Corrosion Protection of Light Alloys Using Low Pressure Cold Spray

Corrosion attack of aluminum- and magnesium-based alloys is a major issue worldwide. This study provides a report on the electrochemical behavior of several types of protective metal coatings obtained by low pressure cold spray (LPCS) and describes the performance of the latter’s corrosion resistance properties. In this manner several metal feedstock compositions were cold sprayed on AA2024-T3 Alclad substrate. Electrochemical methods, such as open circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization, were used in combination with materials characterization techniques to assess the performance of LPCS protective coating layers. All sprayed samples were tested in the accelerated corrosion salt spray chamber for a time period of up to 500 h to obtain corrosion kinetics data, and with specific attention being focused on the characterization of the coating’s microstructural and mechanical properties. The overall conclusion of this study is that the LPCS process could be utilized to deposit corrosion protection coatings of light alloys as well as to repair aluminum and aluminum cladding structures during overhaul maintenance schedule in industry.     

镁合金的腐蚀特性及防护技术

镁合金作为最轻的金属结构材料,在汽车、3C、国防军工、航空航天等领域具有广阔的应用前景,但耐蚀性较差是其大规模应用的瓶颈。介绍了镁合金的腐蚀机理,包括全面腐蚀、局部腐蚀、电偶腐蚀等,以及影响镁合金耐腐蚀的因素,根据不同介质中的具体腐蚀情况,对影响镁合金腐蚀的三大因素作了重点介绍,从而总结出提高镁合金防腐性能的两个研究方向,一是改善镁合金的本征耐蚀性,即通过优化合金成分,改善镁合金的微观组织等方式提高材料的耐蚀性;二是采用表面防护处理技术,通过表面防护层对基体进行保护,隔离腐蚀介质与基体。然后详细综述了净化合金成分、开发新型耐蚀镁合金、改善镁合金的表层微观组织等提高镁合金本征耐蚀性的方法,以及有机/聚合物、金属/化合物镁合金耐蚀涂层的研究现状。最后指出了镁合金防腐技术研究过程中存在的问题和今后的发展方向。     

镁合金表面冷喷涂层防护研究进展

镁合金作为最轻质的金属结构材料,由于其密度低和比强度高等优良的物理和力学性能,在航空、航天、汽车以及电子等领域引起广泛关注。然而,镁合金化学性质活泼、耐腐蚀和耐磨损性差等缺点严重制约其进一步应用。近些年发展起来的冷喷涂技术,在固态下制备涂层,涂层致密且与基体结合良好,因此可为镁合金表面防护提供一种新的有效方法。主要综述了镁合金表面冷喷涂耐腐蚀涂层(纯铝、铝合金和复合材料涂层)和耐磨损涂层(合金和复合材料涂层),论述了影响冷喷涂层耐腐蚀、耐磨损以及其他力学性能(硬度和涂层/基体结合强度)的主要因素,包括杂质元素含量、合金种类以及复合材料涂层中陶瓷颗粒含量、尺寸和形貌等。对比了几种常用表面处理技术制备的纯铝涂层的耐腐蚀性能,并阐述了冷喷涂技术在镁合金表面防护方面的优势。此外,还分析了热处理对冷喷涂纯铝和复合材料涂层耐蚀性的影响。最后提出了目前冷喷涂技术在镁合金防护方面的局限性以及发展难题,对未来研究趋势进行了展望。     

Corrosion of Magnesium-Aluminum Alloys with Al-11Si/SiC Thermal Spray Composite Coatings in Chloride Solution

Depositions of Al-11Si coatings reinforced with 5, 15, and 30 vol.% SiC particles (SiCp) were performed onto AZ31, AZ80, and AZ91D magnesium alloys. The influence of substrate composition and SiCp proportion on the anti-corrosion properties of composite coatings was evaluated using DC and AC electrochemical measurements in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution at 22 °C. The as-sprayed coatings were permeable to the saline solution, and galvanic corrosion occurred at the substrate/coating interface after immersion in the saline solution for a few hours. The addition of SiCp yielded coatings with higher porosity and less effectiveness against corrosion. The application of a cold-pressing post-treatment produced denser coatings with reduced surface roughness, improved hardness, and superior corrosion resistance. However, galvanic corrosion was observed after several days of immersion because of penetration of the 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution through the remaining pores in the coatings.     

