Suppression of Ionic and Electronic Conductivity by Multilayer Heterojunctions Passivation Toward Sensitive and Stable Perovskite X-Ray Detectors

Organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites are promising candidates for direct X-ray detection and imaging. The relatively high dark current in perovskite single crystals (SCs) is a major limiting factor hindering the pursuit of performance and stability enhancement. In this study, the contribution of dark current is disentangled from electronic (σ_e) and ionic conductivity (σ_i) and shows that the high σ_i dominates the dark current of MAPbBr₃ SCs. A multilayer heterojunctions passivation strategy is developed that suppresses not only the σ_i by two orders of magnitude but also σ_e by a factor of 1.6. The multilayer heterojunctions passivate the halide vacancy defects and increase the electron and hole injection barrier by inducing surface p-type doping of MAPbBr₃. This enables the MAPbBr₃ SC X-ray detectors to obtain a high sensitivity of 19 370 µC Gy_air⁻¹ cm⁻² under a high electric field of 100 V cm⁻¹, a record high sensitivity for bromine self-powered devices, and a low detection limit of 42.3 nGy_air s⁻¹. The unencapsulated detectors demonstrate a stable baseline after storage for 210 days and outstanding operational stability upon irradiation with an accumulated dose of up to 1944 mGy_air.     

一种高稳定、低温漂的LD驱动电路设计

论文介绍半导体激光器（LD）驱动电路的工作原理及几种驱动电路的特点,着重介绍恒流方式的驱动电路。通过对影响驱动电流稳定性和温度漂移的因素分析,提出合理设计方案。方案中驱动电路的采样电阻由金属导线与负温度系数电阻串联组成,从而减小因采样电阻值随温度变化而引起驱动电流的漂移。     

Discovering New Type of Lead-Free Cluster-Based Hybrid Double Perovskite Derivatives with Chiral Optical Activities and Low X-Ray Detection Limit

2D chiral hybrid perovskites have recently emerged as outstanding semiconductor materials. However, most of the reported 2D chiral perovskites have limited structural types and contain high levels of toxic lead, which severely hinders their further applications. Herein, by using a mixed-cation strategy, an unprecedented type of lead-free cluster-based 2D chiral hybrid double perovskite derivatives are successfully obtained, [(R/S-PPA)₄(IPA)₆Ag₂Bi₄I₂₄]·2H₂O ( 1-R and 1-S ), and [(R/S-PPA)₄(n-BA)₆Ag₂Bi₄I₂₄]·2H₂O ( 2-R and 2-S ) (R/S-PPA=R/S–1-phenylpropylamine; IPA=isopentylamine; n-BA=n-butylamine). Their inorganic skeletons are linked by binuclear {Bi₂I₁₀} and infinite chain {Ag₂Bi₂I₁₄}_∞, in which bismuth clusters and multiple coordination modes (e.g., tetrahedral AgI₄ and octahedral AgI₆) are introduced into the double perovskite system for the first time. This introduction induces distortion of the inorganic layer, which may facilitate the transfer of chirality from the chiral cations into achiral double perovskite skeletons. Further, circular dichroism measurements and circularly polarized light detection confirm their inherent chiral optical activities. In addition, 1-S exhibits an ultralow X-ray detection limit of 129.5 nGy s⁻¹, which is 42-fold lower than that of demands in regular medical diagnosis (5.5 µGy s⁻¹). This study provides a pathway to construct novel type of lead-free cluster-based double perovskite derivatives.     

Lone-pair Electrons Enhancement Effect: SnTe3O8 Hard X-ray Detection with Stable High-temperature Sensitivity and Ultralow Detection Limit

Sensitivity and detection limit of X-ray detectors are crucial for security checks, medical diagnoses, and industrial inspections. In this study, it is reported that introducing some cations containing lone-pair electrons is beneficial for enhancing the Compton scattering effect and thus improving X-ray detection performance. As an example, SnTe₃O₈ is selected and grown as a novel high-temperature X-ray detection crystal. Because of the high resistivity of 2 × 10¹⁴ Ω cm and high mobility lifetime product of 3.22 × 10⁻⁴ cm² V⁻¹, SnTe₃O₈ X-ray detector exhibits a high sensitivity of 436 µC Gy_air⁻¹ cm⁻² under 120 keV hard X-ray, a low dark current drift of 2.44 × 10⁻⁹ nA cm⁻¹ s⁻¹ V⁻¹ and a record low detection limit of 8.19 nGy_air s⁻¹ among all oxide X-ray detectors. Furthermore, the high-temperature sensitivity of SnTe₃O₈ X-ray detector is enhanced to 617 µC Gy_air⁻¹ cm⁻² at 175 °C, which is ≈31 times larger than that of the commercial α-Se. The high thermal stability and stable high-temperature sensitivity of SnTe₃O₈ single crystal X-ray detectors have potential applications in high-temperature environments. The results not only provide an excellent high-temperature X-ray detection crystal but also propose an effective method to explore X-ray detector materials with excellent performances.     

