The role of rolling friction in granular packing

In order to study the effects of the rolling friction of the particles on granular packing, we present a detailed analysis of circular disk assemblies with the rolling friction under macroscopic one-dimensional compression. The rolling friction of the particles produces a resisting moment to the rolling at each contact. A series of 2-D DEM simulations are performed with various values for the rolling friction parameter. We focus on several macroscopic and microstructural properties of granular media and analyze them as a functions of the rolling friction. From these results, we show that the rolling resistance, which results from the rolling friction of the particles, contributes to the inhibition of the rearrangement of the particles and increases the magnitude of the fabric anisotropy under packing. In addition, from both microscopic and macroscopic points of view, we describe that the stress state in a granular packing can vary considerably depending on the rolling resistance.     

基于粒子群算法优化支持向量机的铝热连轧机轧制力预报

为了提高热轧带材的轧制力预报精度,提出了粒子群算法和支持向量机结合的方法来预报轧制力。根据轧制原理用支持向量机建立轧制力预报的模型,通过粒子群算法优化支持向量机参数来提高预报精度。为了进一步提高轧制力预报精度,还提出了支持向量机网络与数学模型相结合的方法,对某“1+4”铝热连轧厂现场采集的5052铝合金轧制数据进行离线仿真,仿真结果可以看出支持向量机网络与数学模型结合的方法预报轧制力,提高了轧制力预报速度并使其轧制力预报精度控制在7%以内。     

考虑轧制界面粗糙形貌的轧机辊系非线性振动特性研究

轧制界面的粗糙形貌可导致界面行为的根本变化,极大地影响着轧机辊系的动力学响应行为。考虑轧制界面粗糙形貌的影响,建立了轧机辊系系统的非线性垂直振动动力学模型,计算了具有不同粗糙形貌轧制界面的轧机辊系系统非线性刚度特性和固有频率特性,并与采用Duffing振子描述界面刚度的传统轧机模型进行了对比。采用多尺度法求解了考虑界面粗糙形貌影响的轧机系统主共振幅频特性方程,并推导了系统受迫振动响应的跳跃频率和跳跃幅值表达式,分析了轧制界面粗糙形貌、激励载荷、非线性刚度率和阻尼对轧机辊系系统动力学响应特性的影响,为抑制轧机振动提供有效的理论参考。     

基于谱相关密度组合切片能量的滚动轴承故障诊断研究

包络解调分析方法是滚动轴承等旋转机械故障诊断的常用方法。当轴承滚动体发生故障时,由于其同时与轴承外、内圈接触,以及受保持架转速的影响,包络解调分析方法通常不能很好提取出滚动体故障通过频率。据滚动轴承发生故障时呈现出的二阶循环平稳特征,提出了基于二阶循环统计量的谱相关密度组合切片能量的滚动轴承故障诊断方法。此方法在一定程度上解决了包络解调分析方法在滚动体故障诊断方面的缺陷,对轴承滚动体的故障诊断具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Influence of transformation induced recrystallisation on hot rolling textures of low carbon steel sheet

Abstract

A series of hot rolling textures of steel sheet with different compositions and hot rolling parameters have been compared. The observed hot rolling textures all belonged to a limited number of different types. These types seemed to depend on the composition, the hot rolling parameters, and the local deformation mode. The influence of these hot rolling textures on the properties of commercial sheet steels after cold rolling and continuous annealing is critically evaluated. For steels with a low content of high temperature precipitates, the texture and microstructure after intercritical hot rolling often appeared to be the result of a transformation induced recrystallisation process with a specific nucleation mode. Understanding of the nature of this type of recrystallisation may facilitate an improvement in the material properties by optimisation of the hot rolling texture.

