内燃机余热驱动的储热式有机朗肯循环试验研究

为了提高尾气余热利用率并削弱热源波动对有机朗肯循环的影响,提出了一种集成相变储热换热器的有机朗肯循环（organic Rankine cycle,ORC）系统,利用相变材料削弱尾气余热波动并储存热量。搭建了内燃机尾气余热直接驱动的储热式有机朗肯循环试验台架,开展了内燃机稳态工况和阶跃变工况下储热式有机朗肯循环的热力学性能和动态性能试验研究。结果表明,内燃机稳态工况下尾气平均温度和平均流量为342℃和0.142kg/s,蒸发压力为0.75MPa条件下储热式ORC系统平均输出功率约3.43kW,平均热效率可达到12.7%,平均尾气余热回收率可达40.1%。内燃机阶跃工况下,工质出口温度、蒸发压力和过热度均呈现快速下降的趋势。试验结果还表明储热式ORC具备完全抵御发动机工况小幅波动的能力。在发动机工况阶跃变化比例过大时,储热换热器可以实现对尾气的补热,从而延长储热式ORC的安全工作时间。     

车辆废热回收有机朗肯循环系统热力性能分析

基于废热回收有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC),提出了一套同时回收车辆内燃机冷却废热和烟气废热的车辆供能系统。该系统可通过ORC热转功子系统同时回收汽油机冷却液废热和烟气废热,不仅能够满足车辆不同季节的冷/热需求,而且能够显著改善车辆的整体热功转换效率和燃料节约率。在供暖季,其在节省燃料消耗的同时,也可为车辆供暖;在非制冷供暖季,其在满足车辆所需动力条件下可显著减少燃料消耗;在制冷季,其在节省燃料消耗的同时,不需要增加额外的燃料消耗,也可为车辆空调的运行提供动力。基于天津FAW TOYOTA 8A-FE汽油机车不同工况下的废热数据,针对其构建基于ORC废热回收的车辆供能系统并开展模拟分析。结果表明:降低第一蒸发器对数平均温差跟环境温度及提高车辆速度均能提高透平的输出功率和燃料节约率,基于不同季节的典型操作工况,透平输出功率及燃料节约率的最大值可在冬季获得,最大值分别为11.0kW和17.2%。该车辆供能系统可有效地利用发动机冷却液废热与烟气废热,ORC热转功子系统的运行不受季节的影响,能够显著减少燃料的消耗,具有节能潜力。     

热源自调节有机朗肯循环发电系统热力性能分析

为提高基本ORC(有机朗肯循环)系统换热器内冷热流体换热温差匹配程度,提升系统热力性能,提出一种ORC-R(热源自调节有机朗肯循环发电)系统,基于热力学第一定律和第二定律,建立了系统的数学模型并编制计算机程序进行分析,研究表明:当热源与有机工质换热温差不匹配时,采用热源自调节方式可有效提升基本ORC系统热力性能;热源自调节系数不同,ORC-R系统热力性能提升程度不同,存在随热源温度不同而有所变化的极限调节值;同时,ORC-R系统较基本ORC系统达到性能最优值时的蒸发温度降低,ORC-R系统净输出功、火用效率随热源自调节系数增加呈现先增加后减小的变化规律,可找到热源自调节系数的最佳值使ORC-R系统热力性能达到最优;热源温度Tg=373、383、393和403 K时,ORC-R系统净输出功Wnet较基本ORC系统分别增加35.52%、42.75%、51.15%和57.63%;ORC-R系统火用效率ηex分别为基本ORC系统的0.879 9倍、1.174 9倍、1.485 8倍和1.807 8倍。     

