Can the theory of planned behavior explain patterns of health behavior change?

This article tested the ability of the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to predict patterns of behavior change associated with health screening. Attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, and intentions were used to predict objective measures of attendance 1 month and 13 months later among participants who had never previously been screened (N?=?389). Findings showed that the TPB predicted attendance on each occasion and also predicted frequency of attendance. However, the model was unable to reliably distinguish among consistent attendees, participants who delayed attending, and participants who initially attended but relapsed. Thus, the TPB needs to be extended to understand behaviors that must be performed promptly and repeatedly for health benefits to accrue. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Marital behavior, parenting behavior, and multiple reports of preschoolers' behavior problems: Mediation or moderation?

Associations among positive and conflictual marital behavior and multiple reports of child behavior problems were examined in a community sample of 78 families with 3-year-old children. Maternal and paternal parenting behaviors were tested as potential mediators and moderators. Parents reported on child behavior problems and were observed during parent-child interaction and couple discussion in the presence of the child. Observers and preschool teachers also reported on child behavior problems. Less positive marital engagement and greater conflict were associated with observers' reports, but not with parents' or teachers' reports, of more behavior problems. Associations between marital behavior and child behavior problems were not explained by maternal or paternal behavior; stronger support was found for moderating effects of parenting. Also, positive marital engagement was a slightly better predictor of child behavior problems than was marital conflict. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Pitting corrosion behavior of Cu-P-RE weathering steels

The weathering steels are prone to pitting corrosion in an environment containing chloride ions.The pitting behavior of Cu-P-RE weathering steels and its effect on the corrosion resistance of steels were investigated by multifarious analytical techniques,such as field emission-scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),electron probe microanalysis(EPMA),scanning Kelvin probe force microscopy(SKPFM),electrochemical workstation and a series of immersion tests.The results show that the original stripshap...     

Deformation behavior and dynamic recrystallization of Mg-Y-Nd-Gd-Zr alloy

The characteristics of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) in Mg-Y-Nd-Gd-Zr-RE magnesium alloy were investigated by compres-sion tests at temperatures between 523 and 723 K and at strain rates ranging from 0.002 to 1 s–1 with maximum strain of 0.693. The strain- hardening rate can be obtained from true stress-true strain curves, plots of θ-σ, –(■θ/■σ)-σ and lnθ-σ in different compression conditions were obtained by further study. The critical condition of the onset of DRX process was determined as ((■/■σ)(-■θ/■σ))=0. In the range of the above deformation temperature and strain rate, the ratio of critical stress (σc) to peak stress (σm) and critical strain (εc) to the peak strain (εm) stood at σc/σm=0.62–0.89 and εc/εm=0.11–0.37, respectively. DRX could be observed during hot deformation process, microstructure evolution of the magnesium alloy at different temperatures and strain rates were studied with the aid of optical microscope(OM), and the average recrystal-lized grain size was measured by means of intercepts on photomicrographs. It was shown that the average dynamically recrystallized grain size (drec) changed with different deformation parameters, the natural logarithm of the average recrystallized grain size varied linearly with the natural logarithm of Zener-Hollomon parameter; the peak stress changed with the average recrystallized grain size, and the natural loga-rithm of the average recrystallized grain size varied linearly with the natural logarithm of the peak stress.     

