我国淡水鱼鱼糜的研究情况

较详细的介绍了我国淡水鱼鱼糜的稳定性、凝胶性、凝胶影响因素等方面的研究情况 ,对淡水鱼糜及其制品在我国的发展提出了一些建议     

Stabilization of Lipids in Minced Fish by Freeze Texturization

Minced meats of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) with added krill (Euphausia superba D.), krill precipitate, or bream (Abramis brama) were freeze-textured or frozen conventionally. Lipid composition and oxidation were analyzed after 6–8 mo storage at –20°C. Analyses included peroxide value, fluorescence, lipid classes (thin-layer chromatography), and fatty acid composition (gas chromatography). Peroxide value was 4–9 times lower in freeze-textured meat minces than in conventionally frozen samples. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was higher, by 22% in bream minces to 80% in cod minces without additives, in all freeze-textured minces than in conventionally frozen samples. Texturization could reduce lipid oxidation in minced fish during frozen storage.     

Effects of Salt, Tripolyphosphate and Sodium Alginate on the Texture and Flavor of Fish Patties Prepared from Minced Sheepshead

An attempt was made to develop an acceptable fish patty using minced sheepshead flesh. Deboned and washed sheepshead flesh was mixed with varying proportions of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) and sodium alginate (NaAlg). The texture quality of cooked patties was determined by measuring breaking force and sensory acceptability. A regression analysis, performed to measure the effects of NaCl, TPP, and NaAlg as well as to try to determine the optimum combination of ingredients that produced the most acceptable product, showed that all texture responses were significantly influenced by the TPP level (α < 0.05). The breaking force and sensory firmness were strongly influenced by the NaAlg concentration (α < 0.01) which also influenced texture-preference (α < 0.05).     

Effects of Alkaline Protease in Minced Fish on Texture of Heat-Processed Gels

Measurements of properties relating to the physical integrity of heat-processed fish gels varied among samples obtained over a 1-yr period or subjected to various processing temperatures. Such gel properties correlated well with the heat-stable protease (alkaline protease) activity measured in the raw samples. A significant inhibitor concentration-dependent relationship was noted between the addition of a potato derived protease inhibitor and gel strength. These observations support the causative role of an erzymic proteolytic agent in the weakening of gel integrity at processing temperatures near 60°C.     

Descriptors for Texture Profile Analysis of Frankfurter-Type Products from Minced Fish

The texture profile of frankfurter-type products prepared from minced Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus maculatus) was evaluated. Twelve character notes were identified: springiness, hardness, cohesiveness, moisture release, crumbliness, coarseness, graininess, juiciness, adhesiveness, lumpiness, chewiness, and mouthfeel-oiliness. Overall texture acceptability was also evaluated. Differences in juiciness and mouthfeel-oiliness were not detected. Springiness, hardness, cohesiveness, and lumpiness had the highest correlation with the overall texture acceptability. Products with 10% soy protein fiber (SPF) were better accepted than those having 20% or no SPF. Egg white (to 20%) improved the texture; however, its flavor was detectable when 10% or more was added. The most acceptable texture was exhibited by products containing 5–10% ground drumdried fish.     

Brining Procedures to Produce Uniform Salt Content in Fish

Inhibition of outgrowth and toxin production by Clostridium botulinum type E in smoked fish homogenates has been demonstrated at 3% water phase salt. Having the required salt content on a product that would not be too salty requires a uniform salt distribution throughout the fish. A two-stage brining procedure was developed that resulted in minimal differences in water phase salt contents between the thin and thick sections of a fish. The first stage involved soaking in 10% NaCl for 15 hr, using a fish to brine ratio of approximately 1 lb to IL. A second stage soak in 2% NaCl for 24–48 hr depending on the size of the fish leached out excessive salt in the thin sections of the fish while leaving the salt iinside the thick sections. Analysis of samples from four different areas on the smoked fish brined using the two stage procedure revealed a uniform salt content.     