原位微锻造冷喷涂制备高致密铝基涂层及耐腐蚀性能

目的提出一种基于原位微锻造冷喷涂制备高致密度金属沉积体的新方法,旨在为镁合金腐蚀防护提供一种低成本的涂层制备方法。方法通过在Al喷涂粉末中混入20%～60%(体积分数)的大粒径喷丸颗粒,借助其在喷涂过程中对已沉积Al涂层的原位微锻造效应,实现Al涂层制备中的实时致密化,研究了原位微锻造强度对涂层显微组织及耐腐蚀性能的影响规律。采用SEM分析了涂层的显微结构,采用电化学测试及长期浸泡试验测试了涂层的耐腐蚀性能。结果随着微锻造强度的提高,金属沉积体的致密度逐渐增加,当混合粉末中的喷丸颗粒含量高于40%时,可获得孔隙率低于0.3%的高致密度Al涂层。电化学测试及长达1000 h的Na Cl溶液浸泡腐蚀结果显示,高致密度Al涂层包覆后的镁合金表现出与冶金块材铝相当的耐腐蚀性能,比无保护镁合金腐蚀速率降低两个数量级以上;在1000h的盐雾腐蚀后,涂层与基材界面无腐蚀产物生成,表明涂层可完全对腐蚀介质进行物理隔绝。同时,致密铝涂层表面形成了微米级的钝化膜,可进一步提高耐腐蚀性能。结论通过原位微锻造辅助冷喷涂技术,可在较低的气体温度和气体压力条件下在镁合金表面获得完全致密的Al腐蚀防护涂层。该技术还有望用于诸如高导热、高导电涂层的制备,金属构件修复及增材制造等其他对金属沉积体有致密度要求的领域。     

镁合金表面腐蚀防护技术研究进展

镁合金较差的耐腐蚀性能限制了其大规模应用。利用表面腐蚀防护技术可以有效改善镁合金的耐蚀性能,延长镁合金的服役寿命。因此,可靠的表面腐蚀防护技术是突破镁合金应用瓶颈的关键。从镁合金表面腐蚀防护技术的分类入手,阐述了各种防护技术的基本原理。在此基础上,综述了近年来镁合金腐蚀防护技术的研究进展,包括电化学方法、化学方法及其他表面腐蚀防护方法等,阐明了各种技术的优缺点及适用范围,并对镁合金表面防护技术的发展趋势进行了展望。经过多年的发展,镁合金表面防护技术的理论研究和应用日臻完善,现有的表面防护方法一定程度上都能为镁合金基体提供腐蚀防护作用。然而,随着镁合金应用范围的扩展,相关结构件常会面临恶劣的服役环境。因此,单一的表面腐蚀防护技术已经很难满足工业领域对镁合金材料的迫切需求,多种表面处理技术联合制备的复合涂层具有广阔的应用前景。镁合金表面防护技术当前正朝着功能化和智能化的复合涂层方向发展,同时对制备工艺的安全环保性也提出了更高要求。未来除了保证高耐蚀性外,开发多功能智能涂层对提升防护层的长效防护能力、拓宽镁合金的应用范围具有重大的现实和长远意义。     

镁合金力学性能的研究现状与展望

镁合金是最轻的结构材料之一,发展镁合金对节能、环保等具有十分重要的意义.随着镁合金应用范围的不断扩大,对其性能尤其是力学性能的要求也越来越高.对近几年镁合金力学性能的研究进行了总结,主要归纳为3个方面,一是微合金化,二是热处理,三是其他新工艺或处理方法.最后还提出了对镁合金力学性能研究的展望.     

