深厚覆盖层上高心墙坝地震惯性力动态分布系数研究

对于强震区坐落在深厚覆盖层(深度超过50 m)上的高土石坝,通过拟静力稳定分析结果初步判定其抗震稳定性是抗震设计的主要内容,其中水平向地震惯性力沿坝基覆盖层至坝顶的动态分布系数是关键。然而,现行《水工建筑物抗震设计标准》(GB 51247—2018)中地震惯性力动态分布系数多基于坐落在基岩上的高土石坝的动力响应规律确定,现有动态分布系数忽略了深厚覆盖层和地震动强度对地震动传播规律的影响。因此,以坐落在深厚砂砾石覆盖层上150 m级高黏土心墙堆石坝为研究对象,结合现行土石坝设计规范和国内已建高土石坝实例,基于统计平均的方法确定了坝顶宽度、坝料分区、坝坡坡比、覆盖层材料的静、动力特性等关键参数,深入探讨了150 m级高黏土心墙堆石坝在小震(0.1 g)、中震(0.2 g)和大震(0.4 g)规范谱地震动作用下不同深度砂砾石料覆盖层的动力响应分布规律,进而总结归纳出不同深度覆盖层下150 m级高黏土心墙堆石坝的水平向地震惯性力的动态分布系数,将其引入到拟静力法稳定分析中,最后基于最危险滑动面和最小安全系数与现行规范所得结果进行对比分析。研究结果表明,小震(0.1 g)和中震(0.2 g)下采用文中推荐的考虑深厚覆盖层和地震动输入强度影响的水平向地震惯性力动态分布系数时将得到更符合工程实际的评价结果。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层上的高土石坝抗震设计提供参考依据。     

Kokhav Hayarden抽水蓄能电站上、下库坝坡抗震稳定分析

参考国际水电工程的相关要求对以色列Kokhav Hayarden抽水蓄能电站上、下库坝坡进行抗震稳定分析。采用以色列英文版抗震设计规范SI 413—2013确定深厚覆盖层上坝体建基面加速度反应的峰值、加速度设计反应谱和时程输入加速度,进而采用美国规范ASCE 7-05和ICOLD等建议的三种常用拟静力法和拟动力法(Newmark滑块位移法)对建立在深厚覆盖层上的上、下库坝坡进行运行地震和最大设计地震下的抗震安全性复核。由不同允许滑动位移下的拟静力安全系数和坝坡地震滑动位移量计算结果可知,Kokhav Hayarden抽水蓄能电站上、下库坝坡均能满足OBE地震下坝坡位移小于5 cm的工程技术安全控制要求,坝坡抗震设计满足规范要求,上、下库坝坡在OBE和MDE地震下具备良好的抗震稳定性。研究成果对国际工程中深厚覆盖层上土石坝坝坡抗震设计和安全评价具有重要的参考价值。     

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF HYDRODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OVERLAND FLOW WITH GEOCELL

The hydrodynamic characteristics of the overland flow with a geocell slope are different from those of traditional flows because of its special structure. In this paper,a hydraulic flume with different slope gradients is used to study the hydrodynamic characteristics of the overland flow with geocell. The differences of flow characteristics between the overland flow with the geocell slope and the traditional flows are studied, and the hydrodynamic characteristics are obtained, including the flow pattern, the flow velocity and the hydraulic friction factor for the slope flow with geocell under different flow rates and slope gradients. The results show that there is a positive power function relationship between the rill depth of the slope surface (h) and the drag coefficient of the Darcy Weisbach (f).There is a positive logarithmic function relationship between the drag coefficient f and the Reynolds number Red,and there is a negative power function relationship between the drag coefficient f and the Froude number Fr.     