MST/1327     

复杂型面滚轧成形设备现状分析

相比于传统切削加工,复杂型面滚轧成形轴类零件的强度提升、表面质量好、加工时间短、材料利用率高。复杂型面滚轧工艺类型更多、成形过程运动更复杂,不同复杂型面滚轧工艺所要求成形设备结构及运动方式也各不相同,因此首先分析了复杂型面滚轧工艺类型及衍生分支,进而阐明了相应的平板模具搓制、轮式模具滚轧、轴向进给主动旋转滚轧的设备结构原理及运动特征,评述了不同类型的复杂型面滚轧设备的最新研究进展,介绍了具有代表性的典型产品。在此基础上指出了伺服化是复杂型面滚轧设备发展趋势,复合振动或温成形是解决高强材料复杂型面精确滚轧问题的途径。     

基于轧件水平振动的轧机辊系振动补偿模型

考虑轧件水平振动对轧制力和摩擦力动态特性的影响,建立了一种基于轧件水平振动的轧机辊系振动补偿模型。根据广义耗散的Lagrange原理,分别沿轧制方向和垂直轧制方向建立动力学平衡方程。以某厂四辊板带轧机为例,仿真分析轧件水平振动速度和轧机辊系垂直振动位移随轧辊转速的变化规律,测试了5组不同转速下的轧制力数据;对模型补偿前后轧制力理论值与测试数据误差进行了对比。研究结果表明:补偿后的模型轧制力理论值与实测数据之间的误差大大减小。     

Effect of annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of ZK60 magnesium alloy sheets processed by twin-roll cast and differential speed rolling

In this study, ZK60 magnesium strips produced by twin-roll casting were subjected to differential speed rolling with velocity ratios of 1.2 and 1.5 and equal speed rolling. Annealing treatment was applied to the rolled strips to investigate its effect on microstructure, texture and mechanical properties. The results show that compared with the sheet processed by equal speed rolling, the sheets processed by differential speed rolling show more apparent shear bands in the rolled state and a higher fraction of fine grains after annealing. The sheets processed by differential speed rolling show a single-peak basal fiber with a decreased maximum pole intensity compared to a clear double-peak texture of the sheet processed by equal speed rolling, and both are weakened after annealing. The sheets processed by differential speed rolling present significantly higher ductility and slightly lower yield strength than the sheet processed by equal speed rolling. The annealing process contributes to decreases in the strengths and improvement in ductility, which can be attributed to the weakening of basal texture by recrystallization. These results suggest that the annealing is an effective way to enhance the formability of sheets produced by differential speed rolling.     

TEXTURE DEVELOPMENT IN EXTRA LOW CARBON (ELC) AND INTERSTITIAL FREE (IF) STEELS DURING WARM ROLLING

The warm rolling and subsequent annealing textures of an extra low carbon (ELC) and two interstitial free (IF) steels have been investigated using both single pass and multipass rolling in the ferritic temperature range. A total amount of 80% deformation by rolling was given in each case. It was observed that texture development in ELC and IF steels during warm rolling displays striking differences. In general, ELC steels acquire only a weak texture after finish rolling in the upper ferritic range, for both single and multipass rolling. Single pass warm rolling in the lower ferritic range, however, produces very sharp γ fiber in this alloy, as an exception. Recrystallization anneal after warm rolling, in general, has been found to decrease the overall texture. By contrast, much sharper overall texture (and γ fiber) develops in the IF steels during warm rolling, and it generally sharpens after subsequent recrystallization anneal. This is true for both single pass and multipass rolling. The best texture results (highest intensities of γ fibers) are invariably obtained when most of the rolling deformation is given in the ferritic regime. Thus, between the two grades, the IF steels are definitely far better than the ELC steels for the purpose of developing sharp γ fibers by warm rolling process. Out of the two IF steels, the Ti-containing steel appears to develop a perceptibly sharper γ fiber after warm rolling and annealing as compared to the Nb-containing one.     

高性能环件辗轧成形智能仿真优化新思路与研究进展

面对环件辗轧成形过程有限元计算效率极低和成形成性难以一体化调控的挑战,提出了环件辗轧智能建模仿真优化的新思路和新方法。该方法能在有限元计算过程中,实现各轧辊运动的实时协调匹配和基于目标驱动的自动调控,只需要一次有限元计算就可直接获得满足控制量(环件长大速度、轧制力、温度、组织性能等)目标要求的环轧工艺路径;简介了超大型铝合金环件(10 m级)双向辗轧智能建模仿真、超大型筒节环件轧制智能建模仿真、基于力控的大型铝合金环件(5 m级)双向辗轧工艺路径智能仿真优化、基于温控的铸坯环件双向辗轧工艺路径智能仿真优化4个方面的最新研究进展。     

Mechanical properties and textures of duplex stainless steel rolled worked by asymmetric rolling

Laboratory asymmetric rolling trials have been developed at different temperatures on EN 1.4462 duplex steel grades imposing different reduction ratios and different asymmetric rolling ratio. The samples have been also subjected to a subsequent solution quenching. The asymmetric rolling operations have been performed in order to impose significant shear strains in the bulk regions of the rolled sheets, because during the traditional rolling the shear strains tend to become very weak and theoretically null at the middle point of the thickness. The mechanical properties, the pointed out anisotropy, the micro-structural features and the texture characteristics have been discussed as a function of the imposed operative parameters: thermal level, reduction ratios, rolling ratios and possible application of solution quenching after the rolling.     