沿海某型飞机镁合金零部件腐蚀与表面防护

针对沿海某型飞机镁合金零部件出现的腐蚀现象 ,分析、归纳出其腐蚀类型为点蚀和电化学腐蚀 ;潮湿的盐雾环境和化学氧化膜的薄而软是引起腐蚀的主要原因。镁合金微弧氧化陶瓷膜的耐蚀性能比化学氧化膜和阳极氧化膜有大幅度的提高 ,可以防止潮湿的盐雾腐蚀     

挤压镁合金腐蚀与防护研究进展

随着挤压镁合金的广泛应用,如何改善其较差的耐蚀性自然成为无可回避的重要研究课题。通过综合分析国内外挤压镁合金腐蚀研究领域的相关研究成果,从腐蚀行为与防护技术两个方面进行了讨论。挤压镁合金易于受到多种腐蚀形式的破坏,其腐蚀行为、性能和机理受到材料特性和腐蚀环境等多种因素的影响,表现出多样性和复杂性,特别是应力和腐蚀协同所用下的挤压镁合金失效行为,尚需开展深入研究。通过优化制备工艺参数、合金化和热处理等技术进行组织和成分优化,基于应力条件、不同的腐蚀环境,开发新型耐腐蚀挤压镁合金,对于提高挤压镁合金抗腐蚀性能,扩大其应用领域具有实用价值。电化学镀、化学转化膜、自修复涂层等涂层技术在合金表面形成钝化膜、陶瓷膜以及释放缓蚀剂,对挤压镁合金提供了有效防护。其中,自修复涂层能够有效解决涂层破损产生的局部腐蚀问题,极大地改善了膜层的防护性能,拥有良好的应用前景,是涂层研发的新方向。     

Microstructure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Al-12Si Coatings on AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Produced by Cold Spray Technique

The cold spray technique was to deposit Al-12Si coatings on AZ31 magnesium alloy. The influence of gas pressure and gas temperature on the microstructure of coatings was investigated so as to optimize the process parameters. OM, SEM, and XRD were used to characterize the as-sprayed coatings. Mechanical properties including Vickers microhardness and adhesion strength were measured in order to evaluate coating quality. Test results indicate that the Al-12Si coatings possess the same crystal structure with powders, sufficient thickness, low porosity, high hardness, and excellent adhesion strength under optimal cold spray process parameters.     

超细晶镁合金的腐蚀与防护进展

总结了近年来经剧烈塑性变形加工后的超细晶镁合金的腐蚀与防护研究。镁合金的初始成分可能对剧烈塑性变形加工后样品耐蚀性的变化起主导性作用。对于纯镁及含有铝或稀土等致钝性元素的合金,如AZ系和WE系镁合金,绝大多数剧烈塑性变形加工会促进生成更致密的保护膜,因而可以提升镁合金的耐蚀性。对于不含此类元素的镁合金体系,如Mg-Zn系合金,由于生成了更多的腐蚀微电偶,等通道转角挤压或高压扭转加工引起的第二相颗粒的细化和分布会加速镁合金的腐蚀,但多轴等温锻造可以提升此类合金的耐蚀性,该技术值得更多的关注。在成分相似的情况下,组织的均匀性或者第二相变化情况的影响可能较晶粒尺寸和织构演变的影响更大。对加工后的镁合金进行热处理或者表面改性是进一步提升其耐蚀性的有效手段。相对于粗晶基体,超细晶基体表面改性后的涂层的耐蚀性往往更好,值得更多的研究关注。     

镁合金的腐蚀与防护研究进展

镁合金以质轻、结构性能优异、以及易于回收等众多优点成为装备制造业轻量化发展的首选材料;而且,无论在储量、特性、应用范围、循环利用、以及节能环保等方面和钢铁相比,均具有非常明显的优势。首先介绍了镁合金在近代工业发展中的作用以及现实应用存在的主要问题,然后对镁合金的腐蚀机理、各种因素对镁合金腐蚀性能的影响以及新型稀土镁合金的电化学腐蚀行为进行了综述。最后简要介绍了几种比较有发展前景的镁合金表面防护技术,并概述了镁合金腐蚀与防护研究未来的发展方向。     