多种因素作用下非饱和黄土边坡稳定性分析

通过拟静力法和Mogernstern-Price法结合计算地震工况下边坡的安全系数。考虑非饱和土基质吸力和渗透系数函数,运用SEEP/W模块计算降雨入渗时土体的孔隙水压力变化,并耦合SLOPE/W模块进行降雨工况和降雨地震耦合工况下的安全系数的计算。分析结果表明黄土边坡安全系数对水平地震荷载和坡度的变化更加敏感。降雨入渗条件下边坡的稳定性系数随降雨强度的增大先减小后缓慢增加。对归一化的曲线图进行分析可以发现,降雨量相同情况下水平地震荷载在0 g~0.3 g,坡度在15°~45°,拟静力法分析结果安全系数对坡度和地震的敏感性十分接近,且随坡度和水平地震荷载的变化趋势相同。     

基于QUAKE/W的顺层岩质边坡动力响应特征及稳定性分析

选取哈大线DK50+ 900-DK51+ 500处的岩质边坡为分析对象,结合工程地质资料,运用QUAKE/W和SLOPE/W模块耦合建立数值模型,计算其在动力作用下特定监测点的位移与加速度并分析其响应特性.在上述分析的基础上进一步耦合计算岩质边坡在地震作用下安全系数随时间变化的规律,并得到其整个过程的稳定性,将结果同拟静力法进行比较.结果表明地震作用下边坡位移和加速度最大值均出现在边坡中上部,稳定性总体显著降低,局部时段存在安全系数增高现象,与实际相符合.     

水电站进水塔不同抗震验算方法对比分析

为了对西南地震高烈度区的水工建筑物进行抗震验算,分别采用拟静法和振型分解反应谱法对雅砻江官地水电站进水塔结构进行抗震分析.分析了两种方法下地震惯性力和动水压力计算的差异,并分别对进水塔进行了抗滑与抗倾覆稳定性验算.结果表明,两种方法计算得到的安全系数均符合规范要求,两者抗滑稳定系数相差不大,而抗倾覆稳定系数相差较大,用...     

基于动力强度折减法的地震边坡稳定性分析

目前关于动力作用下边坡稳定性的分析方法仍存在一些不足之处,如动力问题按静力处理、未充分考虑加载地震波的动力效应、仅考虑剪切破坏、未考虑边坡滑动面形成的渐进破坏过程等。鉴于此,本文同时考虑坡体拉剪强度参数的折减及边坡渐进破坏的过程,结合动力有限元强度折减法原理及边坡动力失稳判据,从监测点位移及加速度突变、计算数值收敛性及拉剪破坏面贯通情况3个方面,确定边坡的动力稳定安全系数及拉剪破坏面。结果表明:动力有限元强度折减法能够定量有效地进行地震作用下岩质边坡稳定性评价,并充分反映了边坡渐进破坏过程,其结果可为地震作用下岩质边坡的抗震设计及动力稳定性分析提供参考。     

A hydrogeomorphic dynamics approach to assess in‐stream ecological functionality using the functional flows model,part 1—model characteristics

The functional flows model integrates hydrogeomorphic processes and ecological functions for stream physical habitat evaluations. Functional flows are discharge values that serve ecological uses. Assessments of functional flows are based on evaluation of shear stress dynamics. The analysis is based on the occurrence of sediment transport regimes defined by threshold values of Shields stress estimated from discharge (Q), a parameter (f) governing depth response to incremental discharge changes, water surface slope (S) and media grain size (D₅₀). As an example, the model was tuned for fall‐run Chinook salmon spawning. Ecological functions studied were bed occupation (spawning, incubation and emergence) and bed preparation (river bed reworking periods)—both reliant on shear stress dynamics. A numerical experiment and sensitivity analysis using a wide range of realistic values of input variables indicated the effect of each variable on flow functionality. Combinations of S = 0.001, 0.005 and 0.01, D₅₀ = 0.02, 0.05, 0.1 m, f = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 and four sediment transport stages produced 144 scenarios. Ranges of functional flows were greater for scenarios for low f (0.2) with low slope (0.001,0.05), for high f (0.5) with small grain size (0.02 m) and for intermediate low f (0.3) with coarse grain size (0.1 m). The functional flows model incorporates in‐stream habitat processes by including metrics of hydrologic, hydraulic, geomorphic and ecologic dynamics. Model uncertainties related to input data, calculation algorithms, and model structure are analysed. Functional flows analysis can be useful in studying water management alternatives to improve habitat conditions for target species and lifestages. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于灰色关联度的黄土边坡稳定性因素敏感性分析

