Plumbosolvency Control in Soft Waters

Experience of plumbosolvency control in the soft waters of north-west England is presented, and expectations for complying with the new lead standards are indicated. The influence of natural organic matter on the solubility of lead is highlighted - in particular its importance in the setting of target pH values in phosphated waters. An analysis of a large quantity of regulatory lead-compliance data confirms the benefit of the introduction of phosphate. At a distribution zone level, the impact and benefit of a change in plumbosolvency conditions on regulatory data are demonstrated using a non-parametric statistical technique. To assist in the operational management of plumbosolvency conditions, a number of performance metrics have been developed; these quantify (in a simple way), the quantity, variability and delivery of phosphate, and pH. The expected benefit from plumbosolvency control has been assessed in several ways, indicating that reasonable compliance against 25 μg/l might be achievable, but against 10 μg/l this is more questionable.     

Plumbosolvency Effects and Control in Hard Waters

A laboratory lead-pipe rig has been used to support Anglian Water's successful orthophosphate dosing programme to reduce plumbosolvency. The hard waters in the region generally fall into low or high plumbosolvency categories according to the types of crystalline deposit formed. To improve the cost-effectiveness of plumbosolvency control, the effects of temperature, phosphate doses, blending and alternation of these waters were investigated.
Initial phosphate concentrations must be above 0.6 mg P/l (as phosphorus) to establish plumbosolvency control. Subsequently, phosphate doses may be reduced, provided that dosing is continuous and sufficient phosphate reaches the extremities of the distribution system. When high and low plumbosolvency waters are blended before distribution, both (or the mixture) must be phosphate dosed. However, where waters alternate in distribution, laboratory studies have shown that low plumbosolvency deposits are more stable, resulting in low lead concentrations. The high plumbsolvency of some hard waters may be due to the presence of low concentrations of humic substances.     

浅谈城市记忆对城市更新建设的引导与控制

长期以来我们一直强调要保护城市历史文化建筑,而城市的发展又必然需要拆除历史建筑,创造新建筑,而新建筑又终将成为历史。发展和保护在多数人眼中是一个矛盾的问题。当紫禁城被作为博物馆展览时,其实作为一个宫殿建筑,它已经死亡了,只不过是一个标本而已。一个城市中建筑的记忆是短暂的,而空间结构则是一个城市所独有的长期记忆。     

The Propensity of Lit Cigarettes to Ignite Gasoline Vapors

Fire investigators regularly evaluate available fuels and potential ignition sources to determine the cause of a fire. This work examined the propensity of lit cigarettes to ignite gasoline vapors, expanding on previous work to include a large number of trials and a wide range of test conditions. Experiments were conducted exposing lit cigarettes, both at idle and under draw, to gasoline vapors in various configurations including pools/pans of gasoline, gasoline on textile substrates (clothing), and sprays of gasoline. Five major brands of commercially-manufactured tobacco cigarettes were tested. The experiments conducted for this study consisted of 70 distinct tests involving a total of 723 cigarettes and over 4,500 instances of exposure of a lit cigarette to ignitable concentrations of gasoline vapor in air. There were no instances of the ignition of gasoline vapors from the exposure of those vapors to a lit tobacco cigarette during any of the experiments.     

The Propensity of Wooden Crevices to Smoldering Ignition by Firebrands

Fire Technology - Fires occurring at the wildland-urban interface (WUI) have rapidly increased in frequency and severity over the past few decades. As a result of these extreme fires, multiple...     

认知特性在导视标识设计中的应用

导视标识作为导视系统中的一部分,虽然只是单一的视觉元素,但是其直观、易懂、形象的特点使其成为导视系统中非常重要的一部分。它在指引用户行动方向,与用户交流沟通的同时不仅要营造文化、塑造风格,同时更应注重用户使用的人性化。本文从用户认知特性出发,探讨用户在使用导视标识过程中认知心理的作用与影响,从用户角度改进导视标识设计,达到以人为本的目的。     

GPS测量在铁路施工控制网中的应用

本文主要从铁路施工控制网中的 GPS 测量种类和方式进行阐述,其中包括了 GPS 系统的基本组成、定位原理和施工注意事项等诸多方面的内容,并根据实际施工中的各项测量指标对施工方案进行改良,以期达到更好的铁路施工效果。     