New Approach to Improve the Quality of Minced Fish Products from Freeze-Thawed Cod and Mackerel

To improve the quality of minced fish products, various reductants, e.g. mercaptoethanol, cysteine, tannic acid, sodium bisulfite, and ascorbic acid were used in surimi process. It was found that 0.08–0.10% mercaptoethanol, cysteine, and sodium bisulfite were the most effective in recovering the reactive -SH group, and increasing the actomyosin extractability and quality of kamaboko from frozen cod and mackerel. The addition of reducing agents during surimi processing recovered the reactive SH group and subsequently increased the gelation of freeze-thawed fish meat. This suggests that the formation of disulfide bond is of importance in gelation of minced fish products. The addition of oxidants during processing into final product from the surimi with reducing agents made the gel-strength of product higher than that of samples without oxidants. This proves the importance of disulfide bond in gelation of minced fish products.     

Gel Forming Additive Effects on Properties of Thermally Induced Minced Fish Gel

Water-binding capacity (WBC) and hardness of minced chum salmon flesh decreased after 3 mo frozen storage. Additives with phosphate, carrageenan, soy protein isolate increased the WBC of fresh and frozen minced chum salmon flesh, and the texture profile analysis (TPA) hardness of the thermally-induced myofibrillar protein gels of salmon flesh. TPA hardness was a useful index for characterizing sensory hardness of the cooked minced products. The observation of gel structure by scanning electron microscope showed additives modified the microstructure of fish myofibrillar protein gel and the ability of the gel network to bind water, thus resulting in minced flesh with different WBC and gelling ability.     

Optimization of the Freezing Conditions on Mackerel and Amberfish for Manufacturing Minced Fish

Optimal freezing, frozen storage and thawing conditions in preserving mackerel and amberfish for producing minced fish products were investigated. Based on assessments of extractability of 0.6M KCl-soluble proteins and actomyosin, Ca-ATPase activity of actomyosin, and gel-forming ability of kamaboko (kind of minced fish meat product), semi-dressed, dressed, and filleted samples showed stable and good quality of gel-forming ability during 3 months storage at −20°C. Optimal ultimate freezing temperatures of mackerel and amberfish were −20°C and between −30°C and −40°C, respectively. The optimal storage temperatures for mackerel and amberfish were −20°C and −40°C, respectively. Appropriate thawing methods for frozen mackerel were microwave and 20°C running water defrosting, while those for frozen amberfish were microwave, 20°C running water, and room temperature defrosting.     

Thermal Denaturation and Aggregation of Proteins in Minced Fish as Studied by a Thermomechanical Method

A thermomechanical method of heating and mixing, was developed to study directly protein denaturation and aggregation in minced fish. It is based on simultaneous and continuous measurement of torque and temperature in a meat sample mixed while being heated. The torque and temperature were continuously recorded. From curves thus obtained, thermal denaturation temperatures of minced samples from 6 marine fish species were determined. The curves showed 4-6 peaks at 32-38°C, 44-46°C, 52-56°C, and 62-75°C, presumably corresponding to denaturation of myosin, actomyosin, sarcoplasmic proteins, and actin, respectively. The temperature range of peak 1 was 4-5°C higher in fatty fish (herring, mackerel) than in lean fish (cod, blue whiting).     

单片机自控系统在鱼糜加工设备漂洗槽中的应用

为了提高鱼糜生产过程的自动化程度 ,介绍了用 80 5 1单片机为核心的微机对鱼糜加工生产线中漂洗槽进行温度和水位的控制 ,给出了该系统的组成原理、硬件结构及软件设计     

Prediction of Shelf-Life of Frozen Minced Fish in Terms of Oxidative Rancidity as Measured by TBARS Number

The lipid, iron, myoglobin, and hemoglobin contents and the time for extracted lipids to gain 1% weight (a measure of autoxidation potential) were measured in 12 samples of six fish species. These were taken singly and in combination to prepare models to predict the shelf life of frozen minced fish, based on thiobarbituric acid reactive substance levels. By using only the potential for the extracted lipids to autoxidize, a reasonably accurate model was obtained (R²= 0.83). Incorporating some of the compositional factors into the models improved the simple model. These models could be useful in providing fairly rapid estimation of the TBA number based shelf-life of frozen minced fish.     