敏感性分析是黄土边坡稳定性研究的一个重要方面。基于灰色关联分析理论,以兰州地区的黄土边坡为工程实例,采用灰色关联度分析坡高、坡率、重度、黏聚力、内摩擦角和地震作用6个不相关因素对黄土边坡安全系数敏感性的影响。研究结果表明:黏聚力和内摩擦角的变化对黄土边坡稳定性的影响最敏感,其次是重度和地震作用,而坡高和坡率对其影响则相对较小。灰色关联度法可较精确直观地表示各参数对稳定性系数的影响程度,能将分析结果定量化,并能清楚地显示出主要因素和次要因素,是一种既简单又实用的分析方法。研究成果为兰州地区类似黄土边坡的防护治理和设计提供重要参考。     

Watershed Prioritization Using Saaty’s AHP Based Decision Support for Soil Conservation Measures

The identification of environmentally stressed areas for planning soil conservation measures requires an efficient decision support tool to provide appropriate weights for various topographical, morphological, climatological and management factors responsible for soil erosion. In the present study, Saaty’s analytical hierarchy process (SAHP) with nine erosion hazards parameters (EHPs) including soil loss (SL), sediment yield (SY), sediment production rate (SPR), sediment transport index (STI), slope (Slp), Drainage density (D _d ), channel frequency (C_f), form factor (R _f ), circulatory ratio (R _c ) has been used as a decision support system for identification of environmentally stressed sub-watersheds in Benisagar dam catchment of Bundelkhand region (Madhya Pradesh, India). The SAHP is a structured technique for dealing with complex decisions which involves building a hierarchy of decision elements, making comparisons between each possible pair in each cluster, provides weighting for each element within a cluster and checking the consistency of the decision based on a consistency ratio. The Benisagar dam catchment having excessive erosion due to undulating topography, limitation of soil depth and absence of conservation measures affects reservoir storages due to silting problems. For prioritization purposes, the Benisagar dam catchment has been divided in to 36 sub-watersheds with their areas ranging from 0.77 to 6.53 km² and all nine EHPs for various sub-watersheds have been computed. The pair wise comparison matrix and final weights for all the EHPs have been determined using SAHP with the acceptable limit of consistency ratio. The final priority ranks for sub-watersheds have been computed by summing the multiplication of SAHP weights and their corresponding normalized values of EHPs. From the analysis, it has been observed that eight sub-watersheds covering 20.15 km² and seven sub-watersheds covering 19.41 km² areas fall under very high and high priority respectively.     

卡基娃面板堆石坝非线性强度指标坝坡稳定与可靠性研究

针对目前在建和拟建的大型面板堆石坝地质条件差、地震烈度高、坝高不断增加的情况,解决一些比较突出的关键技术问题的重要性和迫切性日益突出。通过极限平衡理论和可靠度理论2种方法对属200m级高堆石坝范畴的卡基娃面板堆石坝进行坝坡稳定计算,研究了其非线性强度指标坝坡稳定及可靠度,分析了相关关键技术指标、安全系数标准对坝坡稳定安全的影响及可靠性水平等关键问题。与极限平衡理论相比,采用基于可靠度理论的方法设计坝坡,可以量化安全裕度,有利于高堆石坝坝坡的优化设计,这无疑对于减少工程投资和环境保护都具有极大的现实意义。     

地震作用下土质斜坡稳定性的数值模拟

为分析研究地震作用下斜坡的稳定性,采用Phase2有限元软件,建立考虑最不利荷载对斜坡稳定性影响的数值模型,分析地震水平峰值加速度0.1 g条件下不同监测位置模拟的位移和地震加载时间关系曲线以及斜坡位移场、应力场和剪应变增量的变化情况。研究表明受水平地震加速度的影响,坡面法向应力减小,下滑力增加,沿着滑动面向下移动;斜坡中部位移极值达到0.36 mm,地震加载时间4 s时处于失稳状态。随着地震加载时间的增加,斜坡发生累计破坏效应,强震作用下斜坡最易于发生瞬时溃滑。     