内燃机烟气余热ORC系统热力学特性分析

本研究分析了ORC对内燃机烟气余热回收的节能潜力及关键参数影响规律。该研究采用理论模拟方法,基于某内燃机实际特性曲线,分析了负荷变化,对ICE-ORC联合循环系统整体输出功率及热效率的影响。模拟结果显示额定工况条件下,该系统方案的整体热效率较独立ICE系统提高3.3%,内燃机低负荷条件下可能出现露点温度的情况,存在腐蚀设备的隐患。上述研究表明,采用ORC对内燃机烟气余热能够进行有效回收,且节能潜力随着内燃机负载的增加而提高。     

多级气动液压泵供液的有机朗肯循环性能分析

针对有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle,ORC)中电动工质泵耗功占膨胀机输出功比例较大的问题。提出一种多级气动液压泵,该泵利用蒸发器内产生的蒸汽为动力,给ORC系统供液。以R245fa为工质,分析了气动液压泵与电动泵的ORC系统受蒸发温度的影响情况对比、不同级的气动液压泵的性能随蒸发温度的影响、ORC系统性能受泵效率的影响对比。结果表明,采用多级气动液压泵后,ORC系统的净输出功率等于膨胀机的输出功率;系统效率得到改善,且随着泵级数的增加而更为明显;泵效率随蒸发温度的升高而减小,但随泵级数的增加而提高。在蒸发温度为145℃、冷凝温度为35℃时,电动泵供液的ORC系统净输出功率为25.8 kW,系统效率为0.106,而采用4级气动液压泵的ORC系统净输出功率为33.2 kW,系统效率为0.12。     

基于AA-CAES的综合能源系统协同优化与性能分析

构建先进绝热压缩空气储能（AA-CAES）与内燃机（ICE）和有机朗肯循环（ORC）深度耦合的综合能源系统（IES-ORC-CAES）,通过改变ICE的部分负荷率、ORC的烟气占比、低温烟气温度、电制冷占比和电价低谷期的储电量,实现了系统能量根据用户负荷的动态调整。基于K-均值算法将典型年负荷聚类为典型日场景集,考虑分时电价,以经济性、环保性和能效性为目标,采用并行式的遗传算法对IES-ORC-CAES和参考系统展开优化。结果表明：不同目标下,IES-ORC-CAES系统的年化运行成本、CO₂排放量和一次能源消耗量分别比参考系统降低了10.43%、8.19%和1.80%。此外,通过协同调节ICE、ORC和AA-CAES的出力,IES-ORC-CAES系统中AA-CAES和ORC在典型日1分别承担了用户电负荷的12.26%和0.10%,对减小电网压力和增加系统供能灵活性有重要意义。     

基于BP神经网络ORC系统仿真及变工况运行预测

有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统实验是验证或获得系统性能的有效手段,为了在实验工况有限的前提下获得ORC系统最优运行工况,本文在ORC系统变工况实验研究的基础上,提出了基于BP神经网络的ORC系统性能预测方法并建立了仿真模型。预测结果表明：该模型验证最大误差为3.30%,能够预测出ORC热力性能更优的运行工况,其系统净输出功最大值1.47 kW时的运行质量流量为0.15 kg/s,热效率最大值3.71%时的运行质量流量为0.134 kg/s。     

有机朗肯循环回收直接空冷机组排气余热系统的热力性能研究

空冷机组汽机排汽热损失巨大,而有机朗肯循环是利用中低温热源的重要技术之一。提出采用有机朗肯循环回收空冷机组汽轮机排汽余热的技术方案,建立空冷机组和有机朗肯循环的物理模型,编制有机朗肯循环回收空冷机组汽轮机排汽余热技术的模拟程序,并将模拟计算结果与厂家提供的某型号有机朗肯循环机组的性能数据进行对比。以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟某典型600 MW机组为对象,探究汽机乏汽温度、环境温度、ORC机组过热度等关键参数变化对系统热力性能的影响规律。结果表明,ORC机组净出功和ORC机组热效率随着汽机乏汽温度的升高而增大,而随着环境温度和ORC机组过热度的增大而减小。     