钛合金棒材轧制成型研究进展

钛合金的研究正向着高性能化、低成本化方向发展,但钛合金棒材轧制加工技术还不是很成熟,其产品难以满足高端市场的需求。因此,针对钛合金轧制成型特点,论述了通过改进轧制工艺和轧制方式提高钛合金棒材综合性能的方法。分析了轧制温度、变形速度、变形量、热处理方法对产品成型及组织性能的影响,阐述了步进轧机、螺旋轧机、Y型轧机、行星轧机等轧制小规格棒材的特点,并指出了钛合金棒材轧制存在的问题和今后的发展方向。     

滚动轴承的振动性能退化过程与保持可靠性研究

为了分析滚动轴承的振动性能退化过程与保持可靠性之间的关系,提出一种基于最大熵法和相似度法的滚动轴承振动性能退化模型,并对滚动轴承的退化过程进行评估;然后基于最大熵法和泊松过程建立滚动轴承振动性能保持可靠性模型;最后基于灰关系理论对滚动轴承的性能退化序列和保持可靠性序列进行分析。实验结果表明,所提出的滚动轴承振动性能退化模型能够有效地识别滚动轴承的退化状态,并且滚动轴承振动性能保持可靠性的演变历程与振动性能退化过程之间有明显的灰关系,可信水平均达到80%以上。     

板带轧制工艺控制理论概要

以最小阻力定律、体积不变条件和秒流量相等条件为内容的经典轧制理论,经试验、演绎形成了较完整的轧制应用技术科学体系,这种体系所反映的是静态规律。在轧制理论发展中引入控制论、信息论、计算机科学等高新技术,对轧制过程进行控制。在轧制理论发展史上,弹跳方程建立之前是以力学为基础建立的经典轧制理论,之后为以力学和控制论为基础建立的基本轧制工艺控制理论。文章提出工艺控制理论概念,是在基本轧制工艺控制理论的基础上建立的新的理论体系,主要内容包括：在连轧张力理论中反映了张力的负反馈,建立了连轧张力理论体系;在厚控过程中,     

高温多向异步轧制对LZ91镁锂合金组织和力学性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

采用异步轧制、多向异步轧制、高温异步轧制、高温多向异步轧制四种不同的方式轧制双相镁锂合金板材。通过光学显微镜、MTS E43拉伸试验机和X射线衍射仪观察不同工艺轧制后合金的显微组织、力学性能以及织构特征,综合分析温度和轧制方向条件耦合对镁锂合金组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:四种轧制工艺可以使α-Mg相沿轧制方向伸长,同时沿着轧制方向法向细化。高温多向异步轧制后α相厚度最低为2.6μm。多向异步轧制后材料的屈服强度、抗拉强度、伸长率分别为149,167 MPa,14.5%,其综合力学性能最优。多向轧制使双峰织构沿ND方向45°偏转,高温轧制使双峰织构由基极向RD方向偏转的角度降低。轧制后样品R-cube织构组分最强,高温多向异步轧制使β-Li相轧制织构转变成为{001}〈100〉织构,有利于{011}〈111〉滑移系发生多滑移。     

Prediction of turn down warping during hot plate rolling based on a Gaussian function

Turn down warping is a shape defect observed at the front end of a plate during hot rolling. To produce a flat plate without warping, a precise prediction of turn down warping is essential to achieve optimal control. Therefore, we propose a model based on a Gaussian function to predict turn down warping. The model uses the results from numerical analyses of hot plate rolling. The finite element code MARC was used for the numerical analysis. Hot plate rolling processing parameters, such as roll diameter, plate dimension, rolling speed, and pass line were all considered in the model. To verify the accuracy of the prediction model, the numerical results obtained by FEM were confirmed with data measured during industrial hot plate rolling. For the actual measurements of turn down warping, image processed high speed camera data from the exit side of the rolling were used. The results show that the proposed Gaussian function model can successfully predict turn down warping of a plate’s front end under various hot plate rolling conditions.     

