<80mg·L^-1、乙腈浓度<800mg·L^-1时,出水NH₃-N浓度低于1mg·L^-1,去除率在99%左右,对该活性污泥系统中的硝化过程基本没有抑制作用;TCN<5mg·L^-1时,NH₃-N的去除率为90%左右,对硝化过程有一定的抑制作用但较小,TCN>10mg·L^-1,NH₃-N的去除率降至60%以下,对硝化过程的抑制作用较大。     

高效反硝化分段组合式反应器运行性能

氮素污染是水体富营养化的主要诱因之一,反硝化技术是氮素污染控制的有效手段。采用模拟废水,研究了反硝化分段组合式反应器(CAR)的脱氮除碳性能。实验结果表明,CAR具有很高的容积效能,在进水NO₃^--N浓度为964.7 mg·L^-1、水力停留时间为0.86 h条件下,硝氮去除速率(NRR)为26.8 kg·(m³·d)^-1,COD去除速率(CRR)为93.76 kg·(m³·d)^-1,NRR高于文献报道的最高值,CRR也达到文献报道的领先水平。CAR具有良好的运行稳定性,在反应器的效能上升阶段和效能稳定阶段,出水基质浓度的变异系数比和极差分别小于9.85和9.07,出水pH的相对标准差小于1。CAR运行性能出众的原因是它能持留浓度高(MLVSS高于17 g·L^-1)、活性强(最大比活性为1.573 g NO₃^--N·(g VSS)^-1·d^-1)的颗粒污泥。     

溶解氧对长距离输水管道水质影响

为保证长距离输水管道输送水水质,采用管道模拟反应器考察了溶解氧（DO）对输水管道水质影响以及曝气充氧后水质恢复情况。结果表明：DO降低影响氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）的去除,DO浓度越低越不利于NH₄⁺-N的去除,且曝气充氧后恢复越缓慢,DO=0.5 mg·L^-1和DO=1.5 mg·L^-1的反应器在运行95 h后,NH₄⁺-N去除率分别由90%降到21%和85%,曝气充氧54 h和3 h后恢复;DO浓度降低导致亚硝酸氮（NO₂^--N）积累明显增加,DO浓度越低,NO₂^--N的积累越严重,且曝气充氧后恢复越缓慢,DO=0.5 mg·L^-1的反应器在运行95 h后,出水NO₂^--N由0.02 mg·L^-1增加到0.354 mg·L^-1,曝气充氧54 h后恢复,DO=1.5 mg·L^-1的反应器在运行32 h后,出水NO₂^--N达到最大值0.112 mg·L^-1,曝气充氧4 h后恢复;DO浓度降低使水中UV₂₅₄升高,DO=0.5 mg·L^-1和DO=1.5 mg·L^-1的反应器在运行2 h后,出水UV₂₅₄分别增加了70.8%和20.8%,均在运行32 h后恢复,且曝气充氧后保持稳定。因此,DO对长距离输水管道水质具有重要影响,可采用DO实现对水质的调控。     

单级好氧脉冲式SBR处理垃圾渗滤液深度脱氮

为了考察单级好氧工艺处理垃圾渗滤液的可行性和脱氮性能,采用脉冲进水式SBR工艺处理高氨氮实际垃圾渗滤液。脉冲SBR运行周期共分为4个缺氧段和3个好氧段,采用3次等量进水模式。缺氧₄(An₄)不投加外碳源,利用微生物内碳源将NO₂^--N 还原为N₂。结果表明,经过4个不同进水TN阶段(118 d)的连续运行,获得了稳定和高效的脱氮性能。在进水COD为733~3971 mg·L^-1的条件下,出水COD稳定在298 ~888.15 mg·L^-1;在进水TN为299.78~1100.34 mg·L^-1的条件下,出水TN稳定在13.89~36.27 mg·L^-1。An₄的平均理论内源反硝化速率(TDNR_m)达到1.53 mg N·h^-1·(g MLVSS)^-1。运行阶段的单个周期内,An₄内源反硝化速率(DNR)分为快(DNR₁)和慢(DNR₂)两部分。其中阶段2(Ph₂)中的一个周期内DNR₁可达2.80 mg N·h^-1·(g MLVSS)^-1。在没有物化预处理和不投加外加碳源的情况下,实现单级好氧系统对垃圾渗滤液的深度脱氮。     

