Bioinspired Structural Material Exhibiting Post‐Yield Lateral Expansion and Volumetric Energy Dissipation During Tension

Nature has inspired the design of improved synthetic materials that achieve superior and more efficient mechanical performance. Here microstructures inspired by the inner nacreous layer of seashells are designed and their mechanical properties including stiffness, strength, and energy dissipation are computed using micromechanical analysis. The hierarchical mineral/polymer microstructure can be tailored to achieve not only stiffness and strength, but also lateral plastic expansion during tension providing a volumetric energy dissipation mechanism.     

基于某伺服转台的摇臂设计分析

桁架是工程及建筑中常见的一种结构形式,由于其在结构中的重要作用,设计后必须对其进行力学分析。以桁架的结构形式设计了一个伺服转台摇臂,利用ANSYS Workbench软件对其进行强度分析、屈曲分析以及模态分析,得到合理的结构。通过强度分析确定摇臂的结构形式,然后结合屈曲分析得到摇臂的合理尺寸,最后再对摇臂进行模态分析。     

Breaking the Tradeoffs between Different Mechanical Properties in Bioinspired Hierarchical Lattice Metamaterials

It is a long-standing challenge to break the tradeoffs between different mechanical property indicators such as the strength versus toughness in the design of lightweight lattice materials. To tackle this challenge, a hierarchical lattice metamaterial with modified face-centered cubic (FCC) cell configuration, inspired by the glass sponge skeletal system, is proposed. The proposed lattice metamaterial simultaneously possesses high strength, high energy absorption, considerable toughness, as well as controllable deformation patterns through integration of both bionic features of double diagonal reinforcement and hierarchical circular modification. The compressive strength and energy absorption can reach 69.13 MPa and 53.39 J cm³, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed lattice also exhibits exceptionally high damage tolerance compared with existing lattice metamaterials with comparable strength by attenuating stress and deformation concentration that may cause catastrophic collapse. This design approach combines the advantages of tensile-dominated and bending-dominated lattices. Quantitatively, in terms of specific strength, specific energy absorption, and crushing force efficiency, the modified hierarchical circular FCC (MHCFCC) lattice metamaterial outperforms the Octet lattice by 14.85%, 53.28%, and 110.52%, respectively. This multibionic feature integration approach provides advanced design strategies for high-performance architected metamaterials with promising application potential.     

Interleaving schemes for multidimensional cluster errors

We present two-dimensional and three-dimensional interleaving techniques for correcting two- and three-dimensional bursts (or clusters) of errors, where a cluster of errors is characterized by its area or volume. Correction of multidimensional error clusters is required in holographic storage, an emerging application of considerable importance. Our main contribution is the construction of efficient two-dimensional and three-dimensional interleaving schemes. The proposed schemes are based on t-interleaved arrays of integers, defined by the property that every connected component of area or volume t consists of distinct integers. In the two-dimensional case, our constructions are optimal: they have the lowest possible interleaving degree. That is, the resulting t-interleaved arrays contain the smallest possible number of distinct integers, hence minimizing the number of codewords required in an interleaving scheme. In general, we observe that the interleaving problem can be interpreted as a graph-coloring problem, and introduce the useful special class of lattice interleavers. We employ a result of Minkowski, dating back to 1904, to establish both upper and lower bounds on the interleaving degree of lattice interleavers in three dimensions. For the case t≡0 mod 6, the upper and lower bounds coincide, and the Minkowski lattice directly yields an optimal lattice interleaver. For t≠0 mod 6, we construct efficient lattice interleavers using approximations of the Minkowski lattice     

桁架接头对遥感相机桁架的影响

桁架结构在大中型遥感相机中已被广泛应用。理想的桁架接头为铰接接头,但在实际工程应用中人们却经常采用刚性连接接头。为比较采用两种接头的桁架的整体刚度及支杆材料利用率,首先对桁架中常用的两脚架结构进行了分析。然后,以锯齿形四角架桁架为例,从理论上计算出了两种不同接头的桁架的基频及受前框自重时支杆的最大应力。结果表明,两种接头的桁架的整体刚度几乎一样,但采用铰接接头的桁架比采用刚性连接接头的桁架材料利用率高,支杆可节省重量约21.87%。最后,用Nastran软件进行了有限元分析。结果证明,该理论计算结果是正确的,两种计算结果的差别小于1.12%。     

