以松香和桐油为成膜物质的包膜尿素的释放特性和表面形貌

以松香和桐油为成膜物质制备了一系列包膜尿素,用浸泡溶解法和无土柱淋溶法表征了所得包膜尿素的释放特性,用扫描电子显微镜研究了包膜尿素的表面形貌,讨论了涂覆成分、涂覆层数、密封层对包膜尿素释放特性的影响。采用双层涂覆和单层外密封工艺制备的包膜尿素其一天溶解释放率为12.7％,释放周期大于11天,累积释放率为80％。     

松香包膜尿素的释放特性研究

以松香为成膜物质,制备了一系列的包膜尿素,利用扫描电子显微镜研究了包膜尿素的表面形貌,用浸泡溶解法表征了所得包膜尿素的释放特性,讨论了包覆量与操作条件对包膜尿素释放特性的影响。结果表明,松香是一种优良的尿素包膜材料,包覆量在5%以上时,松香包膜尿素具有显著缓释性能,包覆量越大,缓释效果越好。     

树脂型包膜尿素试验研究

采用MDI、PAPI和大豆多元醇为原料,制备包膜尿素肥料.探索并确定了该工艺路线的可行性,研究了树脂型包膜材料,并使用包膜剂对尿素进行了包膜,开展了包膜尿素释放率试验.结果表明,包膜尿素在前15 d尿素没有释放,到30 d的时候,尿素释放率为70％.该包膜材料具有明显的缓释作用,且包膜材料对尿素的物理性能和机械性能有一...     

包膜型控释尿素养分释放率测定方法的改进

缓释肥料国家标准(GB/T 23348-2009)中规定用25℃静水浸提凯氏定氮法测定包膜型控释尿素释放率[1]。用凯氏定氮仪法测其养分释放率相对繁琐耗时。用对二甲氨基苯甲醛分光光度法测定包膜型控释尿素养分释放率,分别用该法与25℃静水浸提凯氏定氮法测定了同一批次的包膜型控释尿素养分释放率。结果表明,两种方法测定结果之间的相关性极显著。在25℃浸提下用对二甲氨基苯甲醛分光光度法可以准确、较快地测定包膜型控释尿素养分释放率和养分释放期。     

可生物降解PBS包膜尿素缓释肥料的制备与性能研究

研究可生物降解PBS包膜尿素缓释肥料的制备与性能。以可生物降解PBS为包膜材料,通过循环流化床工艺制备PBS包膜尿素缓释肥料,经过对制备工艺进行优化,确定包膜剂PBS质量分数为5%、二次流化时间为20 min、包膜率为10%的PBS包膜尿素具有良好的缓释效果,其初期释放率为10%,第28天时累积释放率为72%,基本符合缓释肥料标准。     

聚氨酯/氧化锌复合控释材料对包膜尿素控释性能的影响

采用折光率法测定包膜控释尿素在水中养分释放特性,以普通聚氨酯包膜尿素为对照,通过研究聚氨酯/氧化锌复合材料包膜尿素的控释性能,探究聚氨酯/氧化锌复合控释材料应用于控释肥料的效果及其可行性。结果表明:聚氨酯/氧化锌复合材料包膜尿素控释性能优于普通聚氨酯包膜尿素,且以氧化锌质量分数为5%复合材料包膜尿素控释性能最佳,适合于作为控释肥料的包膜材料。     

丁二酮肟比色法测定包膜尿素释放养分速率

以改性淀粉包膜尿素为模型,探讨用丁二酮肟比色法测定包膜尿素释放养分速率,以达到快速评价包膜尿素控制释放性能的目的。结果表明,丁二酮肟比色法测定包膜尿素释放养分速率可行,自制改性淀粉包膜尿素具有一定的控制释放性能。     

磷石膏在石蜡包膜尿素中的应用

用磷石膏作尿素的造粒剂和载体制备磷石膏造粒尿素,对其进行石蜡包膜,并添加质量分数5%的失水山梨醇单油酸酯(Span80)改善石蜡在肥核表面的附着。结果显示,用磷石膏造粒尿素制备的两种石蜡包膜尿素在水中浸泡28 d的尿素累积释放率均小于35%,缓释效果达到缓释/控释肥料国家标准,在模拟土壤施用的土柱淋溶条件下,还呈现尿素匀速释放的良好特性,为磷石膏的有效利用和尿素缓释探索出一条新路。     

桐油包膜尿素单个颗粒养分释放行为的研究

桐油包膜尿素单个颗粒的养分表现出3个阶段释放规律,即时滞期、线性释放期和衰退释放期,养分释放具有由扩散机理支配的S形逐步释放特征。尽管粒径和包膜厚度存在差异,包膜尿素单个颗粒的养分释放不同。但是由30-90颗包膜尿素颗粒构成的6个包膜尿素颗粒群的养分释放行为却非常接近。     

可生物降解PBAT包膜尿素缓释肥料的制备与性能研究

以可生物降解PBAT为包膜材料,通过循环流化床工艺制备一系列PBAT包膜尿素缓释肥料,并对制备工艺进行了优化;通过扫描电镜观察包膜肥料表面形态特征,分析缺陷形成原因;通过水中静置法测试PBAT包膜尿素缓释肥料的缓释性能,测定缓释曲线,样品的初期释放率为20%~50%,第28天的累积释放率为70%~90%。     

石蜡-天然松香包膜尿素的研制

以石蜡 -天然松香作为包膜材料 ,采用熔融喷雾包涂的方法制备控制释放尿素 ,并讨论了松香与石蜡的配比、涂层量和操作条件对包膜尿素养份释放速率的影响。实验结果表明 :涂层中松香的含量及包膜量 (膜厚 )是影响包膜尿素养份释放速率的主要因素。     

