Chemical and sensory changes in fresh cider spirits during maturation in inert containers

BACKGROUND: Fresh cider spirits are alcoholic beverages mainly constituted by volatile compounds from apples that are formed during fermentation or generated during distillation. In this study the chemical and sensory changes that take place during the maturation of fresh cider spirits in inert containers made of stainless steel and glass were investigated. RESULTS: The type of container did not influence the maturation process for any of the studied compounds. Esterification, acetalisation and hydrolysis reactions occurred during the maturation of cider distillates over 24 months, giving rise to several changes in the original composition of this alcoholic beverage, but neither oxidation nor evaporation reactions were detected. A decrease in ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate, diethyl succinate and acetal was observed and an increase in fatty acid ethyl esters and 1,1,3‐triethoxypropane. Likewise, the sensory evaluation of the spirits was significantly influenced by the maturation time, with matured samples obtaining higher scores than fresh ones. CONCLUSION: The presence of reactive compounds in recently distilled products makes a period of around 12 months of maturation advisable to reach equilibrium and to improve the sensory assessment of cider distillates consumed in the fresh state. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Volatile composition of raw spirits of different botanical origin

The main purpose of the research was to determine the volatile composition of raw spirits, on the basis of trace compound isolation from their volatile fraction, as well as a comparison of the obtained volatile profiles of agricultural distillates of different botanical origins (maize, wheat, triticale, rye). This approach was chosen to improve methods of quality control and quality assurance in the spirit industry. Volatile composition of all raw spirit samples derived from different raw materials (rye, triticale, maize and wheat) were formed using headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) and capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). Performed studies indicated the presence of over 100 compounds in the raw spirit volatile fraction. The richest volatile profile was obtained from samples produced from wheat and the poorest from those produced from corn. Moreover, on the basis of performed discriminant analysis (using the variables 2‐methylbutanol + 3‐methylbutanol, 3‐methylbutyl hexanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, ethyl heptanoate and 3‐methylbutyl octanoate), it was possible to distinguish between agricultural distillates originating from triticale and distillates produced from wheat. Copyright © 2013 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Chemical profiling of volatile compounds of various home‐made fruit spirits using headspace solid‐phase microextraction

Fruit spirits are typical alcoholic beverages in the Moravian region of the Czech Republic. The aim of this work was to find differences in chemical composition among volatile profiles of spirits produced from various kinds of fruits. Twenty‐four samples of seven kinds of fruit spirits (plum, apple, pear, cherry, mirabelle, apricot and raspberry spirits) were analysed for examination of their volatile profiles. The most abundant family of compounds was esters, particularly ethyl esters. Sesquiterpenes proved to be a significant group of volatile substances by observing the differences between pome and stone fruit spirits [by relative higher content of (E ,E )‐α‐farnesene and by presence of α‐zingiberene and (E )‐α‐bisabolene in volatile profiles of pome fruit spirits]. Only in stone fruit spirits were propyl decanoate and ethyl salicylate found. Some other compounds were observed as being characteristic for individual kinds of analysed fruit spirits, e.g. γ‐decalactone for apricot spirits, (E )‐β‐farnesene for apple spirits, (Z )‐9‐tetradecen‐1‐ol for mirabelle spirits or some apocarotenoids for raspberry spirits. This work could potentially be the basis for checking the fruit origin of these distillates, or a partial manual as to how to differentiate individual kinds of pome‐fruit spirits (pear and apple spirits) or stone‐fruit spirits (plum, mirabelle, apricot spirits). Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Effect of cider maturation on the chemical and sensory characteristics of fresh cider spirits

The influence of cider maturation on the chemical and sensory characteristics of fresh cider spirits was evaluated in the present study. To this end, a single-factor experiment with three maturation levels and five replicates (ciders) per level was developed. Level 1 corresponded to spirits obtained when alcoholic and malolactic fermentation of the ciders ceased, Level 2 corresponded to spirits obtained from ciders with a volatile acidity of 1.0 g/L acetic acid, while Level 3 corresponded to spirits made from ciders with a volatile acidity of 1.5 g/L acetic acid. Cider maturation significantly influenced the composition of the spirit as regards the ethyl esters of the major organic acids of cider (lactic, acetic and succinic). It also significantly influenced the content of aromas produced by bacterial activity (2-butanol, 2-propen-1-ol, 4-ethylguaiacol and eugenol), the concentration of which was found to increase with higher levels of maturation. The attributes “spicy” and “sweetness” were likewise influenced by the level of cider maturation. The distillates made from the most matured cider (volatile acidity 1.5 g acetic acid/L) scored better for “odour quality”.     