Inch-Size Single Crystals of Lead-Free Chiral Perovskites with Bulk Photovoltaic Effect for Stable Self-Driven X-Ray Detection

Lead halide perovskites have made great advance in direct X-ray detection, however the presence of toxic lead and the requirement of high working voltages severely limit their applicability and operational stability. Thus, exploring “green” lead-free hybrid perovskites capable of detecting X-rays at zero bias is crucial but remains toughly challenging. Here, utilizing chiral R/S-1-phenylpropylamine (R/S-PPA) cations, a pair of 0D chiral-polar perovskites, (R/S-PPA)₂BiI₅ ( 1 R / 1 S ) are constructed. Their intrinsic spontaneous electric polarization induces a large bulk photovoltage of 0.63 V, which acts as a driving force to separate and transport photogenerated carriers, thus endowing them with the capability of self-driven detection. Consequently, self-driven X-ray detectors with a low detection limit of 270 nGy s⁻¹ are successfully constructed based on high-quality, inch-sized single crystals of 1 R . Notably, they show suppressed baseline drift under the self-driven mode, exhibiting superior operational stability. This study realizes self-driven X-ray detection in a single-phase lead-free hybrid perovskite by exploiting the intrinsic bulk photovoltaic effect, which sheds light on future explorations of lead-free hybrid perovskites toward “green” self-driven radiation detectors with high performance.     

掺杂BiVO4低温烧结ZMT微波陶瓷的研究

研究了烧结助剂BiVO4对(Zn0.65Mg0.35)TiO3(ZMT)陶瓷结构及介电性能的影响。研究结果表明,添加BiVO4可促进晶粒生长,使ZMT材料在较低温度下烧结成瓷,且获得较好的微波介电性能;但添加量不宜过大,过量后烧结过程中形成的液相过多,不能均匀的分散在晶界处,不利于晶粒的充分生长;最佳的BiVO4的质量分数为1.0%,添加后材料可在930℃烧结,相对介电常数rε=20.87,品质因数与频率之积(Q×f)为26 700 GHz(在频率f为15 GHz下测试的数据),谐振器频率温度系数(τf)约为64×10-6/℃,有望实现与银电极共烧。     

基于改进SSD的X光图像管制刀具检测与识别

以安检X光图像管制刀具自动检测识别系统为研究对象,针对原始SSD(Single Shot MultiBox Detector)算法对浅层特征图表征能力不强,在训练阶段小目标特征逐渐消失,检测精度与实时性不佳,存在对安检危险品中管制刀具等小目标漏检误检等问题,从两个方面对原始SSD进行改进:一方面,用抗退化性能更强的ResNet34网络替换SSD中的基础网络VGG16,构建SSD-ResNet34网络模型,对基础网络后三层作卷积并进行轻量级网络融合,形成新的低层特征图;将网络部分扩展层作反卷积,形成新的高层特征图。另一方面,采用跳跃连接的方式将高层特征图和低层特征图进行多尺度特征融合。经实验分析,改进后的算法对X光图像管制刀具等小目标的检测精度和速度均有明显提升,且算法鲁棒性好,实时性良好。在VOC2007+2012通用数据集上,改进SSD算法的检测精度比SSD算法高1.7%,达到了80.5%。     

Centimeter-Sized Molecular Perovskite Crystal for Efficient X-Ray Detection

Molecular perovskites have demonstrated great potential for ferroelectrics and nonlinear optics; however, their charge transport properties for optoelectronics have rarely been explored. Here, understanding of charge transport behavior of molecular perovskite under X-ray excitation based on centimeter-scale TMCM-CdCl₃ (TMCM⁺, trimethylchloromethyl ammonium) single crystal is demonstrated. The crystal is fabricated from an aqueous solution and exhibits a large bandgap of 5.51 eV, with the valence band maximum mainly dominated by the Cl-p/Cd-d states and the conduction band minimum primarily by Cd-s/Cl-p states. Charge mobility exceeding 40 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹ and mobility–lifetime (µτ) product on the order of 10⁻⁴ cm² V⁻¹ for the crystal are observed. These excellent optoelectronic properties translate to an efficient photoresponse under X-ray excitation, with the sensitivity reaching 128.9 ± 4.64 µC Gy_air⁻¹ cm⁻² [fivefold higher than that of the commercialized amorphous selenium (α-Se)] and a low detection limit of 1.06 μC Gy_air⁻¹ s⁻¹ (10 V bias). This work pioneers a superior metal-based molecular perovskite single-crystal based paradigm for optoelectronic investigation, which may lead to the discovery of a new generation of X-ray detection and imaging materials.     

