ZnTe插层对CdS/CdTe光伏器件性能的影响

从理论上分析了CdS/CdTe/Au器件的暗态、高正偏压下电流饱和(Roll-over)和光照、高正偏压下光暗I-V曲线相交(Cross over)现象.通过对比有无插层的CdTe太阳电池在C-V、I-V特性和光谱响应的不同,肯定了插层对改善背接触特性的作用;发现它还可以改善器件前结CdS/CdTe的二极管特性和短波光谱响应.实验结果还表明,不掺杂的ZnTe对提高器件的效率是必要的.恰当的不掺杂层厚度和退火温度能最有效地改进CdTe太阳电池的性能,而对填充因子的提高最为显著.     

硝磷酸腐蚀的CdTe太阳电池性能

CdTe薄膜的腐蚀是制作CdS/CdTe光伏电池的重要技术之一,本实验采用硝磷酸溶液（硝酸1%＋磷酸70%＋去离子水29%）腐蚀CdTe薄膜,通过XRD测试发现在CdTe膜上生成了碲层.随后,在腐蚀后的CdTe薄膜上分别沉积了几种结构的背接触层,并制备出相应结构的CdTe太阳能光伏电池.通过电池的光、暗I-V和C-V特性测试,以ZnTe/ZnTe：Cu/Ni为背接触的小面积太阳电池,其性能优于其它背接触的电池.实验结果表明器件性能与碲的生成和铜的扩散密切相关.     

硝磷酸腐蚀对CdTe薄膜性能及背接触层的影响

采用硝磷酸(NP)背表面刻蚀工艺并结合真空共蒸发法分别沉积了几种背接触层材料,研究了NP腐蚀对CdTe薄膜性能及背接触层的影响.结果表明:NP腐蚀后在CdTe薄膜上产生了富碲层;退火后,碲容易与背接触材料中的铜反应生成CuxTe.通过严格控制和优化腐蚀工艺,选择ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu作为背接触层材料,可制备出优异性能的CdTe太阳电池.     

真空共蒸发法制备CuxTe薄膜的结构特性分析

用真空共蒸发法制备了CuxTe（1≤x≤2）薄膜,并通过X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）及原子力显微镜（AFM）等表征手段分析了薄膜的结构特性,研究了热处理对不同Cu/Te配比的样品物相转变的影响。结果发现：刚沉积的薄膜非晶结构占主导地位,只有部分低Cu/Te比的薄膜出现多晶结构;退火后,薄膜发生晶相转变,且随着退火温度的升高,不同配比的样品有着不同程度的物相转变。其中,较低配比（x=11、.44）的样品多晶转变较为明显,结晶度较高,说明较小x值的薄膜晶化温度较低,而高x值的薄膜晶化温度较高。用CuxTe薄膜作为背接触层,获得了效率为12.5%的CdS/CdTe小面积太阳电池。     

Br2-甲醇蚀刻对CdTe太阳电池性能的影响

在镀上金属电极前,对CdTe表面进行化学蚀刻是制备高效率碲化镉薄膜太阳电池的关键技术之一.本实验用Br2-甲醇对热处理后的CdTe薄膜进行蚀刻,并利用XRD、AFM研究其结构、成分和形貌.结果表明:蚀刻后的CdTe薄膜获得一银灰色的光洁表面,并发现CdTe薄膜表面产生一富Te层,蚀刻厚度达到1μm获得性能最好的太阳电池.用Br2-甲醇蚀刻后的CdTe薄膜,采用ZnTe/ZdTe:Cu复合层作为背接触层的过度层,已获得了转换效率为13.38%的太阳电池.     