基于GC-MS法的椰子水及其饮料的风味成分分析

为了对不同成熟度椰子(椰青、嫩椰子、成熟椰子)的椰汁及椰子水饮料中挥发性风味物质组分和含量进行分析,采用蒸馏萃取装置提取样品中的挥发性成分,并用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用分析技术进行分离鉴定。结果表明,共检测出67种香气成分,分为7大类化合物,包括酯类32种,有机酸11种,醇类7种,醛类3种,酮类3种,酚类4种,其他类7种。在检出的香气物质中,确定主体风味组分主要是醇类、酯类和酸类3类物质,相同的挥发性成分是2,3-丁二醇。不同样品中,这些微量香气成分的种类含量有较大差别,成熟椰子原汁中风味物质的种类和含量较多。因此,椰子水原汁的挥发性成分直接影响椰子水饮料的感官质量。本试验研究为椰子水及其饮料感官品质的深入研究提供了一定的理论依据。     

Behaviour of Volatile Compounds During Traditional Alembic Distillation of Fermented Muscat Blanc and Muškat Ruža Porečki Grape Marcs

To investigate the behaviour of volatile compounds during a traditional alembic distillation, large numbers of important volatile compounds were identified and quantified by GC/MS and GC/FID analysis in different fractions of grape marc distillates made from two Muscat varieties. Generally, concentrations of terpenes, C₁₃‐norisoprenoids, acids and particular waxy esters and aldehydes were found to increase, while concentrations of higher alcohols and the majority of fruity and flowery esters were found to decrease during distillation. Because of the abundance in odoriferous monoterpenes, utilization of the tail fraction as a raw material for re‐distillation was considered appropriate.     

自然发酵与人工接种发酵湖南芥菜的挥发性风味组分和品质分析

采用固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用法对自然发酵和接种不同发酵剂发酵湖南芥菜样品的挥发性风味组分进行研究,并同时比较其亚硝酸盐含量、pH值和感官品质。结果表明,控温人工接种发酵和控温自然发酵芥菜其主要挥发性风味成分较相似,相对含量最高的成分为酯类,均在40.02%以上,而大池室温完全自然发酵芥菜的挥发性风味成分相差较大,相对含量最高的成分为醇类,仅为5.51%。4?组芥菜共分离鉴定出64?种（11?类）挥发性风味成分,其中接种植物乳杆菌与戊糖片球菌组合的发酵芥菜鉴定出挥发性风味组分21?种（9?类）,酯类物质7?种;接种植物乳杆菌、戊糖片球菌和肠系膜明串珠菌组合的发酵芥菜鉴定出挥发性风味组分24?种（10?类）,酯类物质8?种;控温自然发酵芥菜共鉴定出挥发性风味成分20?种（9?类）,酯类物质5?种;大池室温完全自然发酵芥菜共鉴定出挥发性风味成分32?种（10?类）,醇类物质7?种,酯类物质6?种。人工接种发酵芥菜的亚硝酸盐含量和pH值都比自然发酵低,人工接种发酵和控温自然发酵芥菜感官评分相近,其评分都高于大池室温完全自然发酵芥菜。因此,接种人工发酵剂对保障发酵芥菜的商品性和安全性具有促进作用,值得进一步研究和推广。     

