辣木籽提取液去除水中4种重金属的研究

辣木籽2种提取液在不同条件下对水中4种重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd)离子去除效果的结果表明,辣木籽盐提液对去除水中的Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd离子有一定效果,最佳浓度为10倍盐提液,最适投加量为每100 mL水样中投加1 mL的盐提液,12 h后效果达到最佳,去除效果CuZnCdPb,其中Cu离子的去除率可达到66%,Zn为34%,Cd为19%,Pb为10%。辣木籽水提液去除效果较盐提液明显,最佳浓度为600 mg/L;最佳反应时间为1~2 h,实验时间段中各重金属离子间去除效果差异不显著(P0.05),4种重金属离子最高去除率Cu为65%,Zn为75%,Cd为62%,Pb为76%。     

改性玉米淀粉对重金属捕集性能的研究

研究了二硫代氨基甲酸改性玉米淀粉(DTCS)对单一重金属溶液中重金属离子的捕集作用,考察了影响其捕集作用的因素,包括重金属种类、pH、温度、混凝时间、无机离子的干扰等,确定了合适的应用条件.结果表明,在单一重金属离子浓度为1.0×10-3 mol/L的溶液中,DTCS对重金属离子捕集的选择性:Cu2 ＞Pb2 ＞Cd2 ＞Zn2 ＞Ni2 ,去除率分别为99.91%、99.88%、87.36%、85.17%、66.36%,且K 、Ca2 等无机离子对其去除效果影响不大.     

基于硫化钠的垃圾焚烧飞灰EDTA提取液中重金属回收试验研究

为实现对垃圾焚烧飞灰EDTA提取液中重金属的回收,以硫化钠溶液为沉淀剂,探究了其用量对重金属回收率的影响,并评价了回收后重金属对环境的影响。理论计算结果表明,在pH为9～12的体系中,S^2-能与提取液中的重金属离子形成CdS、CuS、PbS、ZnS金属硫化物沉淀。回收试验结果表明,每处理1 L提取液,5%Na₂S的适宜用量为40 mL,Na₂S用量对各重金属元素的回收率总体上影响不大;提取液处理前,Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的质量浓度较低,Cd、Pb质量浓度超标,尤其是Pb超出了标准限值的20倍;回收处理后,提取液中Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn的质量浓度均符合GB 8978-1996的规定;浓度较高的Pb回收效果最为显著,其回收率达95.31%,浓度较低的Cd、Cu、Zn和Cr的回收率分别为63.16%、62.71%、66.37%和54.88%;Cr³⁺虽然不与S^2-反应,但通过包藏、吸附等方式被其他重金属硫化物共沉淀进入重金属回收渣,从而实现分离回收;重金属回收渣中铅质量分数高达...     

药剂螯合对飞灰重金属形态及浸出行为的影响

以不同浓度的醋酸浸提原灰、经不同螯合剂稳定化处理后的飞灰,研究不同酸度浸提剂下各重金属(Cd、Pb、Zn、Cu、Cr、Ni)的浸出行为.结果表明,大部分重金属的浸出浓度均随浸提剂酸度的增加而增加,螯合剂的加入对飞灰中Cd、Pb、Cu、Ni四种重金属的稳定效果明显,对Cr的稳定作用不明显,对于Zn,使用大分子螯合剂(DT...     

柠檬酸和谷氨酸N，N-二乙酸优化处理污泥重金属

采用柠檬酸（CA）和谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸（GLDA）处理污泥重金属,研究了试剂浓度、pH和反应时间对重金属去除效果的影响,并以重金属去除率为表征,通过正交试验获得CA和GLDA处理重金属的最佳条件。结果表明,增加试剂用量、降低体系pH均有利于重金属的去除,但延长反应时间对重金属的去除效果影响不明显。CA和GLDA处理污泥重金属的最佳条件分别为：CA 0.3 mol·L^-1、pH 4、反应时间2 h和GLDA 0.05 mol·L^-1、pH 4、反应时间3 h。最佳反应条件下,对于CA和GLDA,重金属Cd、Cu、Pb和Ni的去除率可分别达80.25%、77.75%、64.66%和75.16%,及78.57%、78.48%、64.84%和76.71%。CA和GLDA对重金属的去除效果大小顺序均为：Cd>Cu> Ni>Pb,但GLDA的处理效果优于CA。污泥经CA和GLDA处理后,污泥固相酸溶态重金属含量下降幅度最大,平均达81%,残渣态重金属含量下降52.1%,而污泥液相中重金属含量则增加了17.54倍,说明重金属从污泥固相向液相转移。SEM镜检发现,污泥由处理前表面分散的絮状结构,变成更为明显的团块结构和片层结构,污泥的吸附能力下降,且体积缩小。研究结果表明,CA和GLDA处理污泥能有效降低污泥重金属含量并提高污泥固相重金属的化学稳定性,有利于污泥脱水及脱水后的进一步处理及其资源化。     

