Finite-Boundary Corrections to the Coplanar Waveguide Analysis (Short Papers)

Conformal mapping calculations of impedance and effective dielectric constant are presented for coplanar waveguide (CPW) lines with finite-substrate thickness. These calculations and experimental data show a departure from the intinite dielectric approximation as the substrate thickness approaches the guide slot width. The quasi-TEM approximation is retained and calculations of static energy density within the substrate are given. This approximation agrees well with field calculations using a finite-element solution to Laplace's equation.     

有限尺寸介质基片上的共面波导

有限尺寸介质基片上的共面波导是一种非常接近于工程应用状态的物理模型.本文用共形映射技术分析有限尺寸介质基片上的共面波导,得到了它的单位长度电容、有效介电常数和特性阻抗等基本参数,与介质基片宽度为无限大的理想化模型作了比较,给出了介质基片为多宽可以认为是无限宽的判别公式.     

Analysis of Characteristic Impedance and Effective Dielectric Constant of Asymmetrical Coplanar Waveguide with Finite Dimensions

Conformal mapping techniques are used to obtain the closed-form expressions of the characteristic impedance and effective dielectric constant of the asymmetrical coplanar waveguide with finite line dimensions and substrate thickness. These closed-form expressions are generally applicable to design various particular types of coplanar waveguide transmission lines.     

Analysis of Characteristic Impedance and Effective Dielectric Constant of Asymmetrical Coplanar Waveguide with Finite Dimensions

Coplanar waveguide transmission lines have become quite attractive due to its applica-tion to microwave or millimeter-wave integrated circuits and devices.Calculations of char-acteristic impedance and effective dielectric constant of...     

More investigations of leakage and nonleakage conductor-backedcoplanar waveguide

Through rigorous full-wave analysis, the effective dielectric constant, normalized attenuation constant, characteristic impedance, and radiation pattern of two types of conductor-backed coplanar waveguides are obtained. The analytic results show that the leakage effect is not only controlled by the thickness and dielectric constant of the substrate but also by the slot width. The leakage power transforms to a radiation space wave and a surface wave, the transverse electric field diagrams in the substrate and the far-zone radiation pattern verify the leakage phenomenon. The first structure has the maximum radiation intensity in the endfire direction, while the second one which has more leaky waves radiates into the air, is better served as a radiating device. For both structures under the nonleakage condition, the characteristic impedance is sensitive to the change of the strip width but not the slot width. Using these properties, the nonleaky and leaky circuits can exist on the same circuit board by choosing appropriate circuit dimensions     

Theoretical and Experimental Investigation of Asymmetric Coplanar Waveguides (Short Papers)

Conformal mapping techniques are used to obtain analytic closed-form expressions for the characteristic impedance and the relative effective dielectric constant of asymmetric coplanar waveguide with infinite or finite dielectric thickness. The line asymmetry leads to a decrease of its characteristic impedance and to an increase of its relative effective dielectric constant. Six asymmetric coplanar waveguides are realized and their characteristic impedances are measured using time-domain reflectometry techniques. The experimental results show very good agreement with the theoretical ones.     

Coplanar Waveguide: A Surface Strip Transmission Line Suitable for Nonreciprocal Gyromagnetic Device Applications

A coplanar waveguide consists of a strip of thin metallic film on the surface of a dielectric slab with two ground electrodes running adjacent and parallel to the strip. This novel transmission line readily lends itself to nonreciprocal magnetic device applications because of the built-in circularly polarized magnetic vector at the air-dielectric boundary between the conductors. Practical applications of the coplanar waveguide have been experimentally demonstrated by measurements on resonant isolators and differential phase shifters fabricated on low-loss dielectric substrates with high dielectric constants. Calculations have been made for the characteristic impedance, phase velocity, and ripper bound of attenuation of a transmission line whose electrodes are all on one side of a dielectric substrate. These calculations are in good agreement with preliminary experimental results. The coplanar configuration of the transmission system not only permits easy shunt connection of external elements in hybrid integrated circuits, but also adapts well to the fabrication of monolithic integrated systems. Low-loss dielectric substrates with high dielectric constants may be employed to reduce the longitudinal dimension of the integrated circuits because the characteristic impedance of the coplanar waveguide is relatively independent of the substrate thickness; this may be of vital importance for Iow-frequency integrated microwave systems.     