Discrete‐Continuum Duality of Architected Materials: Failure,Flaws, and Fracture

3D nano‐ and micro‐architected materials are resilient under compression; their susceptibility to flaws and fracture remain unexplored. This work reports the fabrication and tensile‐to‐failure response of hollow alumina nanolattices arranged into 5 µm octet‐truss unit cells. Some specimens contained through‐thickness center notches oriented at different angles to the loading direction, with a length‐over‐sample‐width ratio of 0.45. In situ tensile experiments reveal that for all orientations, failure initiates at the notch root, followed by instantaneous crack propagation along lattice planes orthogonal to extension. A tensile strength of 27.4 ± 0.7 MPa is highest for unnotched samples and decreases as notch orientation varies from 0° to 90° to its minimum, 7.2 ± 0.4 MPa; their specific tensile strength is ≈4 × higher than that for all other low‐density materials. Finite element simulations reproduce observed strengths and failure mechanisms: initial cracks always initiate at the nodal junctions with highest stress concentrations by tearing of alumina walls at the nodes. Subsequent crack propagation shifts maximum stress concentration to the nodes along lattice plane orthogonal to the loading direction. A modified analytical fracture model based on the effective notch length predicts tensile strengths consistent with experiments. These findings imply that continuum fracture mechanics can predict failure in nano‐architected materials, which helps develop advanced materials through informed architectural design.     

原-对偶规约基与连续最小元

 最近Koy提出一种质量优于LLL规约基的原-对偶规约基,但没有给出该规约基与最小元比值因子的上界和下界.本文首先分析了原-对偶规约基的性质,然后给出并证明了原-对偶规约基与连续最小元比值因子的上界和下界,最后用原-对偶规约基改进Babai的近似CVP算法——舍入算法,提高了其近似因子.     

Stepwise Hollow Prussian Blue Nanoframes/Carbon Nanotubes Composite Film as Ultrahigh Rate Sodium Ion Cathode

Prussian blue and its analogues (PBAs) have been proposed as promising cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) due to high theoretical capacity and low cost, but they often suffer from poor electronic conductivity and structural instability. Herein, a stepwise hollow cubic framework structure is first designed and a hybridized hierarchical film synthesized from single‐crystal PBA nanoframes/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) composite is demonstrated as a binder‐free ultrahigh rate sodium ion cathode. This hierarchical configuration offers improved tolerance for lattice expansion, reduced sodium ion diffusion path, enhanced electronic conductivity, and optimized redox reactions, thereby achieving the excellent rate capability, high specific capacity, and long cycle life. As expected, the developed FeHCFe nanoframes/CNTs electrode film exhibits a super high rate capacity of 149.2 mAh g^?1 at 0.1C and 35.0 mAh g^?1 at 100C. Moreover, it displays an excellent cycling stability with about 92% capacity retention at 5C after 500 cycles. This work will pave a new way to engineer advanced electrode materials for ultrahigh rate SIBs.     

Thermal and Mechanical Characteristics of a Multifunctional Thermal Energy Storage Structure

Thermal energy storage (TES) sandwich-structures that combine the heat storage function with structural functionality are described. The structure consists of a thermal interface (TI) connected to a hollow plate lamination. Each laminate is a hollow aluminum plate having a series of mm-scale channels or compartments that are filled with phase change material (PCM). Heat storage is via the latent heat of the PCM. A generalized thermal response model that is applicable to a wide range of channel geometrical configurations is described. The model couples the thermal response of the TI to the hollow aluminum plate/PCM-volume. The temporal response of the system is easily obtained via numerical solution of two ordinary differential equations, which can be solved to give closed-form solutions subject to a simple assumption. Thermal analysis delineates geometrical configurations that have good thermal response characteristics. The mechanical properties of the laminated structure are determined experimentally. Four-point bending experiments are conducted using specimens made with three layers of hollow plates laminated using a structural adhesive. An energy method is developed to model both the deformation and strength of the laminated structure. The energy method is developed based on the assumption that plane cross sections of the structure remain plane under bending, a condition that is valid for both linear and nonlinear materials. The energy method can provide deformation of the aluminum laminates comparable with the experiments. Experiments and modeling indicate that these laminated structures have an excellent performance-to-weight ratio.      

压电智能桁架结构的建模与最优振动控制

为了实现桁架结构振动主动控制,建立了智能桁架结构动力学模型和最优振动控制模型,对动力学建模和最优控制建模方法进行了研究。首先根据有限元理论和Hamilton原理,建立了智能桁架结构的机电耦合动力学方程,方程中含有与作动电压有关的耦合刚度矩阵,采用缩聚变换对动力学方程进行了简化,该动力学方程可用于机械/电荷作用下结构的静动力分析和控制系统设计。然后将推导的动力学模型变换为状态空间方程的形式,根据线性二次型最优控制理论,推导了结构振动控制的数学模型,通过最小化性能泛函,求解黎卡提矩阵代数方程确定了最优控制输入。最后给出了平面桁架结构振动控制算例验证建模过程和算法。结果表明,通过最优振动控制可以使结构振动快速衰减,达到振动抑制的效果。     