凡口铅锌矿人工湿地重金属分布特征研究

研究了凡口铅锌矿人工湿地处理系统中水体和沉积物重金属(Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和Mn)的含量及分布特征。结果表明:人工湿地系统对矿山重金属废水有良好的处理效果。湿地系统水体中重金属Pb、Zn、Cu和Cd都主要以悬浮态存在,Mn的存在形式比较复杂,5种重金属的总量沿流程均呈现出先增大后减小的变化趋势。沉积物中Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd和Mn的总量与水平沿程均呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。湿地沉积物中重金属的主要存在形态为残渣态,其次为铁锰氧化物态和有机结合态。沉积物pH值和有机质含量都随着沿流程而逐渐降低,沉积物pH和有机质含量与重金属含量一定的相关性。     

电渗析法分离医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出液中重金属

采用电渗析法分离医疗垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出液中重金属,考察了电流密度、液固比、处理时间等参数对重金属移除的影响,并分析了电渗析处理对飞灰特性、重金属形态及其浸出毒性的影响. 结果表明,电流密度0.8 mA/cm2、液固比10(w)和处理时间14 d条件下飞灰浸出液中重金属分离效果最好,11.1% Pb, 42.3% Zn, 56.7% Cd, 38.7% Cu, 7.5% Cr被移除,飞灰中大量NaCl被移除,氯含量从20.43%降低到0.78%,热灼减率从11.1%升高到34.3%,可溶态和碳酸盐态重金属含量降低,飞灰基质减少及不可溶态重金属存在导致残灰中重金属含量增加,Pb和Cd浸出浓度仍超过生活垃圾填埋场的阈值.     

重金属在水泥熟料中的挥发与固化

以铅锌渣作为替代原料制备水泥熟料易引入重金属元素,利用微波消解、原子吸收光谱方法研究Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn在熟料烧成过程中的挥发与固化行为。结果表明:温度升高,Pb、Cd挥发率增大,Cu、Zn挥发率先增大后减小;掺加铅锌渣,Pb、Cd、Cu、Zn在熟料中固溶量增大;熟料矿物组成影响重金属的固溶。     

冶炼厂周围土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的形态分布研究

目的：观察冶炼厂周围土壤的重金属分布情况。方法：本研究选取云南鸡街周围荒地土壤为样品,采用消解法对土壤中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd进行总量分析,并运用Tessier连续提取的五态方法研究该区土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的形态分布特征,来检测该地区的土壤生态。结果：该冶炼厂周围土壤中四种重金属的总浓度高于国家土壤环境质量指标;形态分析发现Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd的主要形态为残渣态,可交换态所占比例最小;四种重金属的生物活性和迁移能力大小均为Cd〉Pb〉Zn〉Cu。结论：（1）该地区土壤被重金属污染。（2）为该地区土壤修复提供理论依据,重金属的提取和回收提供资料。     

高铁酸钾去除重金属的模拟试验研究

研究了高铁酸钾对矿井水和模拟水样中重金属的去除效果.结果表明,pH对高铁酸钾去除模拟水样中高浓度的Pb,Cd、Fe、Zn、Mn和Cu有很大影响,去除率随着pH的升高而增加,酸性条件下去除率较低,在pH为10、加药量30 mg-L-1时,去除率在56.9%～94.40%之间;当pH为8.3、加药量30 mg·L-1时,高铁酸钾能够使矿井水中超标的Pb、Cd和Fe达到国家生活饮用水卫生标准(GB5749-2006),对矿井水中未超标低浓度Mn的去除率为53.7%,而对低浓度的Cu、Zn却几乎没有去除效果.     

活性炭对重金属离子的吸附研究

研究了活性炭分别对铅、镉、铜及锌离子的吸附作用,研究了pH值、温度及活性炭的投加量等因素对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,当pH〉5时对四种离子的去除率均达到98％以上,能达到很好的吸附。低温有利于吸附的进行。随着活性炭的增加．重金属离子的去除率增加．而且铜离子的活性炭最佳用量是0．3000g．铅、镉和锌的活性炭最佳用量均为1．000g。随着吸附时间的增加,去除率上升。铜、铅、镉和锌离子的吸附平衡时间分别为3．5h、1h、1．5h和1．5h。铜离子的吸附符合Langmuir等温模式,而锌、铅和镉离子的吸附符合Freundlich等温模式。     

Removal of heavy metals from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash by traditional and microwave acid extraction