基于滑弧动力有限元耦合法的高土石坝坝坡稳定性分析

为研究高土石坝坝坡的稳定性,以某水电站高土石坝坝坡为例,采用条分法与有限元法耦合的计算方法进行分析,选取3个典型断面,对其设计工况和校核工况下的上下游断面的安全系数进行计算。计算结果表明:(1)下游坝坡最小安全系数比上游大,设计工况安全系数比校核工况安全系数大;(2)3个断面在各工况下取得最小值的时刻近似,符合坝坡稳定的计算规律;(3)经过动荷载分析,大坝坝坡在设计地震动作用下是稳定的,考虑到高坝的"鞭鞘效应",建议在河床中部坝段坝高4/5以上区域采取适当的抗震措施,如加密钢筋、加大堆石粒径、采用胶结堆石料、坝坡加护面层等。研究结果表明,采用条分法与有限元法相结合的方法评价高土石坝坝坡的稳定性,比单一评价方法更科学、可靠。     

碾压混凝土重力坝陡峭建基面的动力稳定分析

采用反应谱法计算在地震作用下大坝结构的动力响应.对高地震烈度区深山峡谷中的碾压混凝土重力坝的抗震问题,针对其建基面横河向坡度很大的特点,特别计入横河向的水平地震作用,并采用根据承载能力极限状态设计式转换得到的名义安全系数进行稳定复核,得出一些有益的结论.     

西藏某水电站高边坡地震永久位移分析

西藏某水电站位于喜马拉雅地震带和藏中地震带交汇处,岸坡陡峭,坝址区某高边坡对枢纽工程的安全影响最大。为尽快消除该边坡的安全隐患,本文基于Slide软件选用了3条不同类型的地震波,采用Newmark滑块分析方法计算了该边坡在不同地震峰值加速度作用下的动力反应和永久位移,并采用拟静力法对该边坡在设计地震动作用下的稳定性进行了验算。计算结果表明,在设计地震动作用下该边坡是稳定的,随着地震波幅值的增加该边坡产生的总滑移量也在不断的增加;对于不同类型的地震波,虽然输入的地震峰值加速度相同,但地震动参数的差异会影响边坡产生的永久位移。研究结果可为工程单位进行类似边坡工程稳定性分析提供参考依据。     

堆积斜坡地震响应机理分析——以四川茂县国际饭店滑坡为例

地震作用下堆积斜坡的动力响应是十分复杂的过程。为了研究地震条件下堆积斜坡的响应机理,以茂县国际饭店滑坡为例,通过现场调查堆积斜坡发育特征,借助二维颗粒流程序PFC~(2D)研究了地震动力作用下堆积斜坡位移响应特征和速度响应特征,以此对其失稳机理进行研究。结果表明:堆积斜坡动力响应具有一定的滞后性,且在失稳初期具有启动加速效应;在水平方向和竖直方向上速度响应均有放大效应,且水平放大效应较竖直放大效应更加显著。茂县国际饭店堆积斜坡地震响应机理为:地震峰值加速度增加—后缘先产生裂缝并迅速拉裂—裂隙加速发育并形成沿堆积层和基岩交界面贯通的滑面加速下滑—受颗粒间碰撞耗能作用及刮铲耗能影响最终停止运动。深切河谷地区堆积斜坡地震响应机理为:后缘拉裂—滑面贯通—加速下滑—解体、局部抛射—颗粒碰撞、刮铲—堆积。研究成果可为深切河谷地区类似堆积斜坡失稳机理分析提供参考。     

Water Distribution Network Risk Analysis Under Simultaneous Consumption and Roughness Uncertainties