Low-loss micromachined inverted overlay CPW lines with wideimpedance ranges and inherent airbridge connection capability

A new type of overlay coplanar waveguide (CPW) structure, “inverted overlay CPW (IOCPW)” is developed using micromachining techniques to provide easy means of airbridge connection between the ground planes, as well as to achieve low losses over wide impedance ranges. Measured IOCPW showed less than 1 dB/cm loss at 50 GHz over a wide impedance range from 25 to 80 Ω. It also offered low effective dielectric constant, and insensitivity to the substrate losses. Wide impedance ranges and simple process steps make IOCPW a promising uniplanar transmission line medium for mm-wave monolithic applications     

Numerical Analysis of Shielded Coplanar Waveguides

A numerical method is presented to calculate the impedance and the effective dielectric constant for a coplanar waveguide with a ground plane under a thin dielectric. Impedance and effective dielectric constant values are given as a function of geometry for GaAs and alumina substrates. An approximate analytical expression is given to generate the numerical value of the impedance with good accuracy. The results can be used in designing shielded coplanar waveguides. Measurements of a tapered 50-Omega test structure are presented.     

Electromagnetic coupling of coplanar waveguides and microstriplines to highly lossy dielectric media

The spectral-domain technique is utilized to analyze the coupling characteristics of coplanar waveguides and microstrip lines coupled with multilayer lossy dielectric media. Numerical results illustrating the dispersion characteristics of coplanar and microstrip lines, as well as the various electric field components coupled to highly lossy dielectric media, are presented. It is shown that the presence of a superstrate of lossless dielectric between the coplanar waveguide and the lossy medium plays a key role in setting up an axial electric field component that facilitates leaky-wave-type coupling to the lossy medium. The thickness of the superstrate relative to the gap width in the coplanar waveguide is important in controlling the magnitude of this axial electric field component. The coupling characteristics of the microstrip and coplanar lines are compared, and results generally show improved coupling if coplanar waveguides are utilized. Values of the attenuation constant α are higher for coplanar waveguide than for microstrip line, and for both structures α decreases with frequency     

Picosecond pulse propagation in coplanar waveguide forwarddirectional couplers

The spectral-domain method is used to calculate the frequency-dependent even- and odd-mode effective dielectric constants of symmetric coplanar waveguide forward directional couplers. Comparisons are made with symmetric microstrip forward couplers on the same substrate that have the same line spacing and access port characteristic impedance. Results are shown which indicate that certain coplanar designs will have lower loss and greater bandwidth than the microstrip devices. Picosecond pulse propagation in both structures is studied using the calculated dispersion data     

Benzocyclobutene as Substrate Material for Planar Millimeter-Wave Structures: Dielectric Characterization and Application

The application of benzocyclobutene (BCB) polymer as dielectric substrate material for millimeter-wave microstrip structures is investigated in this paper to face the problem of large losses due to standard dielectrics in the high microwave range. Dielectric properties of BCB are characterized from S-parameter measurements on a conductor-backed coplanar waveguide (CBCPW) using the polymer as substrate material. Excellent features, with a low loss tangent and a stable dielectric constant, are demonstrated within the measurement range from 11 GHz to 65 GHz. As a validation of BCB high frequency performances, the design and experimental characterization of a V-band array on BCB substrate is presented. Measurement results on both matching and radiation characteristics of the millimeter-wave array are discussed.     

