Mathematic modeling and FE simulation of radial-axial ring rolling large L-section ring by shape axial roll

An accurate prediction of the ring diameter growth rate of a large L-section ring during radial-axial ring rolling (RARR) by a shape axial roll is quite essential because it determines the stability of the process and thus influences the quality of the rolled ring. In this paper, a mathematic model predicting the ring diameter of the large L-section ring during the new RARR process is first established. Then, 3D thermo-mechanical coupled rigid-plastic finite element (FE) models of the new RARR process are developed based on the implicit code DEFORM-3D to verify the mathematic model. By setting and adjusting the movements of the work rolls, large L-section rings are rolled. The effective strain distribution of the rolled ring is analyzed. Comparisons between the FE simulated and the mathematic predicted parameters including external diameter, growth rate of external diameter, and rotational speed of the rolling ring are made. The simulated and the predicted parameters are in good agreement, indicating that the mathematic model accurately predicted the size of the rolling ring and thus can be used to provide a guideline in real manufacturing of large L-section rings.     

环件径轴向轧制毛坯尺寸设计方法

毛坯尺寸设计是环件径轴向轧制过程优化设计的前提和基础,合理的毛坯尺寸设计,对于成功建立环件径轴向轧制过程、通过包括毛坯在内的过程优化设计以获得精确的环件尺寸和良好性能,具有十分重要的意义.为此,提出一种基于轧比和径轴向变形量分配比的矩形截面环件径轴向轧制毛坯尺寸设计方法,给出毛坯尺寸的计算公式与确定流程,阐明该毛坯尺寸设计方法的特点及应用范围.该方法基于体积不变原理,针对同一环件的轧制,可以设计不同轧比和变形量分配比的多个环坯,为研究不同环坯下的环件径轴向轧制变形行为、工艺规律以及包括毛坯在内的工艺过程优化设计、成形成性一体化调控提供了重要的方法和基础.     

A new mathematical model for predicting the diameter expansion of flat ring in radial–axial ring rolling

An accurate prediction for the diameter expansion is quite essential for the ring rolling with large diameter since it determines the compatibility between the work rolls and the deformed ring in kinematics, so that the rolling stability and the final forming quality of the ring are influenced. A new mathematical model for predicting the diameter expansion of the flat ring in the radial–axial rolling process has been proposed, in which the variation of cross section, the particularity of initial rolling phase, and the effect of slip are all taken into consideration. Based on the proposed mathematical model, a 3D-FEM model for the radial–axial ring rolling process has been developed, and the corresponding experimentation has also been carried out. The diameter expansion in the simulation shows a good agreement with that in the experimentation. The forming quality comparison concerning the circularity, coaxiality, and tilting of the rolled ring has been executed between the former and new proposed method. The result indicates that the new mathematical method is very helpful to control the forming stability and hence improve the ring rolling quality significantly.     

沟球断面环件冷辗扩三维有限元模拟与工艺设计

沟球断面环件冷辗扩是滚珠轴承套圈制造新工艺。以有限元软件Abaqus为平台,根据冷辗环机实际工作条件,建立从矩形断面毛坯冷辗扩成形沟球断面环件的三维弹塑性动力显式有限元模型。通过动力显式有限元数值模拟,研究沟球断面环件冷辗扩变形过程,揭示出该环件冷辗扩中直径增长和圆度变化规律。基于数值模拟结果,优化设计矩形断面环件毛坯尺寸和冷辗扩工艺参数。在D56G90冷辗环机上进行沟球断面环件冷辗扩试验,验证了数值模拟结果,并采用矩形断面环件毛坯成功冷辗扩出了沟球断面轴承套圈。     

Technology and experiments of 42CrMo bearing ring forming based on casting ring blank

Bearing ring is the crucial component of bearing. With regard to such problems as material waste, low efficiency and high energy consumption in current process of producing large bearing ring, a new process named ＂casting-rolling compound forming technology＂ is researched by taking the typical 42CrMo slew bearing as object. Through theoretical analysis, the design criteria of the main casting-rolling forming parameters are put forward at first. Then the constitutive relationship model of as-cast 42CrMo steel and its mathematical model of dynamic recrystallization are obtained according to the results of the hot compression experiment. By a coupled thermal-mechanical finite element model for radial-axial rolling of bearing ring, the fraction of dynamic recrystallization is calculated and recrystallized grains size are predicated. Meanwhile, the effects of the initial rolling temperature and feed rate of idle roll on material microstructure evolution are analyzed. Finally, the industrial rolling experiment is designed and performed, based on the simulation results. In addition, mechanical and metallographic tests are conducted on rolled bearing ring to get the mechanical parameters and metallographic structure. The experimental data and results show that the mechanical properties of bearing ring produced by casting-rolling compound forming technology are up to industrial standard, and a qualified bearing ring can be successfully formed by employing this new technology. Through the study, a process of forming large bearing ring directly by using casting ring blank is obtained, which could provide an effective theoretical guidance for manufacturing large ring parts. It also has an edge in saving material, lowering energy and improving efficiency.     