用于CdZnTe探测器的低噪声前端读出电路

设计并实现了一种应用于多通道CdZnTe探测器的低噪声前端读出专用电路,并对其性能进行了测试与评估。每个读出通道由电荷灵敏放大器、漏电流补偿电路、零极相消电路、CR-(RC)⁴整形器、输出缓冲器以及反相放大器组成。芯片采用TSMC 0.35 μm CMOS工艺实现,尺寸为2.6 mm×2.2 mm。测试结果表明,读出通道的能量分辨范围为5~375 keV,每通道功耗小于3.5 mW,最小等效噪声电荷仅为49.6e－。将EV公司的CdZnTe探测器与该前端读出电路芯片相连,组成辐射检测系统,并使用²⁴¹Am源进行能谱分析,所得能谱主峰的能量分辨率仅为5.2%。     

HgCdTe光导探测器的一种恒流偏置低噪声放大电路的设计

在多元光导探测器的工程应用中,串音是影响系统性能的一个重要因素。其中,由公共地线电阻引入的电子学串音可以通过提高偏置电阻来抑制。本文从HgCdTe光导探测器的工作特性出发,设计了等效内阻很高的恒流偏置低噪声前置放大电路。对电路的工作原理和噪声性能进行了分析和讨论,给出了电路的噪声模型,导出了电路的等效输入噪声表达式,并进行了电路实现和低噪声性能测试。     

激光遥测甲烷气体最低可探测浓度

对一种使用单一激光源遥感检测甲烷方案的最低可探测的路径-积分浓度进行了理论分析和实验研究,该方案主要采用了频率调制及谐波探测技术。通过理论计算得出了最低可探测甲烷的路径-积分浓度大约为8.7×10-8m。实验中测得该探测系统的探测灵敏度为8.43×10-6m/mV,甲烷最低可探测路径-积分浓度为4.2×10-7m。结果表明该探测系统具有较高的探测灵敏度,完全满足对矿井瓦斯的实时监测要求。     

低噪声单微粒散射光检测电路

针对单微粒散射光信号弱、脉宽窄的特性,设计了一种低噪声宽动态范围光电检测电路.首先对单微粒散射光脉冲检测原理进行了分析;然后根据散射光脉冲信号特征对检测电路进行了设计;最后搭建了实验系统并对检测方法性能指标进行了评估.实验结果表明:设计的电路带宽为1.5 kHz～1.2 MHz,总输出噪声的均方根值为3.51 mV,计算结果与实验结果基本一致,误差为3.33％.该光电检测电路能够有效地对微弱的散射光信号实现低噪声放大,为后续处理提供了稳定的信号.     

Self-Healing Cs3Bi2Br3I6 Perovskite Wafers for X-Ray Detection

Self-healing of defects imposed by external stimuli such as high energy radiation is a possibility to sustain the operational lifetime of electronic devices such as radiation detectors. Cs₃Bi₂Br₃I₆ polycrystalline wafers are introduced here as novel X-ray detector material, which not only guarantees a high X-ray stopping power due to its composition with elements with high atomic numbers, but also outperforms other Bi-based semiconductors in respect to detector parameters such as detection limit, transient behavior, or dark current. The polycrystalline wafers represent a size scalable technology suitable for future integration in imager devices for medical applications. Most astonishingly, aging of these wafer-based devices results in an overall improvement of the detector performance—dark currents are reduced, photocurrents are increased, and one of the most problematic properties of X-ray detectors, the base line drift is reduced by orders of magnitude. These aging induced improvements indicate self-healing effects which are shown to result from recrystallization. Optimized synthetic conditions also improve the as prepared X-ray detectors; however, the aged device outperforms all others. Thus, self-healing acts in Cs₃Bi₂Br₃I₆ as an optimization tool, which is certainly not restricted to this single compound, it is expected to be beneficial also for many further polycrystalline ionic semiconductors.     

Centimeter-Sized Single Crystals of Two-Dimensional Hybrid Iodide Double Perovskite (4,4-Difluoropiperidinium)4AgBiI8 for High-Temperature Ferroelectricity and Efficient X-Ray Detection

Ferroelectricity and X-ray detection property have been recently implemented for the first time in hybrid bromide double perovskites. It sheds a light on achieving photosensitive and ferroelectric multifunctional materials based on 2D lead-free hybrid halide double perovskites. However, the low T_c, small P_s, and relatively low X-ray sensitivity in the reported bromide double perovskites hinder practical applications. Herein, the authors demonstrate a novel 2D lead-free iodide double perovskite (4,4-difluoropiperidinium)₄AgBiI₈ (1) for high-performance X-ray sensitive ferroelectric devices. Centimeter-sized single crystal of 1 is obtained and exhibits an excellent ferroelectricity including a high T_c up to 422 K and a large P_s of 10.5 μC cm⁻². Moreover, due to a large X-ray attenuation and efficient charge carrier mobility (μ)–charge carrier lifetime (τ) product, the crystal 1 also exhibits promising X-ray response with a high sensitivity up to 188 μC·Gy_air⁻¹ cm⁻² and a detection limit below 3.13 μGy_air·s⁻¹. Therefore, this finding is a step further toward practical applications of lead-free halide perovskite in high-performance photoelectronic devices. It will afford a promising platform for exploring novel photosensitive ferroelectric multifunctional materials based on lead-free double perovskites.     