Maturation related phenolic compounds in cachaça aged in new oak barrels

Aging cachaça in wooden barrels improves its chemical and sensory profile and adds quality. Maturation of distilled spirits is influenced by factors such as the species of wood to make the barrels, degree of internal toasting, number of uses of the barrel and aging time. The level of maturation of distillates can be determined based on the concentration of age marker phenolic compounds extracted from the lignin of the wooden barrel, as well as their relationships with each other. This study characterises the aging process of cachaça by analysing the mechanism of lignin degradation during maturation in new oak barrels for up to 60 months in order to establish the relationship between the age of the distillate and the content of phenolic compounds extracted from the wood. The evaluation was based on the analyses of liginin derived compounds using high‐performance liquid chromatography. The level of maturation of aged cachaça can be characterised by evaluating the low molecular weight lignin‐derived phenolic substances. The total amount of benzoic acids (vanillic and syringic acids) can be taken into consideration for predicting the level of maturation of distillates. Based on the composition of maturation related congeners, it is likely that for cachaça, each year of aging in new oak barrels corresponds to approximately five years of aging for spirits in general. © 2020 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Aromatic Profile of Ciders by Chemical Quantitative,Gas Chromatography‐Olfactometry,and Sensory Analysis

Nine samples of Asturias cider have been analyzed for volatile, olfactometric, and sensorial profiles. The aromatic composition was mainly constituted by fusel alcohols and ethyl esters. Among the minor volatile compounds, fatty acids, volatile phenols, and alcohols were the main components. The olfactometric analysis revealed the existence of 55 aromatic areas, exhibiting a wide range of intensities. Components like amyl alcohols, 2‐phenylethanol, ethyl esters such as 2‐methylbutyrate, hexanoate and octanoate, hexanoic and octanoic acids 2‐phenylethyl acetate, 4‐ethyl guaiacol, and 4‐ethyl phenol could be considered as being part of the structure of cider aroma. The extract dilution analysis of one extract identified 2 volatile phenols (4‐ethyl guaiacol and 4‐ethyl phenol) among the most powerful odorants in cider. These components gave significant correlations with the sensory attributes sweet, spicy, and lees.     

Variations in volatile compounds and flavour in Idiazabal cheese manufactured from ewe's milk in farmhouse and factory

Stage of lactation, use of bulk milk or milk from individual flocks, and cheese‐making in farmhouse or industrial factory are important factors affecting the production and quality of Idiazabal cheese. The volatile composition of cheese samples made from raw ewe's milk in farmhouses or industrial plants at two different times of the year and aged for 90 and 180 days was analysed by dynamic headspace coupled to GC‐MS. Short‐chain fatty acids, primary and secondary alcohols, methyl ketones and ethyl esters were the most abundant compounds in the aroma of Idiazabal cheese samples. Differences in the volatile composition were found between farmhouse and industrial cheeses made at different times of the year and ripened for 90 or 180 days. Likewise, the sensory profiles of the farmhouse and industrial cheeses were significantly different, regardless of the time of the year and ripening time. The results for the principal component analysis (PCA) performed on the sensory attributes of the cheese samples showed two PCs defined as ‘farmhouse flavour factor’ and ‘industrial flavour factor’. Farmhouse cheeses showed high scores for buttery, milky and toasty odours, and buttery and nutty flavours, whereas industrial cheeses showed high scores for sharp, rennet and brine odours, and rennet and rancid flavours. The percentages of methyl ketones such as 3‐hydroxy‐2‐butanone, 2‐butanone, 2‐pentanone and 2‐heptanone, and acids such as n‐propanoic, 2‐methylpropanoic and 3‐methylbutanoic acids were higher in farmhouse cheeses than in industrial cheeses. On the other hand, the percentages of esters such as ethyl butanoate and ethyl hexanoate, and alcohols such as 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, and acids like n‐hexanoic acid were higher in industrial cheeses than in farmhouse cheeses. Relationships between sensory attributes and volatile compounds were studied on the basis of the differences found in sensory profile and volatile composition between farmhouse and industrial cheeses. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry     

The evaluation of grape pomace distillates from selected red grape varieties

This report describes the composition of the volatiles from grape pomace distillated that are commercially available in Greece. These spirits, which are a valuable by‐product of the winemaking industry, were obtained by distillation of grape pomace after fermentation under anaerobic conditions. The volatiles were distilled twice. Each distillate was separated in to 4 equal (by volume) fractions and the changes in volatile concentration during distillation were measured. Assays were done by gas/liquid chromatography (for alcohols, carboxylic acids, esters and aldehydes). The average values for volatile concentrations obtained for Greek grape pomace distillates were compared with the corresponding values for grape pomace manufactured in other Mediterranean countries.     

