考虑非等温混合的能量集成水网络设计方法

讨论了能量集成水网络中非等温混合对系统能量目标的影响,提出了分割温度的概念。对于同性混合,系统的公用工程需求量不会减少。对于异性混合,通过确定分割温度并比较分割温度以上区间混合流股的热量之和与低温区间所需的热量,可以准确确定系统公用工程会增加、减少或者保持不变。基于以上思想,得到了非等温混合规则。它能判断是否存在能量惩罚,以及如何通过设计混合温度来避免能量惩罚。结合改进的"分离系统"法,提出了一种系统化的能量集成水网络设计方法。     

考虑非等温混合的能量集成多杂质水网络优化设计

提出了一种分步综合多杂质体系水网络和换热网络的新方法。对于水网络,考虑进入操作单元的新鲜水与回用水之间的非等温混合,确保流股间的直接热回收;对于换热网络,可以只考虑水网络中的新鲜水和回用水流股之间的换热匹配。采用无进化次数的改进粒子群算法对本文建立的多杂质体系水网络非线性模型和换热网络混合整数非线性模型进行求解。实例表明,与不考虑非等温混合时比较,考虑非等温混合时的最优网络结构更简单,且年度总费用要节省2.4%。因此,本文提出的方法在实际生产中有较好的可行性和有效性。     

数学规划与图形方法相结合设计热集成用水网络

将数学规划法与图形方法相结合探究单杂质用水网络与换热网络的集成问题。首先构建混合整数非线性规划模型（MINLP）,在最小公用工程消耗下优化流股参数未知情况下的分离系统组合曲线面积,得到了最为节能、换热面积最小的用水网络结构。在此基础上,提出了新的分离系统组合曲线演化步骤和规则,可以得到换热单元数目较小的换热网络结构。算例表明,与现有的基于分离系统的热集成用水网络设计方法相比,在最小化公用工程用量的同时可以进一步降低换热器数目与总换热面积。     

考虑温度约束的单杂质水网络优化

实际用水过程有温度的要求,在用水网络集成中考虑温度的约束,使水耗和能耗同时降低,具有重要的意义。此外,过程系统中还存在只有温度限制的与用水无关的过程流股,将水网络中的水流股与其同时考虑热集成,可以使能量得到更合理的分配利用。在全过程系统能量集成的背景下,建立了对应的水网络优化方法。首先使用现有的废水直接回用水网络LP模型求解初始水网络并提取流股数据,然后在4条非等温混合规则的判断下,依次比较水网络流股与背景夹点、全过程夹点的关系,以排除不合理的非等温混合,最后以年总费用最低为目标进行全过程系统的热集成。使用本文提出的方法对某案例进行优化,得到的年总费用减少了6.27%,证明了该方法的可行性。     

考虑热集成的用水网络优化

提出了新的同时考虑间接传热和混合传热的热集成转运模型,并与用水网络超结构NLP模型结合以求取ΔTmin＝0℃时用水网络的公用工程目标。新转运模型与以往的模型相比变量数和约束方程数都大大减少。进一步,针对现有综合方法ΔTmin不可调的局限性,采用改进的换热网络转运模型,提出了区分处理混合传热和间接传热的综合方法。该方法不仅可以得到优化的公用工程费用和换热匹配数,而且与传统的方法相比可以调整ΔTmin,得到更合理的换热网络结构。算例表明,结合新转运模型的NLP模型与结合改进转运模型的综合方法都要优于以往的模型和方法。     

换热器网络同步最优综合方法──改进的MINLP转运模型法

针对现有的换热器网络最优综合方法的局限性，采用分级超结构转运模型和物流吸、放热潜力的概念，提出了非等温混合线性约束的换热器网络同步最优综合混合整数非线性规划（MINLP）的改进模型．该模型不仅可以对公用工程费用、换热面积、换热设备台数及物流的匹配选择进行多目标同步优化，而且在线性约束的条件下消除了等温混合的不合理假设，只需求解一次MINLP问题就可得到包括分流情况在内的最优网络结构．算例表明，该模型优于以往的几种同步优化模型．     

过程全局夹点分析与超结构MINLP相结合的能量集成最优综合法

提出了过程全局夹点分析与超结构混合整数非线性规划 (MINLP)相结合的能量集成最优综合法 .各单过程内部换热优化匹配后 ,进行各过程剩余冷、热负荷与公用工程系统的全局夹点分析 ,确定全局热集成目标 ,在此基础上建立包含过程剩余热负荷产生各等级蒸汽、剩余冷负荷使用各等级蒸汽加热的各种可能匹配方案的公用工程换热网络超结构及其MINLP模型 ,采用混合连续进化算法求解得到过程与公用工程换热网络最优改造方案 .大型乙烯装置能量集成应用算例表明 ,可充分发挥全局夹点分析法确定改造目标的简洁实用性和超结构MINLP寻求最佳方案的优点     