超大型环件径轴向轧制过程偏移机理及自适应模糊控制方法研究

超大型环件径轴向轧制过程容易产生偏移,影响环件轧制稳定性和成形质量。为研究环件偏移机理及其控制方法,分析了轴向孔型滑移区中前滑区和后滑区的分布变化规律,建立了理想情况下不产生环件偏移时锥辊旋转运动学条件,获得了滑移区的最优速度匹配系数。此外,从历史轧制数据中归纳人工控制经验后提出了基于锥辊转速自适应模糊调节的环心偏移量控制方法,基于ABAQUS软件和VUAMP子程序开发,建立了集成有环心偏移量模糊控制算法的?10 m超大型环件径轴向轧制有限元模型,研究了采用最优速度匹配系数的常规控制和自适应模糊控制下的环心偏移量变化规律。结果表明,自适应模糊控制下的平均环心偏移量相比于常规控制降低了72.4%,仿真结果和试验数据均验证了所提超大型环件轧制过程偏移自适应模糊控制方法的有效性。     

一种气门电镦成型机器人轨迹规划与仿真研究

运用D-H法建立气门电镦成型机器人数学模型,并进行运动学正逆解。根据实际现场对机器人运动路径要求,规划其运动路径,现场通过示教获取机器人运动关键点,并在关节空间进行B样条曲线轨迹规划研究,获取关节空间轨迹运动函数表达式,并利用Matlab工具对规划轨迹进行仿真模拟。结果表明利用该方法能生成一条关节位移、速度、加速度都连续的平滑运动轨迹,以保证机器人工作时按规定的路径平稳地运行,且能顺利避开障碍物,满足设计和使用要求。     

Numerical simulation and experimental study on geometry variations and process control method of vertical hot ring rolling

The accurate geometry and effective control during the ring rolling process are the prerequisites for the ring products’ precise forming. In this paper, the interaction modes and rules between ring and rolls in vertical hot ring rolling (VHRR) process are analyzed, and the change laws of the ring’s geometry are studied. Based on the ABAQUS/Explicit software and its subroutine VUAMP, the finite element (FE) model of the VHRR process with measurement and control is established. Then, the ring rolling process of a groove-section profile ring is simulated. During the simulation, the ring’s outer diameter, roundness error, and the stability of the rolling process are detected in time, and the close-loop control of feed plan of the drive roll and measuring roll are also employed. The results obtained show the following: (1) Four feed stages are divided by means of a step-down feed movement, that is, bite stage, main rolling stage, precise forming stage, and sizing stage. (2) At bite and main rolling stages of the VHRR process, the ring’s center swings in a spiral line, and the rolling process is unstable, the ring’s roundness becomes worse, while the process is entering the precise forming stage, by means of the guide roll, the rolling process becomes steady and the ring’s roundness tends to be better. (3) The measuring roll contacts with the ring at the main rolling stage, afterwards, it is pushed back at the precise forming stage by ring’s growth. When the measuring roll meets the desired displacement value, a stop feeding command will be fed back, and the ring rolling process enters the sizing stage. At the sizing stage, the ring’s outer diameter still increases a little. (4) A series of VHRR experiments are conducted, and FE results are in good agreement with experimental results. The absolute errors of the ring’s outer diameter and the roundness are within 1 mm. The research results of this paper have practical significance to guide the VHRR production.     

基于铸辗复合成形的42CrMo钢环坯铸造工艺与试验研究

针对目前环形零件生产工艺流程长,加热次数多,浪费材料和能源等问题,提出和研究环形零件短流程铸辗复合成形新工艺。该工艺采用铸造环坯直接辗扩成形,具有节能、节材和缩短工艺流程等优点。在这种新工艺中,环坯的铸造质量、组织和力学性能对后续的辗扩工艺和环形零件组织、性能具有重要的影响。以轴承环件常用的42CrMo钢为研究对象,通过理论分析和模拟研究,提出高质量环形铸坯铸造工艺;并进行实际工业试验。通过试验研究和性能测试,表明该铸造工艺生产的环形铸坯具有良好的质量、组织和力学性能,可以为轴承环件铸辗复合成形提供高质量的铸坯。     

Thermography in incremental forming processes at elevated temperatures

Temperature measurement is essential for several forming processes at elevated temperatures. It serves to determine and control the workpiece temperature. Thermography as a non-contact-based technology offers the possibility to capture thermograms of complete workpieces without any time-offset. However, the application of thermography requires the knowledge of the fundamentals of radiation thermometry, in particular the emissivity. This paper presents the results of the application of thermography in incremental sheet forming (ISF) with Joule heating and radial–axial ring rolling as a bulk forming process. Using thermography for the determination of the temperature of the forming zone allows for a real-time closed loop control in ISF with Joule heating. Additionally, the results of the temperature measurement of the surface temperature of radial–axial rolled rings are presented, which can be used as a starting point to make a forecast of the rings’ dimensions in cold state.     