Chemical and Instrumental Analyses of Warmed-Over Flavor in Beef

Raw, freshly cooked, stored and recooked beef muscle samples were assessed by chemical, instrumental and sensory methods of analyses for flavor quality, with particular emphasis on warmed-over flavor (WOF). The character notes used by a trained sensory panel to describe WOF were cardboardy, rancid, stale, and metallic. Samples analyzed by direct gas chromatography utilizing either packed or fused silica capillary columns showed that compounds usually associated with lipid oxidation reactions could be used as marker compounds to follow the development of WOF. Of the many compounds that appeared to be markers, hexanal and 2,3-octanedione as well as total volatiles showed a highly significant degree of correlation when compared to sensory scores and 2-thiobar bituric acid (TBA) numbers. Many of the volatile compounds that were identified in WOF meat samples were also found in the distillates prepared for the TBA reaction.     

Influence of yeast on the yield of fermentation and volatile profile of ‘Węgierka Zwykła’ plum distillates

The character of plum brandies depends on a unique aroma profile of the plum and the microbiota present on the surface of the fruits, as well as yeast used for fermentation. In this study, an evaluation of the effect of microorganisms applied for the fermentation of W?gierka Zwyk?a var. plum mashes and processing temperature (18 °C, 30 °C) on its efficiency and volatile profile, as well as taste and flavour of distillates obtained was performed. An estimation of the odour activity values (OAVs) of the volatile compounds was also conducted. Regardless of whether the fermentation was carried out using Saccharomyces bayanus wine yeast or by native microflora present on plums as well as raisins, the efficiency of this process was high and ranged between 91.7 and 96.7% of the theoretical efficiency. Especially rich in esters (among others ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate) was the distillate derived after fermentation with the microflora of plums and raisins, at 18 °C. An evaluation of the individual aromatic effect of chemical compounds present in tested distillates, in terms of their OAVs, revealed that the highest OAVs were reached with isovaleraldehyde. Other compounds that showed aroma values >1 and possibly had an effect on the overall aroma of tested plum distillates were the following: hexanal, benzaldehyde, ethyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, ethyl benzoate, ethyl hexanoate, 1‐propanol, 2‐methyl‐1‐butanol, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol and 1‐hexanol. The performed sensory ranking showed that the best rated distillate was the one obtained after fermentation with the indigenous microflora of plums and raisins, at 18 °C. Copyright © 2016 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Volatile composition and key flavour compounds of spirits from unifloral honeys

The volatile components of industrially produced spirits from three unifloral honeys of campanilla morada (Ipomoea crassicaulis [Benth.] B.L. Robinson), citrus (Citrus spp. L.) and romerillo de costa (Viguiera dentata [Cav.] Spreng.) were studied by combined sensory and instrumental techniques. GC and GC‐MS analyses of the isolated extracts led to the detection of 205 volatile compounds, 150 of them were positively identified. In general, the most abundant classes were saturated alcohols, ethyl esters of saturated fatty acids and terpenes in all samples. Relative aroma intensity of individual volatile components was evaluated by aroma extract dilution analysis of solvent extracts, by gas chromatography‐olfactometry and by odour activity values. Results indicated that 11 compounds: ethanol, ethyl esters of isopentanoic, hexanoic, octanoic and decanoic acids, 2‐phenylethyl acetate, (E)‐β‐damascenone, hotrienol, decanal, methyl anthranilate and ethyl (E)‐cinnamate were the most potent odorants in the honey spirits.     

Differentiation of raw spirits of rye, corn and potato using chromatographic profiles of volatile compounds

BACKGROUND: The origin of the raw spirits influences the sensory quality of rectified spirits that are subsequently used for the production of vodka. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of two methods based on the comparison of profiles of volatile compounds [solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (SPME‐GC‐MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (GC‐FID)] for the determination of origin of raw spirits obtained from rye, corn (maize) and potato. RESULTS: Profiles obtained for the volatile compounds by using these methods were different and were influenced by the sample introduction method. The main groups of volatiles obtained using SPME‐GC‐MS method were fatty acid ethyl esters, while in the case of GC‐FID fusel alcohols and ethyl acetate dominated. Data obtained from these methods were treated using principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis to test the possibility of sample differentiation and classification. It was relatively easy to differentiate potato spirits from the remainder; however, it was not possible to fully distinguish the corn samples from rye samples. The classification ability of the SPME‐GC‐MS method was 95% but the prediction ability was 97.4%. For the GC‐FID method the classification ability was 90.1%, whereas the prediction ability was 94.27%. CONCLUSIONS: The methods presented can be used for reliable differentiation of potato spirits from corn and rye spirits. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同年份不同质量等级李渡白酒香气成分分析