镁合金微弧氧化技术及其膜的耐蚀性能

本文介绍了微弧氧化技术的几种成膜机理;论证了镁合金微弧氧化膜具有很好的耐蚀性能,且微弧氧化工艺比普通的阳极氧化工艺简单。同时,镁合金的微弧氧化膜层还具有耐磨性、电绝缘性等一些优良性能,这使得微孤氧化技术有广泛的应用前景。     

镁合金表面PEF膜与PEO膜腐蚀防护行为的对比研究

目的 对比研究镁合金表面新型等离子体电解氟化(PEF)膜与传统等离子体电解氧化(PEO)膜的腐蚀防护行为.方法 分别在中性和酸性腐蚀介质中,通过开路电位监测和动态电位极化曲线测试表征了膜层的电化学腐蚀行为,通过浸泡实验和盐雾实验表征了膜层的长效腐蚀行为.通过SEM、EDS和XRD等方法表征了膜层的原始微观结构和组成,分析了腐蚀形貌和腐蚀产物.结果 PEF膜与PEO膜均可以为镁合金基材提供有效的腐蚀防护作用.相较于PEO膜,PEF膜在浸泡实验和盐雾实验中,都具有更为优异的腐蚀防护性能,但在动态电位极化测试中,具有更正的自腐蚀电位和更大的自腐蚀电流密度,表明其腐蚀倾向更低,但腐蚀速率更高.结论 总体而言,PEF膜在中性和酸性环境中都具有更好的腐蚀防护性能.PEO膜在中性环境中的腐蚀防护失效机制主要是腐蚀介质的扩散,在酸性环境中的腐蚀防护失效机制主要是膜层化合物的溶解和消耗;PEF膜在中性和酸性环境中的腐蚀防护失效机制都是腐蚀介质的扩散.     

镁合金表面铈氧化物陶瓷涂层的腐蚀特性及机理研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法在AZ91D镁合金表面制备无毒、无污染的CeO2陶瓷涂层.探讨了CeO2耐蚀涂层的制备工艺过程,通过正交实验确定了最佳工艺参数;腐蚀实验结果表明,CeO2陶瓷涂层可以显著提高镁合金基体的耐蚀性.采用SEM对膜层形貌进行了观察,发现薄膜对基体的覆盖度较高,膜层完整,与基体的结合力较强;用XRD,XPS对表面层物相和元素组成进行了测定,结合其它实验结果提出并讨论了镁合金表面CeO2陶瓷膜的形成机制以及膜层对基体耐蚀性影响的机理.     

镁合金表面铈氧化物陶瓷涂层的腐蚀特性及机理研究

采用溶胶．凝胶法在AZ91D镁合金表面制备无毒、无污染的CeO2陶瓷涂层。探讨了CeO2耐蚀涂层的制备工艺过程，通过正交实验确定了最佳工艺参数；腐蚀实验结果表明，CeO2陶瓷涂层可以显著提高镁合金基体的耐蚀性。采用SEM对膜层形貌进行了观察，发现薄膜对基体的覆盖度较高，膜层完整，与基体的结合力较强；用XRD，XPS对表面层物相和元素组成进行了测定，结合其它实验结果提出并讨论了镁合金表面CeO2陶瓷膜的形成机制以及膜层对基体耐蚀性影响的机理。     