Modeling and simulation of polymer melts flow in the extrusion process of plastic profile with metal insert

The extrusion technology of plastic profile with metal insert is recently an advanced plastic processing method whose products keeps rising today for their excellent performance. However, the related fundamental research on polymer forming mechanism in the extrusion process of plastic profile with metal insert is lagging behind. With the development of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) theory, numerical method becomes an effective way to investigate such complex material forming problems as in the polymer extrusion process. In the present study, the mathematical model for three-dimensional non-isothermal viscous flow of the polymer melts obeying a Carreau model is developed based on the CFD theory. The Williams–Landel–Ferry equation is employed to involve the temperature dependence of material parameters. A decoupled numerical algorithm based on the penalty finite element method is conducted to predict the rheological behaviors of polymer melts within the complex flow channel. The streamline upwind/Petrov–Galerkin scheme is employed to improve the computational stability for the calculation of temperature field. Based on the theoretical model, the essential flow characteristics of polymer melts in the extrusion process of plastic profile with metal insert is investigated. The distributions of principal field variables like flow velocity, melt temperature, flow stress and pressure drop are predicted. The effects of die structure parameters including the intake angle and the distribution section length upon the melts flow patterns are further discussed. The variations of melt rheological properties versus different processing conditions like the volume flow rate and the metal insert moving velocity are also investigated. Some advice on practical processing operations of the extrusion process of plastic profile with metal insert is accordingly put forward based on the numerical results.     

微量液体的精确加样技术

以微量液体的精确加样为研究对象,建立加样系统的流体动力学模型,求解影响加样精确性的影响因子.采用流体仿真与实验验证的方法,分析加样过程中液体的运动特性.研究结果表明:随着加样针抽注液体速度与抬离液面速度的增大,加样系统的精确性与稳定性下降,速度参数对系统的可靠性影响显著;合理的匹配加样系统的速度参数,有助于改善加样系统...     

A novel mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian finite-element method for steady-state hot rolling processes

For the finite-element analysis of steady-state rigid-viscoplastic forming processes in hot rolling of steel, a new and efficient mathematical model was developed. The method is based on a mixed Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation, using an Eulerian co-ordinate in the rolling direction, while employing Lagrangian co-ordinates in the direction of the thickness and width of the strip. This approach leads to an efficient algorithm, where the time is eliminated as an independent variable and the velocity components in the Lagrangian directions are replaced by displacement components as independent field quantities. Due to this concept, the free surface deformations can be accounted for directly and the problems encountered with pure Eulerian or Lagrangian models now appear with reduced complexity and can thus be tackled more easily. The new model is based on a finite-element formulation, modified to account for a mixed treatment of velocity and displacement components.     

Multi-field coupling finite element analysis for determining the influence of temperature field on die service life during precision-forming process of steel synchronizer ring

Failure analysis shows that increased die temperature caused by severe plastic deformation of material and heat conduction between hot billet and cavity significantly affects the distortion of gear cavity in steel synchronizer ring forging process. The forging process of steel synchronizer ring and die temperature distribution under different forging conditions are analyzed through finite element method. Simulation results show that severe plastic deformation occurs in the gear cavity. The improvement of lubrication condition results in decreased die temperature. When the initial billet temperature is high, the die temperature is also high. Increasing forging speed in a certain range facilitates the die temperature decrease. The distribution of die temperature in synthetic forming technology is more reasonable than that of one step forging. The synthetic forming technology is adopted in production to reduce the effects of severe plastic deformation caused by die temperature. The ejection mechanism and control system of the double disc friction press are improved to reduce the contact time between the hot billet and cavity. Experimental results show that synthetic forming technology is reasonable, and that the die service life is prolonged.     

On generalized radial flow patterns of viscoplastic solids with some applications

Two- and three-dimensional radial flow fields of viscoplastic solids are investigated. The velocity profiles and the stresses are not restricted by the usual assumptions of plane-strain or axially symmetric behaviour. It is assumed, however, that the shear stresses, induced by wall friction, are small in comparison with the effective stress. The analysis is approximate in its nature but leads to useful relations, in the context of steady forming processes, over a wide range of material models, For a Newtonian fluid exact results are obtained. A few applications are demonstrated for steady drawing of purely viscous solids, with a power-law response characteristic, through dies with variable wall friction.     

