随机供应中断和退货环境下库存问题的建模与控制

供应中断和退货的不确定性,导致企业库存控制异常困难.然而,由于系统存在多个随机因素,采用传统方法很难构建模型,所以,以往均将供应中断和退货分开考虑.为综合分析它们对库存的影响,本文在采用布朗运动描述库存水平动态变化过程条件下,利用连续时间Markov链、更新过程和鞅理论,构建了系统期望折扣总费用模型,并设计了交叉熵法确定最优库存策略.最后,通过仿真实验,分析了供应中断、净需求和系统参数,对最优控制策略和期望费用的影响.     

随机退货环境下最优补货和处理控制策略

随机退货会导致库存增加,为了控制库存位于某一合理区间内,在假设库存水平的动态变化由布朗运动描述条件下,利用更新过程和鞅理论构建了提前期为随机时系统的期望折扣总费用(包括库存、短缺、补货和处理费用)模型,并在此基础上,采用交叉熵法确定最优的产品补充和退货处理策略.最后通过仿真实验分析了系统参数变化对最优控制策略和期望折扣总费用的影响.     

随机需求不可靠制造系统的最优服务率分配策略

本文讨论了一类随机需求不可靠制造系统的最优服务率控制问题。所研究的系统能同时生产多类产品，但生产能力受常数限制。目标是通过最小化库顾和欠缺的期望折扣费用，寻找最优服务率分配策略，本文证明了最优策略具有开关结构，并针对生产单类和两类产品的系统详细研究了最优控制策略的结构性质，最后以数值例子验证了本文的结论。     

多种带保质期的相关商品的库存系统仿真模型

研究了生产商带定货价格折扣、具有随机定货提前期、随机需求种类、随机需求量和需求时间间隔的具有特定保质期限的多种相关商品的库存系统.在此基础上,基于离散系统仿真原理,建立了系统仿真模型,通过仿真实验,对该库存系统模型进行了分析,最后探讨了模型的扩展.该系统仿真模型为销售商制定具有保质期的多种相关商品的库存策略提供了有效的工具.     

航空制造企业库存有效期管理系统的设计

本文在分析某航空制造企业库存有效期管理系统需求的基础上,建立构建了航空制造企业库存有效期管理系统,提出航空制造企业库存有效期管理系统的标准结构模型,为企业质量管理提供了有效的依据。     

随机供应中断和退货环境下库存的应急控制

随机供应中断和退货环境下库存变化, 失去传统上的单调性, 呈现复杂的随机波动状态, 从而, 极大地增加了控制难度. 为解决系统库存的短缺和超储问题, 本文提出一个应急控制(包括应急采购和应急处理)策略. 在库存水平的动态变化表示为Lévy过程条件下, 利用连续时间Markov链、更新过程和鞅理论, 构建了系统期望折扣总利润模型, 并设计了交叉熵法确定最优控制策略. 仿真结果表明, 中断强度和类型及退货批次和批量, 对最优应急处理水平和应急采购量均有较大影响. 而退货类型仅影响最优应急处理水平, 对最优应急采购量影响较小.     

需求和退货波动环境下库存控制

随着需求和退货波动的增大, 如何有效控制库存, 成为当前零售企业管理者亟待解决的难题. 在库存水平动态变化表示为Markov调制Lévy过程条件下, 利用水平穿越和多维鞅理论, 分别确定了库存水平分布及循环期望费用和时间函数, 在此基础上, 构建了系统长程平均费用率模型. 最后, 通过仿真试验, 对比了3种订货策略下需求和环境状态变化系统的性能, 并分析了退货对最优控制策略的影响. 进而, 得到一些重要的库存管理启示.     

按单装配系统中组件生产和库存分配控制策略研究

针对由两种组件、三类顾客需求组成的按单装配系统, 本文研究了其中的组件生产控制与库存分配问题. 在各类顾客需 求是泊松到达过程, 各种组件加工时间服从指数分布的假设下, 我们运用马尔科夫决策理论建立了无限期折扣总成本模型, 根据Lippman转换得到了相应归一化后的离散最优方程, 在此基础之上分析了生产和库存分配联合最优控制策略的结构性质. 本文证明了最优策略是依赖于系统状态的动态策略. 组件的最优生产策略是动态基库存策略, 其中基库存水平是关于系统中其他组件库存水平的非减函数. 而最优的分配策略是动态的阈值策略, 对于只需一种组件构成的顾客需求, 组件的分配阈值是系统中另一组件库存水平的增函数; 而对于同时需要两种组件组成的顾客需求, 其各组件的分配阈值是另一组件库存水平的减函数. 最后通过数值试验给出了各个参数对联合最优控制策略的影响, 并得到了相应的管理启示.     

协同制造，全面提高机床制造业水平

由于机床制造产业链长,制造工艺复杂,应商和协作单位多,需要创建协同化的环境,即建立应链网络.在此网络中,供应商.制造商.分销商和客户可动态地共享客户需求,产品设计.工艺文件.供应链计划.库存等信息.任何客户的需求.变动.设计的更改,在整个供应链网络中都能得到快速传播,及时响应,避免了传统管理中的"生鞭效应".     