贝塞尔高斯光束经菲涅尔波带片产生特殊聚焦光强分布

基于衍射光学方法,研究了不同阶数的贝塞尔高斯光束经过环形菲涅尔波带片后,在波带片的焦点附近所形成光强分布。入射光束为高阶贝塞尔高斯光束,聚焦区域获得了空心光强分布,入射光束的阶数越高,空心尺寸越大;菲涅尔波带片的数目越多,空心长度越短。入射光束为零阶贝塞尔高斯光束,在聚焦区域获得了针形光束和局域空心光束。这些具有特殊光强分布的光束在激光加工以及粒子囚禁等领域有着潜在应用价值。     

Stability of the warpage in a PBGA package subjected to hygro-thermal loading

The CTE and CHE mismatch between materials in a thin PBGA package is primarily attributed to the warpage which occurs when the package is being mounted on to a PCB, especially when the moisture content reaches a specified value. In this paper, the stability equations for the warpage in a PBGA package without the solder balls being subjected to hygro-thermal loading, by modeling it as an initially perfect/imperfect composite plate, have been developed. The analytical closed-form solutions are found and used to compute not only the critical moisture content but also the warpage occurring before the critical loads are reached. The buckling of the PBGA package, at the solder reflow peak temperature, occurs when the theoretical moisture content reaches 0.259–0.283 wt.%. This theoretical critical moisture content accurately predicts the experimental critical moisture content (0.25–0.30 wt.%) derived from our previous work. The results, from comparison between theoretical and experimental critical moisture content, indirectly indicate that the PBGA package has little imperfection. However, the large initial imperfect structure of the package does not easily reach the buckling stage because of moisture absorption. In addition to this, the structure of the PBGA package before buckling become stress-free at the moisture level of 0.077 wt.% and at room temperature during moisture conditioning.     

Hierarchical Toughening of Nacre‐Like Composites

Reinforced polymer‐based composites are attractive lightweight materials for aircrafts, automobiles, and turbine blades, but still show strength and fracture toughness lower than traditional metals. An interesting approach to address this issue is to fabricate composites with structural features that absorb part of the elastic energy stored in the material during fracture through extrinsic and intrinsic toughening mechanisms behind and ahead of the crack tip, respectively. Inspired by the nacreous layer of mollusk shells, the fracture behavior of multiscale composites that combine intrinsic toughness from a brick‐and‐mortar structure connected through nanoscale mineral bridges and extrinsic toughness arising from a brittle–ductile laminate architecture at the millimeter scale are fabricated and investigated. Such a hierarchical toughening approach increases the dissipated energy by more than 30‐fold during fracture with minimal loss in stiffness and strength. Using simple energy balance arguments and fracture mechanics concepts, guidelines are established for the design of nacre‐like composites with a remarkable combination of stiffness, strength, and toughness. This demonstrates the possibility to controllably introduce toughening mechanisms at different length scales and to thus fabricate hierarchical composites with high fracture resistance in spite of the brittle nature of their main inorganic constituents.     

某空间可见光相机的机身桁架结构设计

作为空间可见光相机的主要承载结构,机身桁架结构对于保证机身的力学性能至关重要。为了保证空间相机机身的结构刚度和稳定性,针对机身桁架结构设计进行了研究。研究了桁架的基本结构,分析了支杆力学性能的影响因素,探讨了支杆长度和角度对该机身桁架力学性能的影响。分析了支杆数量、支撑位置和分布形式对机身力学性能的影响,并分析了"△"型和"X"型桁架结构的特点。通过选择合理的支杆数量和分布形式,保证了机身桁架的力学性能。然后在设计分析的基础上进行了力学试验,验证了机身的力学性能。试验结果表明,该桁架结构的设计能够获得较好的力学性能,满足机身结构的设计要求。     

End-to-end delay bounds for traffic aggregates under guaranteed-rate scheduling algorithms

This paper evaluates, via both analysis and simulation, the end-to-end (e2e) delay performance of aggregate scheduling with guaranteed-rate (GR) algorithms. Deterministic e2e delay bounds for a single aggregation are derived under the assumption that all incoming flows at an aggregator conform to the token bucket model. An aggregator can use any of three types of GR scheduling algorithms: stand-alone GR, two-level hierarchical GR, and rate-controlled two-level hierarchical GR. E2e delay bounds are also derived for the case of multiple aggregations within an aggregation region when aggregators use the rate-controlled two-level hierarchical GR. By using the GR scheduling algorithms for traffic aggregates, we show not only the existence of delay bounds for each flow, but also the fact that, under certain conditions (e.g., when the aggregate traverses a long path after the aggregation point), the bounds are smaller than that of per-flow scheduling. We then compare the analytic delay bounds numerically and conduct in-depth simulation to: 1) confirm the analytic results and 2) compare the e2e delays of aggregate and per-flow scheduling. The simulation results have shown that aggregate scheduling is very robust and can exploit statistical multiplexing gains. It performs better than per-flow scheduling in most of the simulation scenarios we considered. Overall, aggregate scheduling is shown theoretically to provide bounded e2e delays and practically to provide excellent e2e delay performance. Moreover, it incurs lower scheduling and state-maintenance overheads at routers than per-flow scheduling. All of these salient features make aggregate scheduling very attractive for use in Internet core networks.     