低共熔溶剂在镁合金腐蚀防护中的应用

介绍了低共熔溶剂的性质及特点,综述了低共熔溶剂的国内外最新研究成果,特别是氯化胆碱基低共熔溶剂在镁合金腐蚀防护的应用,分析了镁合金在低共熔溶剂中进行表面处理的可行性。概述了在含氯化胆碱的低共熔溶剂介质中,通过热场、声场、电场以及DES液膜法调控开展镁合金表面化学转化膜的制备、耐蚀机理及反应介质的作用研究,同时将低共熔溶剂与疏水性仿生膜结合,设计出镁合金表面自愈合超疏水涂层。利用低共熔溶剂制备的转化膜的耐蚀性均明显高于镁合金基体,其腐蚀电流密度明显下降。最后对镁合金腐蚀防护的研究现状和方向进行了展望,希望对解决镁合金腐蚀起到一定的指导意义。     

Phase Stability of Al-5Fe-V-Si Coatings Produced by Cold Gas Dynamic Spray Process Using Rapidly Solidified Feedstock Materials

In this study, aluminum alloy Al-5Fe-V-Si (in wt.%) feedstock powder, produced by rapid solidification (RS) using the gas atomization process, was selected to produce high-temperature resistant Al-alloy coatings using the cold gas dynamic spraying process (CGDS). The alloy composition was chosen for its mechanical properties at elevated temperature for potential applications in internal-combustion (IC) engines. The CGDS spray process was selected due to its relatively low operating temperature, thus preventing significant heating of the particles during spraying and as such allowing the original phases of the feedstock powder to be preserved within the coatings. The microstructure and phases stability was investigated by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetery techniques. The coatings mechanical properties were evaluated through bond strength and microhardness testing. The study revealed the conservation of the complex microstructure of the rapid solidified powder during the spray process. Four distinct microstructures were observed as well as two different phases, namely a Al₁₃(Fe,V)₃Si silicide phase and a metastable (Al,Si) _x (Fe,V) Micro-quasicrystalline Icosahedral (MI) phase. Aging of the coating samples was performed and confirmed that the phase transformation of the metastable phases and coarsening of the nanosized precipitates will occurs at around 400 °C. The metastable MI phase was determined to be thermally stable up to 390 °C, after which a phase transformation to silicide starts to occur.     

汽车发动机用镁合金的耐腐蚀性研究

采用失重法、腐蚀形貌观察、XRD标定和腐蚀极化曲线等方法,研究了汽车发动机用Mg-11Li-3Al-1Ca和Mg-11Li-3Al-1Ca-1Ce合金在Na Cl溶液中的腐蚀行为及其作用机理。结果表明,Mg-Li-Al-Ca合金表面附着的腐蚀产物以Mg(OH)2为主,腐蚀产物较少、较薄,分布不连续、不均匀,不能有效抑制腐蚀的发生。Mg-11Li-3Al-1Ca-1Ce合金的腐蚀产物中含有Al(OH)3和Ca(OH)2,腐蚀产物更加致密、连续,可以对合金基体起到有效地保护。     

Development of Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surface on AZ31 Mg Alloys for Corrosion Protection

The relatively poor corrosion resistance remarkably limits the wide applications of Mg alloys in practice, although they possess many attractive properties, like low density, high specific strength, and good biocompatibility. The formation of a protective coating can effectively suppress the corrosion. In this work, a slippery liquid-infused porous surface (SLIPS), with good surface hydrophobicity, stability, and self-healing property, was formed on AZ31 Mg alloys. The development of SLIPS requires suitable porous micro/nanostructures. Layered double hydroxide (LDH), with effective corrosion resistance for Mg alloys, was a good candidate to accommodate the liquid lubricant. Especially, different temperatures were applied to in situ form MgAl-LDH on AZ31 Mg alloys. The results showed that the temperature of 120 °C was the best condition for the SLIPS to provide good corrosion protection for Mg alloys, with the lowest corrosion current density of 3.19 × 10^-9 A cm⁻². In addition, the SLIPS performed well in the long-term immersion test and abrasion test. The AZ31 Mg alloys with superior corrosion resistance and good mechanical and chemical stability can be extensively applied in areas of automotive, electronics, and aerospace.