目的 分析比较不同年份不同质量等级李渡白酒的香气成分差异。方法 通过感官评价、直接进样、顶空萃取和顶空固相微萃取结合气相色谱-质谱联用仪、气相色谱-离子迁移谱以及气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱联用仪分析了17个李渡酒中的香气成分,通过计算香气活性值(OAV)确定重要香气活性化合物,结合偏最小二乘法分析得到差异香气物质。结果 共鉴定出李渡酒中的92种挥发性化合物,26种香气活性化合物;浓度最高的化合物是乳酸乙酯(2538.18 mg/L);己酸乙酯(OAV: 876~220920)等8种化合物香气贡献较大,酯类化合物的贡献最大,一级、二级、优级的李渡酒三年、五年的重要香气化合物香气强度更强,含量更高;且己酸乙酯等6种化合物、苯乙醇等18种化合物分别是导致不同年份、不同质量等级酒样产生差异的重要物质。结论 本研究分析鉴定了17个李渡酒样的香气物质,找到了导致不同年份不同质量等级酒样之间香气差异的化合物,为李渡酒的风味调控提供了参考数据。     

烟台产区三个葡萄品种原白兰地香气成分及感官特征的对比

以烟台产区三种酿酒葡萄白玉霓（Ugni Blanc）、蛇龙珠（Cabernet Gernischt）和赤霞珠（Cabernet Sauvignon）为原料酿造葡萄原白兰地,并对其中挥发性香气成分及其感官特征进行分析。结果表明,三个品种葡萄原白兰地共检测到64种挥发性香气成分;其中白玉霓原白兰地的酯类物质种类最丰富,但含量差异不显著（P＞0.05）;蛇龙珠原白兰地的醇类、酸类、醛酮类及缩醛类物质总含量最高且差异显著（P＜0.05）;赤霞珠原白兰地的芳香类、萜烯类和降异戊二烯类物质总含量最高且差异显著（P＜0.05）;丁酸乙酯等26种化合物可很好实现对三个品种原白兰地的判别分类,蛇龙珠与白玉霓品种间聚类距离更近。三个葡萄品种均符合原白兰地的原料质量要求,感官质量综合排序为白玉霓＞蛇龙珠＞赤霞珠。     

不同品种葡萄皮渣蒸馏酒挥发性香气成分分析

采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（HS-SPME-GC-MS）技术对3种葡萄（贵人香、雷司令、霞多丽）皮渣蒸馏酒的挥发性香气成分进行检测分析。结果表明,从3种葡萄皮渣蒸馏酒中共检测出114种挥发性香气化合物,包括酯类40种、醇类23种、酸类8种、醛类4种、酮类2种、酚类2种、萜烃类24种、其他类11种,其中酯类、醇类和萜烃类挥发性化合物相对含量较高,且贵人香皮渣蒸馏酒的香气成分种类更为丰富。为进一步研究香气化合物与葡萄皮渣品种的关系,对3种葡萄皮渣蒸馏酒样共有的22种香气成分和8类香气化合物进行主成分分析（PCA）,经综合评价得出贵人香葡萄皮渣蒸馏酒香气品质最佳,雷司令葡萄皮渣蒸馏酒次之,霞多丽葡萄皮渣蒸馏酒最差。     

生青味缺陷型酱香白酒风味特征分析

为鉴定酱香型白酒中的生青味化合物,建立一种基于感官导向结合代谢组学分析白酒中异嗅味特征成分的方法.利用真空旋转蒸发将样品分成挥发性和难挥发性组分,对具有强烈生青味的挥发性组分进行液液萃取和感官分析,结果表明生青味主要存在于中/碱性组分中;采用气相色谱-质谱联用法对该组分进行检测分析,共定性定量出风味化合物94种,以酯类...