Theoretical and experimental rate distortion performance incompression of ambulatory ECGs

We compare ECG data compression algorithms based on signal entropy for a given mean-square-error (MSE) compression distortion. By defining the distortion in terms of the MSE and assuming the ECG signal to be a Gaussian process we are able to estimate theoretical rate distortion bounds from average ECG power spectra. These rate distortion bounds give estimates of the minimum bits per second (bps) required for storage of ECG data with a given MSE regardless of compression method. From average power spectra of the MIT/BIH arrhythmia database we have estimated rate distortion bounds for ambulatory ECG data, both before and after average beat subtraction. These rate distortion estimates indicate that, regardless of distortion, average beat subtraction reduces the theoretical minimum data rate required for ECG storage by approximately 100 bits per second (bps). Our estimates also indicate that practical ambulatory recording requires a compression distortion on the order of 11 microV rms. We have compared the performance of common ECG compression algorithms on data from the MIT/BIH database. We sampled and quantized the data to give distortion levels of 2, 5, 8, 11, and 14 microV rms. These results indicate that, when sample rates and quantization levels are chosen for optimal rate distortion performance, minimum data rates can be achieved by average beat subtraction followed by first differencing of the residual signal. Achievable data rates approximate our theoretical estimates at low distortion levels and are within 60 bps at higher distortion levels.     

Sphere-bound-achieving coset codes and multilevel coset codes

A simple sphere bound gives the best possible tradeoff between the volume per point of an infinite array L and its error probability on an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. It is shown that the sphere bound can be approached by a large class of coset codes or multilevel coset codes with multistage decoding, including certain binary lattices. These codes have structure of the kind that has been found to be useful in practice. Capacity curves and design guidance for practical codes are given. Exponential error bounds for coset codes are developed, generalizing Poltyrev's (1994) bounds for lattices. These results are based on the channel coding theorems of information theory, rather than the Minkowski-Hlawka theorem of lattice theory     

Strong,Tough, Electrospun Polymer–Nanotube Composite Membranes with Extremely Low Density

Electrospinning has been used to produce porous, low density, polymer–nanotube composite membranes. The membrane mechanical properties can be enhanced by tuning the nanotube content, aligning the fibers during spinning, and by post production drawing. The mechanical properties are maximized for membranes with a nanotube content of 0.43 vol %. Aligned composites at this volume fraction have been prepared by spinning onto a rotating drum collector electrode. This method results in significant increases in modulus, strength, and toughness. The best composites, produced at the maximum drum rotation rate, were post treated by a drawing step to result in further increases in modulus and strength. These methods allows the production of membranes with densities as low as ～340 kg m^?3 but with values of stiffness, strengths and toughness's more typically found in bulk thermoplastics; 1.2 GPa, 40 MPa, and 13 J g^?1.     

Tunable Dry Adhesion of Soft Hollow Pillars through Sidewall Buckling under Low Pressure

Controlling adhesion on demand is essential for many manufacturing and assembly processes such as microtransfer printing. Among various strategies, pneumatics-controlled switchable adhesion is efficient and robust but currently still suffers from challenges in miniaturization and high energy cost. In this paper, a novel way to achieve tunable adhesion using low pressure by inducing sidewall buckling in soft hollow pillars (SHPs) is introduced. It is shown that the dry adhesion of these SHPs can be changed by more than two orders of magnitude (up to 151×) using low activating pressure (≈−10 or ≈20 kPa). Large enough negative pressure triggers sidewall buckling while positive pressure induces sidewall bulging, both of which can significantly change stress distribution at the bottom surface to facilitate crack initiation and reduce adhesion therein. It is shown that a single SHP can be activated by a micropump to manipulate various lightweight objects with different curvatures and surface textures. Here, it is also demonstrated that an array of SHPs can realize selective pick-and-place of an array of objects. These demonstrations illustrate the robustness, simplicity, and versatility of these SHPs with highly tunable dry adhesion.     

基于近似中通道板的结构优化设计

针对汽车中通道板模型，运用静力分析和优化分析方法，在满足性能要求的条件下，使用复合材料替换金属材料，实现有意义的减重。以结构重量最轻为目标，以金属结构位移作为约束，以铺层厚度为设计变量，得到最优的铺层设计。用HyperWorks软件分析了复合材料代替金属结构位移，对比两种不同材料的有限元分析结果，发现用复合材料的模型，不仅满足强度、刚度要求，而且复材结构质量为1.55 kg,可以实现明显减重比34.6%的减重效果。