水级联法确定间歇用水过程的夹点及废水最小化

利用水级联分析法对间歇过程用水网络进行研究,确定过程的用水夹点及最小新鲜水用量和最小废水排放量,提出了间歇用水过程的全局夹点的概念,考虑了用水过程的流率限制,在水级联表格中用流率替代了传统水级联分析法中的传质量,识别过程中每个时间段的局部夹点及公用工程目标,通过全局夹点和局部夹点的比较,指出过程的用水瓶颈,设置储罐打破瓶颈,使用水网络公用工程目标最小化。通过实例对水级联分析法进行了详细的阐述,计算结果与文献一致,表明该方法是一种易于理解、直观且简便有效的确定间歇过程用水网络的夹点及最小公用工程的方法。     

换热网络的同步综合设计

提出了换热网络的一种新的转运模型,以并串模式和非等温混合过程描述换热网络的热力学和经济性的总要求,不使用挟点分离、最小单元数等启发式规则,并允许交叉换热和不同物流间的膜传热系数与温差合理匹配.这一模型与优化模型相结合,自动产生换热网络,确定相应的最优公用工程费用、换热面积、换热器台数与冷热流间的匹配,其可行域由一集线性约束确定,鲁棒性很好,易于求解.该方法克服了换热网络的各种分步骤综合方法的缺陷(包括挟点技术、双温差法及相关数学规划方法).与文献上其它同步优化方法比较,具有模型简单、规模小、可算性强、初始化简易、计算结果可靠的优点.通过对文献中广泛使用的例题的检验,结果优于现有的其它方法.     

基于热损失的换热网络夹点设计法

现行的换热网络目标方法,在进行换热网络价格估算时,未考虑热物流的热损失。在真实的设计中,换热器壳体保温后仍与环境温度相差较大,则其热损失不可忽略。文章提出了一个新的基于热损失的换热网络夹点设计法,该方法首先以综合费用最小为目标确定出最小温差,然后建立问题表格确定出夹点位置及最小公用工程消耗,最后再进行换热网络设计。文中采用某石油常减压换热网络系统为典型算例对该方法的前两步进行了分析研究,论证了该方法的必要性及可行性。结果表明:该方法与基本Linnhoff夹点技术法估算的投资费用有较大的差距之外,在一定的最小温差下,其与基本Linnhoff夹点技术法确定的夹点位置不同,公用工程消耗也有较大的差距。     

Design of flexible heat exchanger network for multi-period operation

Heat exchanger networks (HENs) increase heat recovery from industrial processes by matching hot and cold streams to exchange heat and reducing utility consumption. The design of HENs is a very complex task which generally involves mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP).This work evaluates and critically compares existing HEN design methods. It then presents a systematic methodology in the design of HENs under multiple periods of operation. The model presented in this work is a superstructure-based MINLP model which minimises the total annualised cost containing heat exchanger area cost and utility costs. The model is based on the superstructure by Yee and Grossmann [1990. Simultaneous optimisation models for heat integration—II, heat exchanger network synthesis. Computer & Chemical Engineering 14(10), 1165-1184], which was later formulated for multiple periods by Aaltola [2002. Simultaneous synthesis of flexible heat exchanger network. Applied Thermal Engineering 22, 907-918]. It includes a multi-period simultaneous MINLP model to design the HEN structure, and an NLP model to improve the solution and allow for non-isothermal mixing. Modifications to Aaltola's model include the use of maximum area per period in the area cost calculation of the MINLP objective function, and the removal of slack variables and weighed parameters from the existing NLP improvement model.The new model has been applied to one industrial case study, demonstrating that the new combined MINLP-NLP model can obtain better solutions by not relying on the average area assumption in the MINLP stage.     

基于遗传/模拟退火算法考虑压降的换热网络优化改造

工艺系统中需要加入新物流、现存的换热网络结构需要改动、换热网络有较大的能量回收潜力,这些都是换热网络需要进行改造的原因.本文基于非等温混合分级超结构,建立了换热网络优化改造的MINLP数学模型,同时考虑了改造后的公用工程费用、新增换热器的费用、原有换热器新增面积的费用、新增动力设备的费用.将用于换热网络综合的分级超结构模型进行了简要的改进,增加了一些和现存设备相关的限制条件和二元变量.通过对现存换热网络进行分析,充分的利用原有的换热设备和换热网络结构,基于GA/SA算法求解可 得到优化改造的换热网络结构.实际算例的计算结果和文献结果对比表明,本文得到的改造方案用较少的投 资,实现了较多的公用工程节省,新增设备费用的静态投资回收期为0.53年,为换热网络改造提供了好的可行方案.     