Mechanical behavior of a fine-grained duplex γ-TiAl alloy

The mechanical behavior of a fine-grained duplex γ-TiAl alloy was studied in compression at strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 2000 s⁻¹ and temperatures from −196 °C to 1200 °C. The temperature dependence of the yield and flow stresses is found to depend on the strain rate. At strain rates of 0.001 and 0.1 s⁻¹, the yield stress decreases as the temperature increases, with a plateau between 600 °C and 800 °C. At strain rates of 35 and 2000 s⁻¹, the yield stress exhibits a positive temperature dependence at temperatures above 600 °C; however, postyield flow stresses exhibit a reduced temperature dependency. The work-hardening rate decreases dramatically with temperature at low and high temperatures, with a plateau occurring at intermediate temperatures for all strain rates. The workhardening-rate plateau is seen to extend to higher temperatures as the strain rate increases. The strain-rate sensitivity at strain rates of 0.1 s⁻¹ and greater is lower than 0.1, although it increases slightly with temperature. At 0.001 s⁻¹, the strain-rate sensitivity increases dramatically at high temperatures (equal to 4.5 at 1200 °C). The anomalous (positive) temperature dependence of the yield stress at high strain rates (>1 s⁻¹) and high temperatures (>600 °C) is explained via a dislocation-jog pinning mechanism. The negative temperature dependence of the yield stress at low strain rates (<1 s⁻¹) and high temperatures (>900 °C) is thought to be due to a thermally activated dislocation-jog climb process in the grain interiors and/or deformation and recovery processes at/near grain boundaries. The decreased anomalous temperature dependence of the flow stress at high strain rates and high temperatures is ascribed to dynamic recovery promoted by adiabatic heating.     

Mechanical behavior of a fine-grained duplex γ-TiAl alloy

The mechanical behavior of a fine-grained duplex γ-TiAl alloy was studied in compression at strain rates ranging from 0.001 to 2000 s⁻¹ and temperatures from −196°C to 1200°C. The temperature dependence of the yield and flow stresses is found to depend on the strain rate. At strain rates of 0.001 and 0.1 s⁻¹, the yield stress decreases as the temperature increases, with a plateau between 600°C and 800°C. At strain rates of 35 and 2000 s⁻¹, the yield stress exhibits a positive temperature dependence at temperatures above 600°C; however, postyield flow stresses exhibit a reduced temperature dependency. The work-hardening rate decreases dramatically with temperature at low and high temperatures, with a plateau occurring at intermediate temperatures for all strain rates. The work-hardening-rate plateau is seen to extend to higher temperatures as the strain rate increases. The strain-rate sensitivity at strain rates of 0.1 s⁻¹ and greater is lower than 0.1, although it increases slightly with temperature. At 0.001 s⁻¹, the strain-rate sensitivity increases dramatically at high temperatures (equal to 4.5 at 1200°C). The anomalous (positive) temperature dependence of the yield stress at high strain rates (>1 s⁻¹) and high temperatures (>600°C) is explained via a dislocation-jog pinning mechanism. The negative temperature dependence of the yield stress at low strain rates (<1 s⁻¹) and high temperatures (>900°C) is though to be due to a thermally activated dislocation-jog climb process in the grain interiors and/or deformation and recovery processes at/near grain boundaries. The decreased anomalous temperature dependence of the flow stress at high strain rates and high temperatures is ascribed to dynamic recovery promoted by adiabatic heating. Z. JIN, formerly Technical Staff Member, Materials Science and Technology Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory     

Effect of surface nanocrystallization on the electrochemical hydrogen evolution behavior of IF steel

Cathodic polarization curve and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in 30% NaOH solution were utilized to investigate the hydrogen evolution(HE) behavior of interstitial free(IF) steel surface nanocrystallized(SNC) via ultrasonic particulate peening(USPP).The surface morphology and grain size of the steel were analyzed by scanning electronic microscope(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD).It was found that the IF steel treated by SNC and SNC+1% rolling got reductions of 200 mV and 300 mV in HE over-potentials,respectively.Their real surface areas are enlarged by about 20 times and the hydrogen evolution reaction activation free energies are about 50% of the original IF steels's activation free energy.     