有机朗肯循环发电系统电机选型研究及并网设计

为了便于国内企业更好地了解有机朗肯循环(ORC)发电机选型及并网技术的发展现状,本文介绍了国内外ORC发电系统市场现状和技术趋势,全面研究了ORC发电系统发电机选型和并网技术,列举和分析了ORC发电系统发电机主要型式和优缺点,最后,结合ORC发电系统发电机参数和空负荷试验站现有配电设施,设计了电励磁同步发电机并网方案。     

浅析有机朗肯循环研究现状

有机朗肯循环(ORC)是国内外学者公认的对中低品位能源回收的有效技术,能很好地缓解人类与能源之间的矛盾。有机朗肯循环主要由蒸发器、膨胀机、发电机、冷凝器、工质泵组成。研究者从各个方面对如何提高有机朗肯循环系统的效率进行研究。在对工质的研究中主要包括纯工质和混合工质,其中纯工质主要是研究其与热源匹配问题,而混合工质主要是对混合比的探究以及窄点温差的研究。在有机朗肯循环系统中,板式蒸发器是最理想的蒸发器。新型冷凝器可以获得更好的冷却效果和经济性。工质泵的腐蚀导致流量减少是研究重点,通过增加前置泵或选用往复泵都能有效改善这一问题。膨胀机是系统的关键部件,涡旋式膨胀机的特点使其最适合于小型ORC系统,而螺杆式膨胀机是目前最成熟的膨胀机。目前对有机朗肯循环系统的研究还存在着许多问题,如研究大多都是偏理论的,具体的实验研究太少;对单一部件单一目标的研究过多,对整个系统的研究相对较少。     

Heat exchanger network design of an organic Rankine cycle integrated waste heat recovery system of a marine vessel using pinch point analysis

The coexistence of different kinds of waste heat sources on marine vessels with various temperature ranges increases the need for an optimal heat exchanger network (HEN) design for the heat collection process to reduce the unutilizable heat that needs to be discharged to overboard. The optimal HEN design has not been taken into consideration by using pinch point analysis in previous studies of marine organic Rankine cycle (ORC) systems that utilize from different kinds of waste heat sources. The objective of the study is to determine the optimal HEN design for an ORC integrated waste heat recovery system of a marine vessel by utilizing the pinch point analysis to improve the overall energy efficiency. Lubricating oil, high-temperature cooling water and scavenge air of the main engine, and the exhaust gas emitted from the boiler plant were identified as the major waste heat sources of a reference container ship. A heat collection stream, in which thermal oil is used as the heat transfer fluid that transfers the collected heat to an ORC system, was proposed. The pinch point analysis showed that the optimum waste heat recovery could be gained by separating the scavenge air cooler into three stages and the lubricating oil cooler into two stages. The results of the parametric study for the varying evaporator inlet pressure between 1000 and 3000 kPa showed that R1234ze(Z) yields the best performance among nine different organic working fluids with the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of 15.24% and 86.47% for the ORC system, respectively. For the proposed configuration, the unavailable waste heat that cannot be transferred to thermal oil was found as 23.71%, 16.56%, 13.17%, and 7.81% of the total waste heat produced by the heat sources, and also 8.24%, 9.80%, 11.55%, and 12.93% of the net power output produced by the main engine can be recovered for 25%, 50%, 76%, and 100% maximum continuous rating (MCR), respectively.     

Thermodynamic analysis of an SOFC–GT–ORC integrated power system with liquefied natural gas as heat sink

To recover the waste heat from solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and improve the overall electrical efficiency, a new integrated power system driven by SOFC is proposed to achieve the cascade energy utilization. This system integrates an SOFC–GT system with an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) using liquefied natural gas (LNG) as heat sink to recover the cryogenic energy of LNG. Based on the mathematical model, a parametric analysis is conducted to examine the effects of some key thermodynamic parameters on the system performance. The results indicate that the overall electrical efficiency of 67% can be easily achieved for the current system, which can be further improved with parametric optimization. An increase in fuel flow rate of SOFC can raise the net power output, but it has a negative effect on SOFC and overall electrical efficiency. The compressor pressure ratio contributes to an increase in SOFC and overall electrical efficiency, which are contrary to the effects of air flow rate and steam-to-carbon ratio. Under the given conditions, compared with the Kalina sub-system, the ORC sub-system produces 12.6% more power output by utilizing the cryogenic energy of LNG with simple configuration.     