市政工程施工阶段工程计量的控制

介绍市政工程施工阶段在单价合同条件，监理工程师进行工程计量的要求条件，依据和范围，计量程序及计量管理。     

浅谈建筑工程的竣工测量的质量控制

伴随国民经济发展,城市中随处可见高楼大厦的身影。城市管理规范日益完善,对建筑工程质量验收工作提出了更高的要求。本文对竣工测量进行了概述,分析了建筑工程的竣工测量的质量控制依据,探讨了具体竣工测量的质量控制方法。     

浅谈建筑工程的竣工测量的质量控制

伴随国民经济发展,城市中随处可见高楼大厦的身影。城市管理规范日益完善,对建筑工程质量验收工作提出了更高的要求。本文对竣工测量进行了概述,分析了建筑工程的竣工测量的质量控制依据,探讨了具体竣工测量的质量控制方法。     

楼宇设备自动化系统的安装与调试方法

文章从工程实施的角度提出了智能建筑中楼宇设备自动化系统主要设备的安装要点与注意事项，概述了系统主要设备的调试要点，论述了系统联合调试时必须的调试步骤。     

柏林建筑导读

目录:.莱布尼兹柱廊2路德维希·埃尔哈德大厦/柏林工商业质量标准委员会3梅塞德斯世界4国家内务部大楼S联邦之蛇(政府雇员住宅)6联邦共和国总统办公楼7北欧大使馆8基督教民主联盟联邦办公楼,墨西哥大使馆10不来梅地方代办处11冈RV岁地方代办处12储蓄银行13印度大使馆14名画陈列馆15联邦官员公署16交通部17联邦记者招待中心18尸au卜L6匕e一大厦19回a二一Esabet卜匕。de二一大厦20国会大厦21德国电视一台工作室22法国大使馆23德累斯顿银行24居住及办公楼25德意志银行26[侧enko二。27商务中心28莱比锡广场一4号2,De一匕rock大厦30索尼中心引…     

上海建筑导读

目录:.松江方塔园何陋轩2上海大学3上海松江区图书馆及青少年活动中心4上海光明乳业集团办公楼5上海世界贸易商城6阂行开发区生态园接待中心7上海体育场8上海图书馆,上海三千院餐厅10静安寺广场!l恒隆广场12上海商城13铁路上海站站屋改造14上海电视台大厦15仙乐斯广场16明天广场17香港新世界大厦18上海大剧院19上海新天地广场20上海博物馆21上海银晨数码大厦22久事大厦23东方明珠电视塔24上海正大商业广场25金茂大厦26上海证券大厦27上海信息大楼28上海交银金融大厦”上海浦东国际金融大厦30上海工商银行大厦31同济大学建筑城规学院教学楼扩…     

台湾优秀建筑导览

故宫晶华餐饮服务中心 建筑师:姚仁喜 地点:台湾台北 项目功能:餐厅 建筑面积:4993m2 设计/完成:2004/2008     

A Planner's Guide to the Internet

The Internet is a global computer network, made up of thousands of smaller networks, that links over a million computers located around the world. It represents a vast resource that has been underutilized by planners. Internet provides a number of tools that enable users to communicate, send and receive files, and share data and other computing resources. In this paper we describe the Internet, explain how to make use of some of its more popular tools and applications, and identify a number of planning-related resources in an effort to promote its use.     

重庆歌乐山隧道控制测量

本文详细介绍歌乐山隧道洞内外控制测量方法 :洞外采用GPS静态定位技术结合附合导线检测手段 ;洞内采用多期观测整体平差方法 ,计算简单 ,方便 ,尤其适应于长大直线隧道 ,省时省力 ,提高工效。能有效提高洞内控制测量成果的精度 ,为长大隧道的控制测量提供了可借鉴的经验。     

像控点快速测量技术在地理国情普查中的应用研究

以改进的SIFT算子为基础理论,设计了像控点快速预选程序,并将航测外业数字化测量系统、常规移动终端和像控点预选程序相结合,实现了像控点的快速布设、快速定位和实时导航,改进并完善了像控点快速测量技术体系。在重庆市地理国情普查正射影像生产中,验证了本文方法的有效性和实用性,并为常规航摄生产提供一定的借鉴作用。     

GPS在城市控制测量应用中的几点体会

文章以阜阳市G PS控制网改造为例,从G PS网的构成、观测、数据处理、精度评定等方面加以论述,对G PS在城市控制测量中的优越性与实用性等问题作了相关探讨。     

浅析GPS测量中的误差及精度控制研究

由于各种条件的制约,GPS测量存在误差的现象非常普遍。本文对 GPS 误差测量方面进行了分析与研究。从误差发生原因着手,对降低 GPS 误差所采取的措施与方法进行了阐述。