BACKGROUND: Municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) fly ash is regarded as hazardous waste because it contains various toxic metals. A previous study has shown that fly ash can be detoxified by removal of heavy metals. In this work, the extractability of heavy metals from MSWI fly ash by traditional and microwave acid extraction were compared. RESULTS: A 2^{4 ? 1} fractional factorial experimental design was adopted using acid concentration, extraction time, temperature, and liquid/solid (L/S) ratio as the experimental factors for traditional extraction, and acid concentration, extraction time, liquid/solid (L/S) ratio and microwave power as the experimental factors for microwave extraction. The traditional extraction results show that L/S played an important role in Zn, Cd extraction while L/S ratio and extractant concentration were important for Pb extraction. However, no controlling parameter was determined for Cu and Cr extraction. For the microwave extraction, it was shown that L/S was important for Pb and Zn and extractant concentration was important for Pb, Zn and Cd. The time and the power were not significant for the extractability of heavy metals. CONCLUSION: Hydrochloric acid was an effective extractant. Microwave heating promoted extraction and shortened extraction time. Microwave acid extraction treatment is a potentially feasible method for the removal of heavy metals from MSWI fly ash. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparison of Heavy Metal Removal from Chemically Interactive and Non-Interactive Solid Phases by the CEHIXM Process

A laboratory study was conducted to compare the removal of heavy metals from chemically interactive and non-interactive solid phases using coupled electric-hydraulic gradient assisted by ion exchange medium (CEHIXM) process. The removal of primarily four heavy metals Pb, Cd, Zn, and Mn from the contaminated sources was investigated. Experiments were conducted at a constant electric field of 50 V DC for both the solid phases and with constant hydraulic flow-rates of 10 cm³/min for chemically non-interactive solid phase and 4 cm³/min for chemically interactive solid phase. As much as 93% of Pb, 97% of Cd, 98% of Zn, and 94% of Mn were removed after 100 hours of the processing from chemically non-interactive solid phase. About 72% of Pb, 85% of Cd, 81% of Zn, and 77% of Mn were removed after 100 hours of the processing and about 90% of Pb, 96% of Cd, 93% of Zn, and 91% of Mn were removed after 200 hours of the processing from chemically interactive solid phase. Metal removal percentage was always higher for chemically non-interactive solid phase than that of chemically interactive solid phase. Chemically interactive solid phase required prolonged experiment duration to achieve compatible metal removal. The two solid phases did not follow quite the same order of metal removal. The order of removal was Zn > Cd > Mn > Pb for chemically non-interactive solid phase and Cd > Zn > Mn > Pb for chemically interactive solid phase.     

Detoxification of medical waste incinerator fly ash through successive flotation

Medical waste incinerator (MWI) fly ash is considered hazardous waste because it contains hypertoxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans as well as heavy metals. To detoxify both substances, successive flotations of MWI fly ash were performed. The first step involved decarburization flotation, whereby 91.0% of the dioxins in MWI fly ash were transformed into a froth product. In the second step (ion flotation), the influence of ionic strength on heavy metals recovered from both raw and stimulated filtrates was explored. The results revealed that the optimal conditions were sodium dodecyl sulfate at 480 ppm, methyl isobutyl carbonyl at 150 ppm, impeller speed at 2000 rpm, and flotation time of 18 min for raw leachate, through which Zn (47.0%), Pb (56.5%), Cu (57.5%), and Cd (49.1%) were recovered. For the simulated filtrate, higher removal efficiencies were noted: 60.5%, 80.6%, 69.1%, and 64.1% for Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd, respectively. The harmful effects of the coexisting ions in the raw filtrate on heavy metal recovery were observed.     

Pulsed electrokinetic removal of Cd and Zn from fine-grained soil

Pulsed electrokinetics studies were carried out to optimize the removal of Zn and Cd from fine-grained soils and to observe the effects of varying the pulse frequency, pulse time ratio (on/off), and DC voltage gradient. Existing forms of heavy metals in the soil matrix were determined using a sequential extraction method. The strongly bound fraction (bound to organic matter and residuals) that is difficult to remove from the soil matrix comprised 74 and 62% of the total Zn and Cd, respectively. In the electrokinetic remediation experiments, MgSO₄ was employed to increase the ionic strength of the soil for 2 weeks. Transportation of heavy metals was influenced by the frequency, pulse ratio, and the voltage gradient of the pulsed electric field. Extraction efficiency of Zn and Cd near the anode was correlated positively with the voltage gradient at a given pulse and ratio. A high pulse frequency (1,800 cycles/h) enhanced the removal efficiency of the heavy metals compared to a low pulse frequency (1,200 cycles/h) at a supplied voltage gradient of 1 V/cm. Although pulsed electrokinetics was more effective in extracting and desorbing ions near the anode than conventional electrokinetics, its ability to transport heavy metals from the anode to the cathode was relatively small. Total removals with pulsed electrokinetics were 21–31% for Zn and 18–24% for Cd. In summary, pulsed electrokinetics can enhance removal efficiency of heavy metals and is beneficial with regard to electrical energy consumption.     