The design of water distribution networks (WDNs) is an optimization problem with minimization of pipes and their associated installation costs as the objective function. In this problem, securing the allowable minimum pressure or the allowable maximum velocity in the demand pattern is important. A reliable long-term system requires a high reliability when first designed. Thus, assessment of the network condition during the operational period, when it is first designed, can be an effective way to increase the network efficiency. In addition, consideration of uncertainty of network parameters is important. This paper develops a probabilistic model based on the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) method to assess effects of those uncertainties simultaneously in the long-term performance of the network by considering various scenarios for variations of nodal demands and pipe roughness using different values of the coefficient of variation (CV) as the uncertainty measure. Consumption nodal demands and pipe roughness in a benchmark two-loop network are considered as uncertain variables. Calculation of a deterministic performance (failure) index (I _f ) for various generated probabilistic scenarios in the MCS method during a 30-year operational period simulation in this network show that an increase of uncertainty in each variable separately causes a decrease in the deterministically-designed network efficiency. Sensitivity of changing the average value of I _f calculations show a nodal demand deficit of 45 % and a nodal pressure deficit of 61 % during the operational period. This condition shows the necessity of considering uncertain changes of variables simultaneously during the operational period in the design of WDNs.     

耦合效应下压力型锚索锚固机理的拟静力分析

为了更加精确地对地震作用下软弱岩土体中压力型锚索抗震性能进行理论研究,基于长期荷载作用下钢绞线的材料松弛现象,推导了锚索预应力与岩土体蠕变的耦合效应下锚索预应力表达式和预应力损失量表达式;结合地震作用效应的拟静力等效法、Mindlin问题解和积分简化方法,推导了砂浆体在圆形均布荷载作用下压力型锚索锚固段的等效压应力表达式和等效剪应力表达式。通过案例分析可知:锚索预应力初期损失较大,中期损失稳定,至后期基本保持不变,预应力损失速率是递减的;压力型锚索锚固段砂浆体的等效应力主要集中在承压板0.5 m的范围内,等效应力最大值不在承压板与砂浆体的接触面上,而在承压板0.1 m的范围内。该研究成果丰富了压力型锚索抗震设计理论研究内容,可为深化压力型锚索抗震机理研究提供一定的理论依据,也可为合理考虑压力型锚索加固边坡的抗震设计提供有益的参考。     

超200m级高土石坝坝坡稳定安全系数研究

随着土石坝筑坝技术的不断发展,建造的土石坝越来越高,但超过200 m高土石坝设计一直沿用只适用于低于200 m土石坝的现行土石坝设计规范,相关设计规范亟需完善。基于相对安全率理论计算了不同坝高、不同坡比和不同地震烈度工况下土石坝坝坡稳定安全系数,明确超200 m高土石坝坝坡稳定安全系数变化规律。取超200 m高土石坝坝坡稳定允许可靠指标4.2为标准值,计算了传统方法的相对安全率和可靠度方法的相对安全率,并对两者进行线性回归。结果显示,对于超过200 m高的土石坝,其坝坡稳定安全系数正常工况取值1.6、地震工况取值1.3,与允许可靠指标达4.2处于同一风险控制水平。     

基于FAHP和K-Means聚类的边坡稳定性模型

为了解决实际工程中边坡安全系数不能准确描述边坡状态的问题,基于定性分析和定量分析相结合的思想,运用FAHP法和K-Means聚类算法,通过对滑坡样本的关键因素进行评价和聚类得到各因素的聚类中心,再通过构建联系数向量的方法,建立基于FAHP和K-Means聚类的边坡稳定性模型。根据边坡中的关键性因素运用基于FAHP和K-Means聚类的边坡稳定性模型完成对未知边坡样本进行预测。将该模型应用于新建南昌到赣州铁路客运专线项目,结果与实际情况相符合,避免了实际工程中单纯考虑边坡安全系数来确定边坡状态的局限性。通过构建基于FAHP和K-Means聚类的边坡稳定性模型,揭示了高度、边坡角、孔隙水压力比等因素与边坡稳定性的非线性关系,此模型可以为边坡的设计、施工、监测提供参考。