随机性的批量制造库存系统的仿真模型

对用计算机仿真技术来研究包含随机因素的批量制造库存系统提出了仿真策略，建立了仿真模型，从而可通过系统仿真的方法来选定最优批量制造库存策略。     

需求和退货与供应中断相关环境下库存控制

需求和退货与供应中断相关会引发库存剧烈波动,从而导致库存控制非常困难.在采用Markov调制Lévy过程描述库存水平变化条件下,利用水平穿越法、更新过程和鞅理论确定循环期望时间和费用函数,据此构建系统长程平均费用率模型.在此基础上,通过仿真实验研究需求(退货)与供应中断相关度对最优库存控制策略的影响,并分析不同中断和退货类型下最优控制策略的变化,从而为该环境下有效管理库存提供新启示.     

Optimal control of production rate in a failure prone manufacturing system

We address the problem of controlling the production rate of a failure prone manufacturing system so as to minimize the discounted inventory, cost, where certain cost rates are specified for both positive and negative inventories, and there is a constant demand rate for the commodity produced. The underlying theoretical problem is the optimal control of a continuous-time system with jump Markov disturbances, with an infinite horizon discounted cost criterion. We use two complementary approaches. First, proceeding informally, and using a combination of stochastic coupling, linear system arguments, stable and unstable eigenspaces, renewal theory, parametric optimization, etc., we arrive at a conjecture for the optimal policy. Then we address the previously ignored mathematical difficulties associated with differential equations with discontinuous right-hand sides, singularity of the optimal control problem, smoothness, and validity of the dynamic programming equation, etc., to give a rigorous proof of optimality of the conjectured policy. It is hoped that both approaches will find uses in other such problems also. We obtain the complete solution and show that the optimal solution is simply characterized by a certain critical number, which we call the optimal inventory level. If the current inventory level exceeds the optimal, one should not produce at all; if less, one should produce at the maximum rate; while if exactly equal, one should produce exactly enough to meet demand. We also give a simple explicit formula for the optimal inventory level.     

Single period stochastic inventory problems with ordering or returns policies

In recent years, there has been an increasing adoption of returns policies in the coordination of the supply chain, where market demand is always assumed to be satisfied by manufacturing or by ordering from suppliers. However, many industries face the important decision of how to balance their inventory level. This problem has long been studied in financial institutions such as banks. This study presents an optimal inventory policy under a given stochastic demand such as a uniformly distributed demand, single-item, and single period review inventory system. The optimal inventory control policy obtained in this study is called a four-point policy: that is, when the entity’s inventory level is below a reorder point, the entity must increase his stock level by ordering and order up-to a fixed level (second point); when the entity’s inventory level is over a return point (third point); the stock level must be decreased by returns and decreased to a fixed level (fourth point); otherwise, nothing should be done. We also analyze the (K, S)-convex properties of the inventory cost function.     

Joint management of finished goods inventory and demand process for a make-to-stock product: a computational approach

In this paper, we consider the joint management of finished goods inventory and demand for a product in a make-to-stock production system. The production process is random with controllable mean rate, and the demand process is stochastic with changeable mean rate dependent on the sale price being high or low. The management issue is how to dynamically adjust the production rate and the sale price to maximize the long run total discounted profit. We show that: 1) the optimal management of the finished goods inventory follows a base stock policy: when the inventory is above certain base stock level, the production is halted; otherwise the maximum production rate is deployed to raise the inventory to the base stock level; and 2) the optimal management of the demand process follows a price switch threshold policy: when the inventory is above the threshold, the low sale price is chosen to sell the product; and below it the high price is chosen to reduce the demand. We provide an algorithm to compute the base stock level and price switch threshold. Extension to multiple price choices is given with proofs highlighted.     

双源采购跳跃-扩散库存控制模型

供应中断和退货会引发库存短缺和剧烈波动,所以,如何缓解它们的影响,成为当前企业管理者亟待解决的难题.在采用双源采购策略防御库存短缺和跳跃-扩散过程描述库存水平变化条件下,利用连续时间Markov链、水平穿越和鞅理论,分别确定了库存水平分布及循环的期望费用和时间函数,在此基础上,构建了系统长程平均费用率模型.最后,仿真结果表明,供应商的可靠性和中断类型,对最优控制策略和系统费用产生较大影响.另外,双源采购策略能够有效缓解供应中断对库存的影响,尤其是,当供应商的可靠性较低或中断类型均为频率低持续时间长时.     

The value of modeling with reference effects in stochastic inventory and pricing problems

We analyze a periodic review inventory system in which the random demand is contingent on the current price and the reference price. The reference price captures the price history and acts as a benchmark against which the current price is compared. The randomness is due to additive and multiplicative random terms. The objective is to maximize the discounted expected profit over the selling horizon by dynamically deciding on the optimal pricing and replenishment policy for each period. We study three key issues using numerical computation and simulation. First, we study the effects of reference price mechanism on the total expected profit. It is shown that high dependence on a good history increases the profit. Second, we investigate the value of dynamic programming and show that the firm that ignores the dynamic structure suffers from the revenue. Third, we analyze the value of estimating the correct demand model with reference effects. We observe that this value is significant when the inventory related costs are low.