The effect of impact damage on the room-temperature fatigue behavior of γ-TiAl

The relationship between impact damage and the fatigue behavior of γ-TiAl has been examined. Axial fatigue specimens fabricated from cast Ti-47.9Al-2.0Cr-1.9Nb (to be referred to as 48-2-2) and Ti-47.3Al-2.2Nb-0.5Mn-0.4W-0.4Mo-0.23Si (to be referred to as WMS) alloys were damaged by impact under controlled conditions with a 60 deg wedge-shaped indenter to simulate assembly-related damage in low-pressure turbine blades. The level of damage produced was quantified and found to correlate well with the peak load of the impact event. The WMS alloy exhibited a greater resistance to impact damage due to its higher yield strength and lamellar microstructure. A measure of the ambient-temperature fatigue failure stress in the alloys was obtained by standard fatigue testing employing a step-loading approach. The failure stress of the WMS alloy was greater than that of the 48-2-2 alloy in the undamaged state. The relationship between impact damage and failure stress was examined using a threshold-based approach. These studies indicate that, for damage levels below a transitional flaw size, the failure stress is near that for undamaged specimens. At damage levels greater than the transitional flaw size, the failure stress can be adequately approximated using the threshold stress-intensity range (ΔK _TH ) from long-crack growth testing. Fractographic studies were performed to investigate impact damage and crack-advance mechanisms, which match those observed in other alloys tested at room temperature.     

Relationship between preschool teachers’ reports of children’s behavior and their behavior toward those children.

The relationships between preschool children and their teachers are an important component of the quality of the preschool experience. This study used attribution theory as a framework to better understand these relationships, examining the connection between teachers’ perceptions of children’s behavior and teachers’ behavior toward those children. One hundred seven preschool children and 24 preschool teachers participated in this study. Two teachers reported on each child’s behavior using the Teacher Report Form of the Child Behavior Checklist. Commands and praise directed toward children by the teachers in the study were coded from classroom videotapes. Teachers gave more commands to children that they perceived as having greater general behavior problems, even after controlling for the shared variance in the other classroom teacher’s report of the child’s behavior. Implications for school psychologists, teachers, and researchers are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Are individuals' reputations related to their history of behavior?

[Correction Notice: An erratum for this article was reported in Vol 98(1) of Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (see record 2009-24670-012). Coefficient alpha reliabilities for the social connectedness variable were reported as .97 and .78 in Studies 2 and 3, respectively. Instead, they should have been reported as intraclass correlations (ICC) of .87 and .74, respectively. In the original reliability analyses, the authors included self-ratings of social connectedness and thus omitted participants from the analysis who did not provide a self-rating. Similarly, the authors included self-ratings when assessing the reliability of social connectedness in an unreported classroom sample (n=36) that was collected at the same time as the data reported in Study 2. In that unreported sample, they originally obtained a coefficient that was far below satisfactory levels, leading them to exclude that data set. However, after taking out the self-ratings in that unreported sample, the ICC was .82. The erratum summarizes the correlations reported in Study 2 for the unreported and included data sets combined.] Functional theories of reputation imply that individuals' reputations are tied to their history of behavior. However, indirect evidence suggests that the relation between reputation and behavior might be tenuous at best. In 3 studies, the authors tracked the development of reputations among individuals who engaged in multiple negotiation tasks across several weeks. The authors found that on average, individuals' reputations were only mildly related to their history of behavior. However, the link between reputation and behavior was stronger for some individuals than others--specifically, for individuals who were more well-known and received more social attention in the community. In contrast, for less well-known individuals, their behavior had little impact on their reputation. The findings have implications for psychologists' understanding of reputations, person perceptions in larger groups, and the costs and benefits of social visibility. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of temperature on tensile properties and deformation behavior of GH4586A superalloy

With the rapid development of the aero-spaceindustry, the more excellent properties of the superal-loy used for turbine disk are required. GH4586 alloyis a new precipitation hardening Ni-base wrought su-peralloy which is developed independently in Chi-na[1,2]. GH4586 alloy has improved impact toughnessat RT(room temperature), high temperature stressrupture and creep properties with higher cleanlinessand it has already been applied on the turbine disk ofrocket with 120 Thigh driving force suc…     

The role of ethnicity in observers’ ratings of mother–child behavior.