Bioactivity kinetics of organic matter biodegradation and nitrification

Biodegradation of organic matter and nitrification of ammonia nitrogen was studied by measuring the electron transport system (ETS) activity in activated sludge. The feasibility of characterizing the bioactivity of activated sludge based on the ETS was discussed. Then, bioactivity kinetics for the biodegradation and nitrification of organic matter was analyzed using the Michaelis–Menten equation. The results indicated that the ETS activity of activated sludge reflects the progression of organic matter biodegradation and nitrification of ammonia nitrogen; moreover, ETS activity is sensitive to the loading of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen and also to changes in alkalinity during the reaction. Therefore, it is feasible to characterize the bioactivity of an activated sludge system with ETS activity. The Michaelis constant for organic matter biodegradation was K ^T s=368.9 mg/L; U ^T m=90.9 mgTF/(gTss·h); K ^I s=88.42 mg/L; and U ^I m=277.8 mgINTF/(gTss·h); for the nitrification of ammonia nitrogen, the Michaelis constant was K ^T s=16.89 mg/L; U ^T m=34.6 mgTF/(gTss·h); K ^I s=6.0 mg/L; and U ^I m=196.08 mgINTF/(gTss·h). Additional analyses of bioactivity kinetics confirmed that the organic matter oxidation rate of heterotrophic bacteria was higher than that of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria.     

固定化铜绿假单胞菌GF31对氯氰菊酯降解的强化作用

研究了沸石固定化铜绿假单胞菌GF31的氯氰菊酯降解特性及强化修复效果。综合考虑氯氰菊酯特性及其传质等因素,选择沸石为载体进行固定化,电镜扫描结果显示,菌株GF31能较好地生长于沸石载体孔隙中。固定化后菌株GF31的去除率和比降解速率提高,6 d对100 mg·L^-1氯氰菊酯的去除率由37%提高至61.4%,游离细胞和固定化细胞对于300 mg·L^-1的氯氰菊酯的平均比降解速率分别为487和917 mg·[L·d·(g细胞干重)]^-1。固定化细胞对pH和高浓度氯氰菊酯的耐受性显著增强,在pH 10或者菊酯浓度为800 mg·L^-1时仍能保持一定的降解活力。投加固定化细胞对实际土壤进行生物强化修复,其降解过程可用一级动力学方程来描述。与自然降解相比,氯氰菊酯的半衰期t_1/2由34.3 d缩短至8.02 d,显示出固定化细胞良好的强化修复效果。     

Biological COD reduction and inorganic suspended solids accumulation in a pilot-scale membrane bioreactor for traditional Chinese medicine wastewater treatment

A pilot-scale test was conducted in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) for 452 days to treat high-strength traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) wastewater from two-phase anaerobic digest effluent. This study focuses on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction and inorganic suspended solid (ISS) accumulation. The wastewater was high in COD, varying daily between 259 and 12,776 mg L⁻¹. Almost all the COD was removed by the MBR system, leaving a COD of <50 mg L⁻¹ in the MBR effluent. This indicated a great potential of the MBR in TCM wastewater reuse. ISS produced in the bioreactor by metabolism of microorganism increased from 265 to 4912 g h⁻¹, which showed that there were large numbers of ISS accumulation in the bioreactor. Two models, built on the material balances of COD and ISS, were developed for the simulation of MBR system performance in the biodegradation of TCM wastewater. Consequently, the kinetic constants including the maximum substrate specific biodegradation rate (V_max), the half-saturation coefficient (K_s) and the inorganic suspended solids growth rate (k) were calculated as V_max, 3.64, 3.82, 4.39 d⁻¹, K_s, 56.4, 225, 394 mg L⁻¹ and k, 265, 888, 4912 mg L⁻¹ d⁻¹ using the operational data at different hydraulic retention times (HRTs). The models well fitted the pilot-scale experimental data, and were able to simulate the COD reduction and ISS accumulation.     

自养脱氮工艺有机物去除段与硝化段精确分离的实现与实时控制

为了实现城市污水处理过程中的节能降耗,提出了三段式城市污水自养脱氮工艺,阐述了除有机物SBR在整套工艺中的重要地位,探讨了不同曝气量与污泥浓度条件下,除有机物SBR中有机物的去除特征与规律。结果表明,在不同的曝气量及污泥浓度条件下,COD降解结束前NO₂^--N与NO₃^--N的浓度均低于0.1 mg·L^-1,反应器进入COD难降解阶段后,NO₂^--N与NO₃^--N的浓度快速提高,可以认为在除有机物SBR内有机物的去除和硝化过程是分步进行的,即先进行有机物的去除,而后进行硝化过程。DO曲线与pH曲线的突越点与除有机物过程的终点始终保持一致,可将其作为实时控制参数监测有机物的去除终点,对好氧曝气过程进行实时控制。     

Mass transfer and deodorization efficiency in a countercurrent spray tower for low superficial gas velocities

The aim of this study was to characterize mass transfer and deodorization efficiency in a countercurrent spray tower for low superficial gas velocities. The influence of operating parameters (U_G = 0.005 to 0.025 m s^?1, U_L = 6.1 × 10^?5 to 2.4 × 10^?4 m s^?1) on the liquid retention (ε_L), the drop diameter (d_g), the interfacial area (a) and the overall liquid and gas phase mass transfer coefficients (K_La, K_Ga) were estimated. The spray efficiency of some malodorous compounds was also estimated. A negative influence of the superficial gas velocity was demonstrated, during the spraying of water or chemical neutralizing scrubbing solutions. There was also an increase with the liquid flow rate. Abatements obtained were very good with respect to ammonia (>90%), and acceptable for the other compounds.     