腰果酚醛树脂包膜尿素的制备及缓释性能

用腰果酚醛树脂作为包膜材料制备了一系列不同膜厚的包膜尿素。并采用水浸泡溶解法、淋溶法、土壤法评价所得包膜尿素的缓释特性。结果表明,利用腰果酚醛树脂包膜后的尿素具有明显的缓释性能,包覆量为26.3%的单层包膜尿素30 min后溶解率为50%,而包覆量为82.6%的双层包膜尿素113 h后溶出率为83.16%,双层包膜尿素的缓释性能明显好于单层包膜尿素。     

Controlled degradation of cured natural rubber by encapsulated benzophenone as a photosensitizer

The photodegradation of raw natural rubber and natural rubber compound film were studied using an artificial solar energy simulator. The properties of degraded rubber sheets containing benzophenone (BP) were determined by solution viscosity, ¹H‐NMR, and FTIR analyses. In the case of rubber compounds containing BP, the changes of tensile strength and crosslinking density were determined. It was found that BP could amply accelerate the photodegradation of rubber. To control the release rate of BP, it was necessary to encapsulate BP with urea–formaldehyde as a matrix. The encapsulated BP or capsule was formed by an interfacial polycondensation reaction between formaldehyde and urea. The kinetic of release rate of BP from urea–formaldehyde capsule was markedly observed within 15 days of release time; after that the rate of BP released from urea–formaldehyde microcapsule was very slow. At the same concentration of BP, the degradation rate of rubber compound by adding BP directly was faster than that of the rubber containing encapsulated BP. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 297–305, 2003     

包醛酶淀粉吸附性能的研究

本文介绍了肠溶制剂包醛酶淀粉在尿素溶液中的吸附性能，以及溶液的浓度，ｐＨ值，吸附剂用量对吸附性能的影响。结果表明，包醛酶淀粉的吸附速度大于包醛氧淀粉，吸附容量大约是包醛氧淀粉的４倍，当溶液ｐＨ〈４时，随着ｐＨ值减小，对溶液中尿素的吸附力迅速降低。     

Controlled Release of Urea Through Mesoporous Methylcellulose Films Derived From N,N Dimethyl Formamide

The controlled release of urea through mesoporous methylcellulose (MPMC) films with varying concentration of urea (10, 20, 40, and 50 wt%) was studied. It was found that the release of urea from methyl cellulose (MC) films take place through pores as well as through bulk of the MC matrix. The release of urea through MPMC film is independent of the initial concentration of urea. The mass of diffused urea is well fitted to the transport equations. The transport of urea is pseudo-Fickian. The optical study exhibits the compactness of the MC film at the high percentage of urea.     

Low‐temperature cure high‐performance cyanate ester resins/microencapsulated catalyst systems

The encapsulated catalyst can be released under stimulation conditions to control the polymerization reaction. In this study, poly(urea‐formaldehyde) (PUF) microcapsules (MCs) filled with dibutyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) catalyst (PUF/DBTDL MCs) were applied to bisphenol A dicyanate ester (BADCy) resins to develop a novel low temperature cure high performance BADCy/MCs systems. The effect of PUF/DBTDL MCs on the reactivity of BADCy was investigated. The mechanical property, the thermal property, the water uptake, and the dielectric property of cured BADCy/MCs resin systems were discussed in detail. Results indicate that roughly varying the content of the encapsulated DBTDL can easily and safely adjust the polymerization temperature. The BADCy systems with proper content of MCs cured at low temperature show excellent mechanical property, good thermal property, low water uptake, and low dielectric property. When the content of MCs is 0.125 wt%, the cured BADCy/MCs system has the optimal integrated properties owing to the formation of more uniform crosslinked structure and high conversion of cyanate ester (? OCN) groups resulting from the slow release of DBTDL catalyst through the wall shell under heating condition. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers     

缓释化肥概况（上）

在查阅了大量有关缓释化肥文献的基础上,对缓释化肥的发展、现状及生产工艺作了回顾,对缓释化肥的分类,缓释尿素（包括涂硫尿素,大颗粒尿素,包膜尿素、添加阻溶类物质和抑制剂缓释尿素）、长效碳铵、缓释复混肥料及含农药缓释肥料的研究和生产情况作了介绍,并对我国缓释化肥的发展前景进行展望。     

聚氨酯缓/控释肥制备与膜层表征

利用多亚甲基多苯基异氰酸酯与蓖麻油在尿素表面反应成膜,制备了聚氨酯包覆的尿素缓/控释肥,通过红外光谱和扫描电镜研究了聚氨酯包覆量对膜层结构的影响,采用凯氏定氮法测定了尿素的溶出曲线。结果表明,不同包膜量聚氨酯膜层的反应程度存在差异;随着包膜量的增加,膜层的厚度增加;当聚氨酯的包覆质量分数为3.3%时,25℃下尿素的缓释期达到40～50 d;根据尿素的溶出曲线推测该缓/控释肥的释放为扩散机制。     

Prediction of Release Characteristics of Film‐Coated Urea from Structure Characterization Data of the Film

An efficient method for the prediction of the release characteristics of film‐coated urea from its film structure is proposed. A model spray‐coating apparatus was built to prepare a plane film to directly measure the film permeability coefficients by simulating the characteristics of randomness, intermittence and multiple layers of the coating, and eliminating particle collision effects. From analysis, the spray‐coated film structure can be modeled as comprising a dense structure and a defect structure. Both structures contributed to the penetration flux and the apparent permeability coefficients of the film for water and urea diffusion. The permeability coefficients of the plane films were calculated from the film structure model, and were shown to be close to the measured values.