This study examined the role of ethnicity in untrained observers’ ratings of videotaped mother–child interactions. Participants were Black, White, and Latino undergraduates (N = 109), who rated videotapes of 4 Black, 4 White, and 4 Latino mother–child dyads. Overall, participants of different ethnicities showed more similarities than differences in their ratings of parent–child behavior. There was, however, evidence that participant ethnicity and parent–child ethnicity interacted for ratings of child defiance/negative emotion. Black and White participants differed in their ratings of Black and White children’s defiance/negative emotion, with members of each ethnic group favoring children of their own ethnic group. Intergroup contact appeared to play a role in ratings of parent behavior among Black observers. Black observers who reported low intergroup contact tended to rate Black mothers high on strictness and low on permissiveness. More research is needed to better understand the role of ethnicity in observers’ ratings of parent and child behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effect of hydrogen on the crystallization behavior of amorphous PdSi alloys

Differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry and Optical metallography were used to study the effect of hydrogen atmosphere and surface treatment on the crystallization process in PdSi metallic glasses. In Pd₈₀Si₂₀ metallic glasses, the surface treatment by mechanical polishing with 1200 SiC induces surface crystallization in which preferred nucleation at the surface occurs, while homogenous crystallization occurs in as-quenched samples without surface grinding. In amorphous Pd₈₅Si₁₅, the crystallization occurs simultaneously from the sample surface and in the bulk. Surface treatment by mechanical polishing does not change the crystallization morphology. These results were not affected by the atmosphere of argon or hydrogen. It is shown that the surface crystallization, which is dominant in the initial stages of the transformation, is revealed by the low temperature shoulder of the main peak of crystallization in a DSC trace. The process of crystallization of amorphous Pd₈₀Si₂₀ and Pd₈₅Si₁₅ is found to be impeded by absorbed hydrogen, this having been measured by the increase of both crystallization temperature and activation energy for crystallization process in a hydrogen environment. Such crystallization behavior can be explained by assuming that hydrogen reduces the free volume available for rearrangements of host atoms of the metallic glasses.     

The cyclic stress-strain behavior of nickel-base superalloys—I. Polycrystals

The cyclic stress-strain behavior of a wrought, nickel-base superalloy has been investigated at ambient temperature and 843°C with a constant cyclic ramp rate of 10⁻²/s. At ambient temperature, the derived cyclic stress-strain curve exhibits three stage behavior, as has been reported under similar conditions for f.c.c. metals. At elevated temperature, the curve is reduced to a power law function with no indication of three stage behavior. The dislocation substructure produced in the intermediate strain range region consists, at both temperatures, of strong persistent slip bands shearing the strengthening γ′ precipitates in the grain interiors and dense dislocation tangles necessitated by near grain boundary strain accommodation. The shapes of the cyclic stress-strain curves are shown to be consistent with the observed dislocation substructures. The cyclic hardening response and details of hysteresis loop shapes were found to be substantially unchanged with temperature.     

High temperature creep behavior of metal matrix AluminumSiC composites

The tensile creep behavior of AlSiC metal matrix composites has been investigated and analyzed over the temperature range from 230 to 525°C. It is shown that plastic flow in these materials is lattice-diffusion controlled dislocation creep in the aluminum matrix. All data on AlSiC have been assessed by a creep relation developed for creep of metals at constant structure with the added contribution of a threshold stress. The threshold stress for creep in AlSiC composites is not a thermally-activated process and is shown to have a linear dependence with temperature becoming zero at 470°C. The threshold stress is higher for the whisker composites than for the particulate composites. The origin of the threshold stress is not well understood and cannot be explained by contemporary dislocation models involving dislocation bowing or unpinning around particles sites. The observed interparticle-interwhisker spacing is shown to influence the creep rate in the same way as observed for mechanical alloyed (MA) Al base materials.     

When does self-esteem relate to deviant behavior? The role of contingencies of self-worth.

Researchers have assumed that low self-esteem predicts deviance, but empirical results have been mixed. This article draws upon recent theoretical developments regarding contingencies of self-worth to clarify the self-esteem/deviance relation. It was predicted that self-esteem level would relate to deviance only when self-esteem was not contingent on workplace performance. In this manner, contingent self-esteem is a boundary condition for self-consistency/behavioral plasticity theory predictions. Using multisource data collected from 123 employees over 6 months, the authors examined the interaction between level (high/low) and type (contingent/noncontingent) of self-esteem in predicting workplace deviance. Results support the hypothesized moderating effects of contingent self-esteem; implications for self-esteem theories are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)