The influences of alloying additions and processing parameters on the rolling microstructures and textures of magnesium alloys

The combined effects of lithium additions (1–3 wt%) and processing parameters (rolling temperature, annealing) on the microstructural and texture evolution of pure Mg and Mg–3 wt% Al–1 wt% Zn alloy have been studied. Following rolling the basal planes were aligned with the sheet surface, although the basal poles were split and rotated towards the rolling direction. Lithium additions increased the rotation of basal poles in the rolling and transverse directions; an increase in the rolling temperature was associated with decreased rotation in the rolling direction and some broadening of texture in the transverse direction. Recrystallization during rolling varied between alloys, but had little influence on the texture. Recrystallization, and particularly grain growth, during annealing resulted in a single peak in the basal poles replacing the split observed following rolling. Texture is interpreted in terms of deformation, recrystallization and grain growth. Microstructural and texture evolution during industrial forming processes are also discussed.     

Behaviour of surface oxide scale before roll bite in hot rolling of steel

Abstract

Hot stalling rolling tests using mild steel slabs with thin and thick scale layers, and cold stalling rolling simulation tests using lead slabs coated with brittle lacquer layers, have been conducted to investigate the behaviour of the surface oxide scales before hot rolling. The effects of rolling reduction, temperature, scale thickness and structure, and slab geometry were examined. The experimental results indicate that the oxide scale can either adhere and deform with the parent steel, or delaminate from the parent steel, or suffer from cracking before hot rolling, depending on the hot strength of the scale and the stress status in the scale, which depend on rolling reduction and temperature, and scale thickness and structure. Therefore, the cracks observed in the oxide scales on the steel slab after hot rolling are generally the combined results of cracking before rolling and further cracking in the roll gap. On the basis of comparative analysis, the prerolling behaviour of the oxide scales in a laboratory scale rolling mill and in an industrial hot strip mill is discussed.     

Proposal of bond criterion for hot roll bonding and its application

The aim of this work was to develop a bond criterion for laminated composites prepared by hot rolling. 7075 Al/AZ31B Mg/7075 Al laminated composites were fabricated by hot rolling at different reduction ratios and temperatures, and the hot rolling process was also simulated by finite element methods (FEM). The FEM results show that two stages existed for an option position of the interface during hot rolling, viz. the bonded interface forming period and the post-bonded period. Bonded interface would be damaged during the latter due to second tensile stress and tear stress (due to the sticking friction between the Al plates and the rollers during the rolling). A bond criterion for laminated composites fabricated by hot rolling was proposed, which includes a strain threshold and a critical bonding strength. The predicted bond results of the 7075 Al/AZ31B Mg/7075 Al laminated composite fabricated by hot rolling from the proposed bond criterion agreed with the experimental data.     

基于EMD-DCS的滚动轴承伪故障特征识别方法

伪故障特征是健康零部件振动信号中具有的故障特征,伪故障特征是由系统内故障零部件引起的。由于滚动轴承伪故障特征与故障特征具有相似性,针对转子-轴承系统中滚动轴承伪故障特征识别问题,提出一种基于经验模式分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition,EMD)和循环平稳度(Degree of Cyclostationarity,DCS)的伪故障特征识别方法。利用滚动轴承健康信号和伪故障信号对比分析基于单通道伪故障信号进行滚动轴承故障诊断的技术难点;建立了考虑滚动轴承打滑率的转子-轴承系统动力学模型;利用时频分析方法和循环平稳分析方法对滚动轴承伪故障特征进行分析;给出了基于EMD-DCS的滚动轴承伪故障特征识别流程;在滚动轴承故障模拟实验台上开展了滚动轴承伪故障特征识别实验。实验结果表明:基于EMD-DCS的滚动轴承伪故障信号识别方法可以有效区分滚动轴承故障特征与伪故障特征。该研究工作对于提高滚动轴承故障诊断准确率、保障设备安全运行具有理论意义和实际应用价值。