Zn1-xMgxO能带结构及作为窗口层的CdTe薄膜太阳电池的SCAPS仿真应用

采用第一性原理广义梯度近似+U(GGA+U)方法计算了纤锌矿结构Zn_1-xMg_xO(ZMO)(0≤x≤0.25)合金的能带结构。计算表明: 随着Mg组分增加, ZMO化合物的导带底及费米能级均向真空能级方向移动, 带隙增宽。基于理论计算得到ZMO的能带结构参数, 使用SCAPS软件对ZMO作窗口层的CdTe薄膜太阳电池的性能进行了仿真模拟, 并将研究结果与CdS作窗口层的CdTe太阳电池的性能进行了比较。结果表明: Mg在ZMO中的含量0≤x≤0.125时, ZMO/CdTe太阳电池具有比CdS/CdTe太阳电池更高的开路电压和短路电流密度; ZMO的导带底高出CdTe导带底约0.13 eV时, CdTe薄膜太阳电池的转换效率最高, 达到18.29%。这些结果为高效率碲化镉薄膜太阳电池的结构设计和器件制备提供了理论指导。     

CdTe多晶薄膜制备及后处理对CdS/CdTe界面的影响

采用近空间升华法分别在玻璃、CdS及CdS1-xTex衬底上沉积了CdTe多晶薄膜,通过原子力显微镜的观察和X射线衍射的分析,比较了它们的微结构。结果表明,用CdS和CdS1-xTex多晶薄膜作为衬底沉积的CdTe多晶薄膜结构与衬底相似,具有(111)面择优取向。通过对在不同氧分压下进行后处理的CdS/CdTe薄膜的断面及光能隙的研究,发现在氮氧(4∶1)气氛下后处理的薄膜CdS层明显减薄,这样的结果有利于改善CdTe太阳电池的光谱响应,增加载流子收集。我们认为氧在退火中促进了CdS/CdTe界面互扩散,扩散的结果不仅弥补了CdS、CdTe间的晶格失配,而且降低了界面的位错密度,并获得了面积为0.52 cm2,转换效率为13.38%的CdTe多晶薄膜电池。     

大面积CdTe多晶薄膜的制备及其性能

通过研究大面积CdTe多晶薄膜沉积的升温过程,并调节石墨群边改进加热灯管的分布获得了较均匀的温场,在混合氩氧气氛下,用自行设计制造的近空间升华系统制备出了面积为300 mm×400 mm的大面积CdTe多晶薄膜,利用XRD、SEM研究其结构、成分和形貌,结果表明:CdTe薄膜呈(111)择优取向,且薄膜总体致密均匀,晶粒大小约为1 μm左右.用此大面积CdTe薄膜的不同部分制备的CdS/CdTe/ZnTe:Cu小面积太阳电池效率相差不大,说明薄膜的均匀性较好.     

用大面积CdTe多晶薄膜制备太阳电池

在制备有SnO2:F透明导电膜和CdS的衬底上,用自行设计的设备,通过调节加热灯管的分布获得了较均匀分布的温场,制备了300 mm×400 mm的大面积多晶CdTe薄膜.经XRD和AFM分析,制备的CdTe多晶薄膜均匀致密,呈(111)择优取向.将薄膜分成小块,做成结构为CdS/CdTe/ZnTe/ZnTe:Cu的小面积太阳电池.经测试,薄膜各部分的制作的电池性能相近.     

衬底温度对碲化镉薄膜性质及太阳电池性能的影响

蒸汽输运法是制备高质量且大面积均匀的CdTe薄膜的一种优良的方法。采用自主研发的一套蒸汽输运沉积系统制备了CdTe多晶薄膜, 并研究了衬底温度对CdTe薄膜性质及太阳电池性能的影响。利用XRD、SEM、UV-Vis和Hall等测试手段研究了衬底温度对薄膜的结构、光学性质和电学性质的影响。结果表明, 蒸汽输运法制备的CdTe薄膜具有立方相结构, 且沿(111)方向高度择优。随着衬底温度的升高(520℃~640℃), CdTe薄膜的平均晶粒尺寸从2 μm增大到约6 μm, CdTe薄膜的载流子浓度也从1.93×10¹⁰ cm^-3提高到2.36×10¹³ cm^-3, 说明提高衬底温度能够降低CdTe薄膜的缺陷复合, 使薄膜的p型更强。实验进一步研究了衬底温度对CdTe薄膜太阳电池性能的影响, 结果表明适当提高衬底温度, 能够大幅度提高电池的效率、开路电压和填充因子, 但是过高的衬底温度又会降低电池的长波光谱响应, 导致电池转换效率的下降。经过参数优化, 在衬底温度为610℃、无背接触层小面积CdTe薄膜太阳电池的转换效率达到11.2%。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...