柴油机废热利用的ORC系统特性研究

以柴油发动机缸套水和尾气废热为热源,设计开发了有机郎肯循环ORC的热力循环系统及发电装置。在该系统中,采用R245fa作为循环工质,以板式蒸发器和冷凝器作为工质相变的换热元件,机械能与电能转化。ORC系统测试结果表明,在ORC系统和发动机长时间稳定运行,稳定发电量14.4kW,发电效率7.2%;净发电量12.45kW,净发电效率6.25%。在保持发动机稳定运行和冷却水全部进行大循环的前提下,发动机出水温度降低,有利于总发电量和净发电量的提升。     

Heat pump enhanced gas turbine cogeneration

A significant fraction of the gaseous fuel supplied to industry will be used in medium- and small-size cogeneration plants. In this paper, a gas turbine and a gas engine of about 800 kW power output are compared at full and part load operation. When low-temperature heat (e.g., for space heating) is produced, the higher exhaust losses of the gas turbine yield a lower system efficiency, particularly at part load. A scheme is proposed to recover the exhaust gas energy by cooling to a temperature near ambient. The system features a heat pump to raise the recovered heat temperature to a usable level and an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) engine to drive the heat pump. The ORC engine uses the high-temperature fraction of the heat recovered from the exhaust. The data for the ORC engine are derived from an actual experimental engine. The performance is calculated for the system at full load.     

跨临界-亚临界复叠式有机朗肯循环性能分析

热源温度高于473.15 K时,复叠式有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)可避免高温下工质热分解、膨胀比过大等缺点,相对单级ORC更具优势.跨临界循环相较常规亚临界具有更高的吸热压力及更好的热源匹配性,其与复叠式ORC耦合有望获得更优的热力性能.因此,构建了跨临界-亚临界复叠式ORC(TS...     

Analysis of exhaust waste heat recovery from a dual fuel low temperature combustion engine using an Organic Rankine Cycle

This paper examines the exhaust waste heat recovery potential of a high-efficiency, low-emissions dual fuel low temperature combustion engine using an Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC). Potential improvements in fuel conversion efficiency (FCE) and specific emissions (NO_x and CO₂) with hot exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and ORC turbocompounding were quantified over a range of injection timings and engine loads. With hot EGR and ORC turbocompounding, FCE improved by an average of 7 percentage points for all injection timings and loads while NO_x and CO₂ emissions recorded an 18 percent (average) decrease. From pinch-point analysis of the ORC evaporator, ORC heat exchanger effectiveness (?), percent EGR, and exhaust manifold pressure were identified as important design parameters. Higher pinch point temperature differences (PPTD) uniformly yielded greater exergy destruction in the ORC evaporator, irrespective of engine operating conditions. Increasing percent EGR yielded higher FCEs and stable engine operation but also increased exergy destruction in the ORC evaporator. It was observed that hot EGR can prevent water condensation in the ORC evaporator, thereby reducing corrosion potential in the exhaust piping. Higher ? values yielded lower PPTD and higher exergy efficiencies while lower ? values decreased post-evaporator exhaust temperatures below water condensation temperatures and reduced exergy efficiencies.     