一种低复杂度的CPM信号最大似然块检测算法

为了降低连续相位调制(Continuous Phase Modulation,CPM)信号多符号非相干检测的运算复杂度,提出了一种低复杂度的最大似然块检测算法。该算法充分利用已判决输出的符号对检测过程中的符号向量取值进行约束,有效减少判决统计量计算时的运算量,进而降低算法复杂度。另外,该算法引入判决长度变量,通过调整单次检测时判决符号数使算法能够在检测性能与运算量之间灵活折中。仿真结果表明,提出的低复杂度检测算法能够适用于全响应和部分响应CPM信号,相比原最大似然块检测算法能够在不损失检测性能的前提下降低算法运算量至少50〖WT《Times New Roman》〗%〖WTBZ〗,并且能够通过选择不同的判决长度提高算法应用的灵活性。     

一种用于低空目标探测与跟踪的新方法

低空目标的探测与跟踪是雷达所面临的四大难题之一。本文以高距离分辨率技术为基础，通过理论分析和仿真，寻找一种解决低空目标探测与跟踪的新途径。这是解决低角跟踪的一种新尝试，具有显著的军事效益。     

基于Zernike矩的低信噪比红外目标检测方法

针对低信噪比红外目标图像,分析了Zernike矩的基本原理、计算方法和旋转不变性,提出了基于Zernike正交矩的低信噪比红外目标检测方法,并比较了模板匹配、Hu矩、Zernike矩方法的目标识别效果.理论分析与实验验证了所提方法的有效性.     

A Universal Superhydrophobic-Ionophilic Interfacial Strategy for Cycling Stable Aqueous Zinc Metal Electrodes under Low Current Density

A key challenge to apply aqueous zinc-metal batteries (AZMBs) as next-generation energy storage devices is to eliminate the adverse reactions of hydrogen evolution, especially in low current. Here, superhydrophobic and ionophilic artificial solid electrolyte interface (HI-SEI) on zinc anode is proposed and constructed by enhancing roughness and etching ion channels in universal polysiloxane polymer backbones. The HI-SEI exhibits superhydrophobicity with high contact angle of 151.5° and ionophilicity with low activation energy of 23.97 kJ mol⁻¹. Thus, the HI-SEI isolates Zn metal and solvent water and promotes desolvation kinetics of Zn²⁺. Besides, the HI-SEI alters the double electric layer structure to form a compact layer hardly any adsorbed solvent water, achieving a small nucleation overpotential of 5 mV and low self-corrosion current density of 0.95 µA cm⁻². Moreover, a symmetric cell with HI-SEI@Zn anode has a cycle life of >1330 h at low current of 0.1 mA cm⁻². And a full cell with HI-SEI@Zn anode and NaV₃O₈-1.5H₂O cathode provides long cycle life and low capacity degradation (180 mAh g⁻¹ after 1100 cycles). Hopefully, SEI designs based on such a strategy will be able to improve the low-current cycling performance of the next-generation AZMBs.     

焦平面探测器红外成像系统探测作用距离估算

建立了焦平面探测器红外成像系统对红外目标的探测作用距离估算模型.该模型综合考虑了系统观测环境条件、目标红外辐射特性和焦平面探测器红外成像系统对探测作用距离的影响,能够有效估计系统对特定飞行目标的探测作用距离。依据该模型可科学地对红外成像系统的各关键技术参数进行论证计算,从而加强系统的顶层设计,为工程实践奠定理论基础,指导相关成像系统的研制过程。因此该模型具有十分重要的工程应用价值。     

A Low Power Analog CMOS Vision Chip for Edge Detection Using Electronic Switches

An analog CMOS vision chip for edge detection with power consumption below 20 mW was designed by adopting electronic switches. An electronic switch separates the edge detection circuit into two parts: one is a logarithmic compression photocircuit, and the other is a signal processing circuit for edge detection. The electronic switch controls the connection between the two circuits. When the electronic switch is off, it can intercept the current flow through the signal processing circuit and restrict the magnitude of the current flow below several hundred nA. The estimated power consumption of the chip, with 128 × 128 pixels, was below 20 mW. The vision chip was designed using 0.25 µm 1‐poly 5‐metal standard full custom CMOS process technology.