Minced Fish Production From Capelin (Mallotus villosus). A New Method for Gutting, Skinning and Removal of Fat from Small Fatty Fish Species

A new method for the production of fish mince from a small fatty fish is presented. The method involves (a) cutting the fish into short pieces, (b) washing out the depot fat, dark pigments and viscera under acid (pH 4) or neutral conditions, and (c) bone separation. The resulting mince has a white appearance and a low fat content (approximately 7% of dry wt). The water-holding capacity of the acid mince is low, whereas neutral minces have values corresponding to cod mince. The fish oil can easily be recovered. Characterization of the lipids in capelin mince is presented.     

Trypsin Treatment to Improve Freeze Texturization of Minced Bream

Mild trypsin proteolysis (enzyme concentration 0.05% at 15°C, pH 7.4; mixing 30 min at 20 rpm) of bream mince improved mince susceptibility to freeze texturization. Formation of porous-fibrous texture of heat-set, freeze-texturized minces was associated with strong fragmentation of myosin heavy chain (MHC), decrease in extractability of myofibrillar protein and increased insoluble protein and thermal drip. Some deamidation of protein was also observed. We concluded that limited trypsin proteolysis accelerated transglutaminase mediated cross-linking of protein by acyl transfer reactions. Protein polymerization through plastein reactions and intermolecular hydrophobic interaction probably also occurred.     

Effect of Soy Flour, Soy Protein Concentrate and Sodium Alginate on the Textural Attributes of Minced Fish Patties

A mixture response statistical design was used to investigate the textural attributes of minced fish patties. Patties formulated with pollock were significantly firmer than those made from turbot and pollock blends or from turbot alone. Breakpoint values and firmness scores were negatively correlated with flavor and acceptability scores indicating that as patty firmness increased general acceptability declined. Higher acceptability for softer patties formulated with more turbot were attributable to the higher fat content. Increasing the soy protein levels and decreasing alginate content increased patty firmness regardless of fish composition. The patty formulation with maximum predicted acceptability was 78% turbot, 11% soy flour, and 11% soy protein concentrate.     

强制循环法鱼籽盐生产工艺研究

文章采用强制循环蒸发器对蒸发浓缩氯化钠溶液制取鱼籽型精制盐的工艺进行了研究.结果表明:在蒸发器内氯化钠固含量超过30％,浆料循环速率不超过1.5 m/s,晶体规整2h以后可以形成颗粒均匀的鱼籽型精制盐,晶体中氯化钠含纯99.7％以上.     

Using Salt and Microbial Transglutaminase as Binding Agents in Restructured Fish Products Resembling Hams

ABSTRACT: Restructured products were obtained from fish paste of silver carp ( Hypophthalmichthys molitrix ) by massaging and cooking in ham presses. Assayed were 3 levels of salt (0 as control, 1, or 2%) and 3 levels of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase). Changes on solubility of pastes, mechanical properties, WHC, and SDS-PAGE of the cooked product were evaluated. MTGase needed the addition of NaCl to improve the mechanical properties of these restructured products. Better textural properties were obtained with 2% NaCl. Adding 0.3% of MTGase and 1% NaCl obtained a low-salt, homogenous restructured meat block with 2773 g hardness, 29106 g/cm gel strength, 0.233 cohesiveness, and 11.6% extracted water.     

响应面法优化山药鱼肉饼的生物抑菌保鲜剂配方

研究了生物保鲜剂对山药鱼肉饼的抑菌效果。在单因素试验的基础上,采用响应面法分析了壳聚糖、乳酸钠、乳酸链球菌素对山药鱼肉饼抑菌保鲜作用的影响,建立了二次回归方程,得到复合生物抑菌保鲜剂的最优配方为:壳聚糖0.35%、乳酸钠4.0%、乳酸链球菌素250 mg/kg,添加此配方保鲜剂的山药鱼饼冷藏10 d测得细菌生长对数值为2.56。     

响应曲面法优化粉蒸鱼的加工工艺

利用响应面法优化粉蒸鱼的加工工艺。以草鱼为主要材料,在单因素试验的基础上,以盐量、水量、时间、温度这四个显著影响因素,进行4因素三水平试验,以粉蒸鱼的品质感官评分为响应值,进行响应面分析。粉蒸鱼的最佳工艺条件为草鱼片100 g、去腥剂10 g、白砂糖1 g、味精0.06 g、葱粉0.03 g、姜粉0.06 g、蚝油4 g、盐0.29 g、水15.5 g、温度120℃、时间19.4 min。