Optimization of spring-back in creep age forming process of 7075 Al-Alclad alloy using D-optimal design of experiment method

This paper attempts to model and predict the spring-back for creep age forming of a 7075 Al-Alclad alloy using statistical analyses based on a design of experiments method. Time and temperature were chosen as effective variables for determining spring-back in the creep age-forming process. The D-optimal design of experiments method facilitated statistical analyses and the extraction of a mathematical model for determining spring-back in the experimental variables domain. The spring-back of the specimens was calculated using a numerical procedure based on the pure bending theory. Analysis of the variances for spring-back showed that temperature was the most effective variable in the creep-age forming process. Additionally, a mathematical model and the response surface of the spring-back showed that to decrease spring-back, the significant variables should be in the upper level. The spring-back in the creep age-forming process was optimized for a 7075 Al-Alclad alloy in the optimum mechanical properties region.     

Analysis and finite element simulation of the tube bulge hydroforming process

To investigate the effect of the loading path on the forming result and get the reasonable range of the loading path in tube bulge hydroforming process, a mathematical model considering the forming tube as an ellipsoidal surface is proposed to examine the plastic deformation behavior of a thin-walled tube during the tube bulge hydroforming process in an open die, and thus different loading paths are gained based on this model. The finite element code Ls-Dyna is also used for simulating the tube bulge hydroforming process. The effect of the loading paths on the bulged shape and the wall thickness distribution of the tube are discussed, and then the reasonable range of the loading path for the tube bulge hydroforming process is determined.     

Analysis and finite element simulation of the tube bulge hydroforming process

To investigate the effect of the loading path on the forming result and get the reasonable range of the loading path in tube bulge hydroforming process, a mathematical model considering the forming tube as an ellipsoidal surface is proposed to examine the plastic deformation behavior of a thin-walled tube during the tube bulge hydroforming process in an open die, and thus different loading paths are gained based on this model. The finite element code Ls-Dyna is also used for simulating the tube bulge hydroforming process. The effect of the loading paths on the bulged shape and the wall thickness distribution of the tube are discussed, and then the reasonable range of the loading path for the tube bulge hydroforming process is determined.     

Fluid dynamic mechanisms of particle flow causing ductile and brittle erosion

Traditional prediction of erosion focuses on the use of velocity and impact angle of particles as independent variables in analytically derived models. This approach is most suitable for numerical predictions of erosion in disperse flow fields where particle trajectories may easily be followed prior to impact. For dense particle flows, the prediction of individual particle or particle cluster movement is nearly never attempted by following trajectories. Instead, two-fluid Eulerian–Eulerian approaches are used in which a continuous particle fluid phase is considered.The present study shows that the impact velocity and angle of attack of particles at the eroding surface are difficult to obtain for dense flows, thus being difficult to consider as parameters for predicting erosion. Instead, it is proposed that the normal and the shearing components of the viscous dissipation of the particulate phase are more suitable as independent flow variables governing the erosion process. These variables describe deformation and cutting wear processes, respectively, and are readily derived from the flow field.Eulerian erosion models are proposed, based on these independent variables. It is possible to implement previous results and theories concerning the material–mechanical interaction between the abrasive and an eroding surface to achieve model improvements. In this work, only a simple model taking into account a threshold elastic strain limit is proposed, to more correctly model the deformation wear.The particle-flow boundary condition — a partial-slip condition — significantly influences the erosion process, particularly the cutting erosion. The boundary condition depends on parameters such as the local particle phase flow, the mean diameter and the sharpness of the abrasive as well as the surface roughness.A simple 2D test application — a jet stream of particles impinging a tilted plate — is presented, and the qualitative angular behaviour of ductile and brittle erosion is reproduced at the target position. A scheme is presented for determination of material constants and suitable boundary conditions to be used in the proposed erosion models.     

芯辊进给速度对环件冷轧工艺的影响规律

环件冷轧是一种先进的塑性加工工艺,而其中芯辊的进给速度对环件冷轧工艺有重要影响。本文针对环件冷轧工艺的特点,以数值仿真法为主要研究方法,以有限元分析软件ABAQUS为平台,利用弹塑性动态显式有限元法对环件冷轧变形过程进行了三维数值模拟,研究揭示了矩形截面环件开式冷轧工艺中总压下量不变时芯辊进给速度对轧制力、轧制力矩和环件轴向宽展的影响规律,并分析了进给速度与环件咬入之间的关系。结果表明:进给速度相对较小时,环件的宽展以及鱼尾形状系数随进给速度的增大而急剧减小,端面变得平整;当进给速度进一步增大时,环件宽展以及鱼尾形状系数变化不大;进给速度对鱼尾形状系数的影响主要取决于进给速度对环件外层附近金属的轴向流动的影响;随着芯辊进给速度的增大,轧制力和轧制力矩也相应增大,因此对轧环机力能参数的要求也提高;芯辊进给速度的增大不利于环件的咬入。