Selective sorption of heavy metal on phosphorylated sago starch‐extraction residue

The phosphorylated sago starch‐extraction residue (P‐SR) was produced for the removal of heavy metal from wastewater. The phosphoric ester in the phosphorylated residue was evaluated by means of infrared microspectrometry and solid‐state NMR. In this study, the phosphorus contents of produced P‐SR, phosphorylated cellulose (P‐C), and phosphorylated sago starch were 31.7, 34.2, and 4.6 mg/g, respectively. The phosphorus contents of P‐C and sago starch were clearly different because of the difference of each structure. The maximum sorption capacities of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, copper, and zinc) in single heavy metal sorption on P‐SR were 0.20, 0.25, 0.36, and 0.24 mmol/g (Cu > Pb > Zn > Cd), respectively. On the other hand, the amount of sorbed heavy metals in coexisted heavy metal sorption on P‐SR followed the order of Pb > Cu > Cd > Zn that was different from the relations of maximum sorption capacities for individual heavy metals. The heavy metal sorption behavior in single and coexisted heavy metal solution for P‐SR were different and P‐SR showed the intrinsic heavy metal sorption affinity, called as selective sorption. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012     

Feasibility of CANON process for treating nitrogenous wastewater containing heavy metals

The appearance of heavy metals in wastewater brings a major burden to wastewater treatment plants, due to the high toxicity to microorganisms. Several commonly used heavy metals, including Zn(II), Cd(II), Hg(II), and Pb(II) were adopted to clear the individual and joint toxicity to the completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process in six sequencing batch reactors. The obtained results suggested that the nitrogen removal performances were transiently inhibited, but rapidly recovered. The restoration period under the stress of Hg(II) and Pb(II) was shorter than that under Zn(II), Cd(II), and the joint heavy metals. During the long-term exposure, Cd(II) in 1mg L⁻¹ slightly inhibited the nitrogen removal, while Zn(II), Hg(II), Pb(II), and mixture showed a negligible impact on CANON process. The defense of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), the good adaptability of functional bacteria, and the inducement of resistant genera by heavy metals all contributed to the robustness and stability of CANON process. Therefore, it is feasible to treat nitrogenous wastewater containing low heavy metals using CANON process. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

Mextral V10–Mextral 973H体系脱除酸性矿山废水中重金属的研究

矿山选、冶废水成分复杂、水量大,目前所用方法对重金属的脱除效果不理想、成本高,为解决矿山废水重金属污染问题,开发适用于酸度较高、重金属浓度较低、对钙、镁离子有抑萃作用的协同萃取法脱除并回收废水中的重金属。通过绘制萃取等温线、FT-IR及紫外吸收光谱对Mextral V10–Mextral 973H协同萃取体系进行分析,研究了萃取剂浓度、有机相和水相体积比(简称相比,O/A)和Mextral V10皂化率对废水中重金属分离影响。结果表明,Mextral V10–Mextral 973H协同萃取体系能有效脱除酸性废水中Cu2+, Pb2+, Cd2+和Zn2+。在10vol% (Mextral V10+Mextral 973H)+90vol% Mextral DT100,Mextral V10:Mextral 973H=1:1的最佳实验条件下连续萃取六次,萃后废水中Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Mg2+和Ca2+的萃取率分别为99.1%±0.1%, 99.9%±0.02% 99.5%±0.05%, 97.6%±0.03%, 10.11%±0.1%和18.3%±0.05%,废水中残留Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+和Pb2+浓度分别为1.720±0.10, 0.256±0.03, 0.054±0.01和0.929±0.01 mg/L,低于GB8978-1996中第一类污染物最高允许排放标准值。     

Fe3+浸提剩余污泥中重金属试验

在室温下,污泥固液比例1∶20的条件下,以氯化铁为萃取剂对污泥进行重金属浸提的研究试验。分别进行了不同浓度的氯化铁溶液、pH值、振速及浸提时间对污泥浸提的效果影响试验。结果表明:当FeCl3溶液浓度小于48 mmol/L时,Zn和Cu的去除率随着浓度的增加而升高,当FeCl3溶液浓度大于48 mmol/L时,浓度增大对去除率的贡献降低;在相同的pH值下,氯化铁溶液比盐酸溶液更能有效的浸出污泥中的重金属;浸提的较佳振速为150 r/min,浸提的最佳时间为24 h。