Thermal and Exergy Analysis of an Organic Rankine Cycle Power Generation System with Refrigerant R245fa

Abstract

In this paper, the performance of an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) power generating system operating with refrigerant R245fa was investigated when heat source temperature was below 200?°C. It was found the system thermal efficiency increased but the exergy efficiency of the evaporator decreased with the increase of the heat source temperature. It was also obtained that the exergy efficiency of the evaporator could reach70% when the heat source temperature was 80?°C, which was high enough to prove that the transformation efficiency between the waste heat and the electricity power was ideal. In the simulation model, the area of different parts of the heat exchanger were considered to be varied, flow rate of the waste heat and working medium, the system thermal and exergy efficiency of the evaporator were respectively calculated, the different parameter change regarding the performance influences of the ORC system were simulated. The results can be considered as a reference to research on the design of ORC power generating systems and heat exchangers.     

Thermo-economic analysis and optimization of a combined Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system with LNG cold energy and waste heat recovery of dual-fuel marine engine

A combined Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) system with liquefied nature gas (LNG) cold energy and dual-fuel (DF) marine engine waste heat utilization was proposed. Engine exhaust gas and engine jacket cooling water were adopted as parallel heat sources. Thermo-economic analyses of the proposed system with 32 working fluids combinations were performed. Two objective functions covering thermal efficiencies and economic index were employed for performance evaluation. Afterward, the effects of operation pressure on the objective functions were investigated. Finally, the optimal conditions were obtained from the Pareto front with the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II) method. The results show that the proposed ORC system has better energy recovery performances than the parallel ORC system. R1150-R600a-R290, R1150-R601a-R600a, and R170-R601-R290 are determined as the three most promising working fluids combinations. Under optimized conditions, the output power range is 199.97 to 218.51 kW, the energy efficiency range is 13.64% to 15.62%, and the exergy efficiency range is 25.29% to 27.3%. The payback period ranges from 8.36 to 8.74 years. The working fluids selection helps to reduce the exergy destruction of intermediate heat exchanger, which could be up to 30.59%.     

Performance comparison and parametric optimization of subcritical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and transcritical power cycle system for low-temperature geothermal power generation

Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) is a promising technology for converting the low-grade energy to electricity. This paper presents an investigation on the parameter optimization and performance comparison of the fluids in subcritical ORC and transcritical power cycle in low-temperature (i.e. 80–100 °C) binary geothermal power system. The optimization procedure was conducted with a simulation program written in Matlab using five indicators: thermal efficiency, exergy efficiency, recovery efficiency, heat exchanger area per unit power output (APR) and the levelized energy cost (LEC). With the given heat source and heat sink conditions, performances of the working fluids were evaluated and compared under their optimized internal operation parameters. The optimum cycle design and the corresponding operation parameters were provided simultaneously. The results indicate that the choice of working fluid varies the objective function and the value of the optimized operation parameters are not all the same for different indicators. R123 in subcritical ORC system yields the highest thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of 11.1% and 54.1%, respectively. Although the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of R125 in transcritical cycle is 46.4% and 20% lower than that of R123 in subcritical ORC, it provides 20.7% larger recovery efficiency. And the LEC value is relatively low. Moreover, 22032L petroleum is saved and 74,019 kg CO₂ is reduced per year when the LEC value is used as the objective function. In conclusion, R125 in transcritical power cycle shows excellent economic and environmental performance and can maximize utilization of the geothermal. It is preferable for the low-temperature geothermal ORC system. R41 also exhibits favorable performance except for its flammability.     

Efficiency of hydrogen internal combustion engine combined with open steam Rankine cycle recovering water and waste heat

A hydrogen internal combustion engine (HICE) wastes more heat, and producing nearly three times more water than a conventional engine. This paper describes the principle behind a novel waste heat recovery sub-system that exploits the water produced by an HICE as the working fluid for an open-cycle power generation system based on the Rankine cycle. Water from the HICE exhaust is superheated by the waste heat from the HICE and used to produce power in a steam expander. A fundamental thermodynamic model shows the contribution of the sub-system to the overall thermal efficiency of the HICE at various engine speeds, with and without a condenser. The results show that the condenser is not cost-effective and that the overall thermal efficiency with the proposed sub-system is 27.2% to 33.6%, representing improvements of 2.9% to 3.7%, at engine speeds of 1500 to 4500 rpm.