基于非逆流传热的热交换网络系统的3E优化

考虑非逆流传热对换热设备传热温差、壳数和面积的影响，对包含非逆流换热设备的热交换网络系统进行优化设计。基于非等温混合分流分级超结构，采用能源、经济和环境（3E）综合评价指标，引入温差修正系数，建立了热交换网络多目标混合整数非线性规划（MO-MINLP）模型，并基于非支配排序遗传算法（NSGA-Ⅱ）提出了系统性的求解策略和求解方法。应用案例研究表明，涉及非逆流传热的热交换网络，其优化设计结果与基于纯逆流换热假设的设计结果有很大区别，且仅对基于纯逆流换热假设的设计结果进行修正并不能得到最优解，必须在建模中考虑温差修正效应的影响，从而保证设计结果的优化性、可靠性和实用性；3E评价反映了热交换网络系统在经济、能耗和环境影响之间的权衡和约束关系，使系统的设计更加实际，同时多目标的优化方法不但可以获得与单目标经济优化相当的最经济的结果，而且提供了多样性的优化解集供选择，提高了设计的灵活性，可以满足不同的设计需求。     

Globally optimal synthesis of heat exchanger networks. Part III: Non-isothermal mixing in minimal and non-minimal networks

In this work, the enumeration algorithms presented in Parts I and II for the globally optimal synthesis of minimal and non-minimal heat exchanger networks are extended to consider non-isothermal mixing. New mathematical models, including non-isothermal mixing constraints, are proposed to target the bounds of energy consumption and the binding exchanger minimum approximation temperature. These models are solved using the algorithms, which involve solving systems of equations instead of mathematical programming. Three global optimization strategies are proposed to optimize each enumerated structure, involving the use of a global solver directly, or the use of a Golden Search based on energy consumption and a flowrate optimization model considering non-isothermal mixing. The flowrate optimization model is reformulated as a convex problem, which is solved by using nonlinear programming or a mathematical programming-free methodology, that is, solving Karush–Kuhn–Tucker equations. A new Global Optimum Search Algorithm is developed and examples are tested comparing different optimization strategies.     

通过流股的合理合并改进用水网络的能量效率

Water-using operations in the process industry have demands for water usually both on water quality and temperature, and the existing mathematical models of heat exchange networks cannot guarantee the energy performance of a water network optimal. In this paper, the effects of non-isothermal merging on energy performance of water allocation networks are analyzed, which include utility consumption, total heat exchange load, and number of heat exchange matches. Three principles are proposed to express the effects of non-isothermal merging on energy performance of water allocation networks. A rule of non-isothermal merging without increasing utility consumption is deduced. And an approach to improve energy performance of water allocation network is presented. A case study is given to demonstrate the method.     

Simultaneous integration of water and energy in heat‐integrated water allocation networks

This article proposes a new methodology for simultaneous integration of water and energy in heat‐integrated water allocation networks (WAHEN). A novel disjunctive model is first developed to determine an optimal water allocation network (WAN) where water and energy are integrated in one step. Based on the optimal WAN, a detailed heat exchanger network (HEN) to satisfy the utility target is then synthesized. Although the final network structure is obtained through two steps, the targets of freshwater and utility are optimized simultaneously. The proposed method has specific advantages. First of all, it can capture a tradeoff among freshwater usage, utility consumption, and direct heat transfer by nonisothermal mixing. Second, it can greatly reduce the complexity of subsequent HEN design. Finally, it is effective for simultaneous water and energy integration in large‐scale WAHEN systems. The advantages and applicability of this new method are illustrated by three examples from literature. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 2202–2214, 2015     

Thermodynamic analysis of non-isothermal mixing's influence on the energy target of water-using networks

In this paper, a thermodynamic analysis of non-isothermal mixing's influence on the energy target of water-using network is presented. Firstly, water streams in the network are divided into two categories, and then based on the classification all the non-isothermal mixing patterns between two streams are defined. Through thermodynamic analysis from energy composite curve of hot and cold water streams, the influences of non-isothermal mixing on the energy target of water-using network are explored and some mixing rules are obtained, which can be used to simplify the heat exchanger network of a given water-using system and improve the system's energy performance through identifying the beneficial non-isothermal mixings. The applicability of these rules is illustrated by an example in the paper and the result is very encouraging.