Li1.6Mn1.6O4/PVDF多孔膜的制备及提锂性能

自制锂离子筛前驱体Li_1.6Mn_1.6O₄，并将Li_1.6Mn_1.6O₄粒子与高分子树脂PVDF杂化制膜，研究了膜经稀盐酸抽锂后对锂的吸附性能以及多次吸附与脱附性能等。结果表明，膜M-10-55[Li]采用0.5 mol·L^-1 HCl溶液抽锂约2 h锂的脱出基本达到平衡，Li⁺的洗脱率在95%左右，锰的溶损率为3.5%左右。抽锂后得M-10-55[H]对富锂溶液中锂的吸附约12 h达平衡，对锂的吸附容量较高为41 mg·g^-1，在第5次吸附时对锂的提取量为35 mg·g^-1左右。相比于Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺，该膜对Li⁺表现出较好的选择性，对于从海水、盐湖卤水等液态锂资源中提取锂有很大的开发潜力。     

Biological treatment of high salinity produced water by microbial consortia in a batch stirred tank reactor: Modelling and kinetics study

This study was performed to evaluate the potential of acclimated halophilic microorganisms, commercial microorganisms, and microorganisms from polluted soil to degrade crude oil in high salinity oily wastewater (synthetic produced water) at different salt concentrations ranging from zero to 250,000?mg?L^?1 of total dissolved solids (TDS). The highest degradation of crude oil (>60%) was found for acclimated halophilic microorganisms at TDS of 35,000?mg?L^?1. An increase in the TDS concentrations above 145,000?mg?L^?1 leads to a significant decrease in the growth of microorganisms. The results showed that efficiency of the commercial microorganisms was less than the acclimated halophilic microorganisms. The oil biodegradation followed substrate inhibition kinetics and the specific growth rate were fitted to the Haldane model. The biokinetic constants for the saline oily water at TDS of 35,000?mg?L^?1, i.e., Y, K_s, µ_max, and 1/K_i, were 0.21?mg?MLSS/mg crude oil, 0.27?mg?L^?1, 0.019?h^?1, and 0.002?mg?L^?1, respectively.     

Temperature fluctuations and heat transfer in a fluidized-bed combustor of waste oil

Temperature fluctuations and heat transfer characteristics were investigated in a fluidized-bed combustor of 0.102 m ID and 2.5 m in height, which was designed for waste oil combustion. Effects of excess air (A_E), injection height (H_I) and feeding rate of waste oil (Q_F) on the mean bed temperature (T_B), Kolmogorov entropy (K₂) of phase space portraits and heat transfer coefficient (U₀) in the fluidized-bed combustor were determined. T_B increased, but K₂ and U₀ decreased with increasingA _E . K₂ had a local minimum, but T_B and U₀ had a maximum at H_I of 0.4 m. T_B increased, but K₂ had a minimum and U₀ had a maximum with increasing Q_F in the combustor. T_B, K₂ and U₀ obtained at the optimum operating condition (A_E=40%, H_I=0.4 m, Q_F=30 g/min) were about 855 ‡C, 22 bits/s and 382 W/m²K, respectively.     

Layer inversion and mixing of binary solids in two- and three-phase fluidized beds

Water fluidization in a 210 mm diameter semi-cylindrical acrylic column of a binary solids mixture of 3.2 mm polymer beads (ρ_s=1280 kg/m³) and 0.385 mm glass beads (ρ_s=2500 kg/m³) at superficial liquid velocities from 18.1 to 43.1 mm/s is shown to generate layer inversion at a superficial liquid velocity, U_L, of 33.1 mm/s. Introduction of air with a superficial velocity, U_g, of 1.92 mm/s yielded a layer inversion velocity at U_L=30.4 mm/s. The latter is explainable if it is assumed that the determinant of layer inversion is the interstitial liquid velocity and that therefore the main function of the gas in this respect is to occupy space.Mixing of the binary solids, as quantified by a mixing index applied to measured particle compositions at different levels of the fluidized bed, is shown to be greatest at the layer inversion velocity for liquid fluidization and, in general, to increase as co-current gas flow increases at a fixed value of U_L.     

提升管与气-固环流床层耦合反应器颗粒相循环比的模型及预测

引言Geldart A类颗粒气-固环流技术是一种利用气-液环流原理,并结合气-固聚式流化体系特点而开发的一种新型流态化技术[1],具有气固接触效率高、传质传热性能好等优点,被广泛用于石油炼制领域中的催化裂化汽提器、提升管出口粗旋快分的预汽提器、外取热器、石油焦燃烧器和降烯烃反应器等装备中[2]。