Conformal mapping for buried CPW with finite grounds

An analytic expression for the effective dielectric constant and impedance of a coplanar waveguide with finite grounds and embedded in a dielectric (ECPWFG) has been developed for the first time. Limiting examples of the expression are compared to known accurate results for standard CPW structures, of which excellent agreement is obtained     

Analytical analysis of circular-shaped microshield and conductor-backed coplanar waveguide

In this paper, a new type of circular-shaped microshield and conductor-backed coplanar waveguide is proposed. Analytic closed-form expressions for characteristic impedance and effective dielectric constant for the new line are obtained using conformal mapping method under the assumption of pure-TEM propagation and zero dispersion. The new waveguide proposed by this paper can reduce radiation to much less than the conventional coplanar waveguide and microstrip, and can reduce the current concentration at both the edges of the strip conductor.     

A low-impedance coplanar waveguide using an SrTiO3 thinfilm for GaAs power MMIC's

A novel structure for coplanar-waveguide transmission lines with low impedance and low loss is demonstrated in this paper. The new structure simply has a high dielectric SrTiO₃ thin film underneath the coplanar conductors. Due to the high dielectric constant of SrTiO₃, the coplanar line exhibited characteristic impedance as low as 18 Ω with a slot width of 5 μm and the center conductor width of 50 μm, while a conventional coplanar line on GaAs showed only 30 Ω with the same configuration. The newly developed coplanar structure is easily applicable for present GaAs monolithic-microwave integrated-circuit (MMIC) technology, especially for power MMIC's and low-impedance devices     

Full wave analysis of conductor-backed and multi-layer high-T c superconducting coplanar waveguide

Dispersions, attenuation and characteristic impedance of shielded conductor-backed coplanar waveguide(CBCPW) and shielded three-layer coplanar waveguide (CPW) with finite conductor thickness as well as their superconducting applications are calculated. The method of lines(MoL) is employed to analyze these coplanar waveguides. The analysis is validated by a comparison of the calculated results with those published previously. Effects of finite width of grounded strip for a CPW are considered. Extensive investigation of the numerical convergence for calculation of the characteristic impedance is also described.     

A new technique for the quasi-TEM analysis of conductor-backedcoplanar waveguide structures

Numerically efficient and accurate formulae based on the spectral domain method for the analysis of conductor backed coplanar waveguide structures are presented. Quasi-TEM parameters are obtained for these waveguide structures by using piecewise linear functions to approximate the potential distribution at the air-dielectric interface. Techniques such as nonuniform discretization and bound estimation are described which demonstrate shorter computational times. Results on the characteristic impedance calculation of standard coplanar waveguide are given to demonstrate the numerical accuracy and efficiency of the method presented here     

CAD Models for a Boxed Coplanar Waveguide with Multilayered Substrates and Overlays

By the conformal mapping method, CAD-oriented analytical closed-form expressions for the quasi-TEM parameters for a boxed coplanar waveguide (BCPW) with multilayered substrates and overlays are presented. The parameters include the effective dielectric constant, the characteristic impedance, the wavelength of the guided wave, and the capacitance per unit length. All of the formulas obtained in this paper are simple and accurate enough for microwave circuits' designs and are useful for transmission line theory.     

Modal impedances of planar, non-complementary, N-fold symmetric antenna structures

Planar N-arm rotationally symmetric antennas are commonly used in applications that demand wideband, multiple-mode, dual-polarization, and conformal geometries. Antennas included in this category are spirals, log-periodic dipole arrays, bow-tie antennas, and sinuous structures. An analytic expression for the modal impedances of these complementary planar structures has been available for many years. This paper extends the theory to non-complementary planar /V-fold symmetric antennas, and provides equations valid for any arm-to-gap width ratio, arm width, expansion rate, and low-loss electrically thin substrate materials. The equations are based on quasi-TEM coplanar stripline theory, and provide a band-averaged approximation of the input impedance of the antenna for each characteristic mode of operation. Predicted modal impedances are compared to spiral antenna measurements. In addition, a procedure for accurately measuring the dielectric constant of the substrate material is discussed.     

悬置共面波导的基本参数

悬置共面波导兼有鳍线和悬置带线的优点。本文用共形变换技术分析悬置共面波导,得到严格的解,考虑有限基片情况下给出了悬置共面波导的有效介电常数,单位长度电容和特性阻抗的闭合表达。