滩地植被下复式河槽水流特性试验研究

通过水槽试验探讨了不同植株参数情况下滩地植物对复式河槽流速分布的影响,结果表明：①在缓流和紊流充分发展时,植物产生的阻力与植株参数、水流参数有关;②滩地种树后主槽流速分布复杂,以植物高度为界上下流速分布明显不同,滩区流速总体上服从S形分布;③滩地种植植物后,相对紊动强度曲线出现拐点,其位置与植物高度和柔性有关,整体趋近S形分布。     

复式河槽漫滩水流流速分布二维解析解

通过水深平均纵向与横向流速的乘积(UV)d和垂线平均流速的平方Ud2获得了二次流项系数K的横向分布;根据(UV)d和Ud2在各区域内的关系,引入常系数a和b来表征二次流,进而给出了新的垂线平均流速二维解析解.该解析解表明,b只出现在水深线性变化区域的解析式中.分析发现,a的符号代表各区域内二次流的旋转方向,二次流强度则由a和b的取值共同决定;各区选定合适的a值可以得到较好的计算结果,b值对流速分布的影响主要在主槽区和主槽边坡区.采用英国FCF不同系列试验资料对计算模型进行验证,结果表明,计算值与实测值吻合较好.同时,比较了a和b在不同断面形态的复式河槽中的取值,并就其变化规律进行了分析.     

不同密度滩地植被作用下的复式河槽水流特性

利用刚性竹签模拟非淹没滩地植被,在非对称复式河槽中进行了不同滩地植被密度作用下的水流特性系列试验。结果表明:主槽中心流速符合对数分布,滩地中心流速沿垂向垂直向上分布;主槽和滩地中心垂线平均流速受植被密度影响,垂线平均流速增长率与植被密度呈线性关系;主槽中心横向和纵向的紊动强度均呈S形分布,滩地中心处3个方向的紊动强度均不呈S形分布。     

有植被的河道水流紊动特性模型试验研究

通过物理模型试验,研究了有植被的河道水流紊动特性.试验结果表明,在复式断面河道滩地种植柔性植被后,滩地糙率增大,水流紊动更为剧烈,河道水流紊动强度峰值由原先的滩槽交界区转移到滩地区.滩地的水流紊动强度沿程递减;滩槽交界区的水流紊动强度沿程不断增大;主槽的水流紊动强度主要与床面糙率有关,滩地植被影响了滩地水流的归槽时间,使主槽水流流速沿程增大.     

浑水紊动强度的探讨

本文根据动量交换理论建立了浑水紊动的数学模型。此模型考虑了含沙量，流速梯度和利查逊数对浑水紊动强度的影响，而且与前人结果相比更接近于试验资料。     

复式河道漫滩水流计算方法研究

对复式顺直河道和复式游荡型河道中漫滩洪水的计算方法进行了研究.其中，对复式顺直河道，从Shiono-Knight方法出发，将二次流项归并入雷诺切应力项，并将主槽和滩地的流速分布曲线直接相接，推导出一套不需联立求解系数方程组的漫滩水流流速和床面切应力分布的计算公式以及床面平均切应力的解析计算公式；对复式游荡型河道，建立了一种新的上层水流计算方法.文中的计算结果与前人的实验资料基本一致，初步表明文中的方法是合理的.     

复式河道漫滩水流计算

漫滩常常出现在天然河流中，特别是冲积平原地区。漫滩水流有着不同于一般明渠水流的特征，所以，复式河道漫滩水流的研究对洪水预报、河床演变有着重要的实际意义。本文采用计算复式河道漫滩水流的动量交换法和常规方法对金马河复式河床给定水位下的断面过流流量进行计算，为金马河洪水预报提供数据参考。     

植被群落之间水流紊动强度垂向分布规律探讨

以生态特征参数不同的植被群落为研究对象,在室内水槽中种植灌木、芦苇和灌木-草本植被混合群落,利用多普勒流速仪沿程测量各测点瞬时流速,基于河流动力学和紊流力学理论,将水流紊动强度表达为植被直径、水流绕流阻力因数、植被直径梯度和水流绕流阻力因数梯度的函数,比较不同类型植被群落之间水流紊动强度垂向分布规律的差异。结果表明,灌木完全淹没时,紊动强度在垂向上最大值位于灌木冠层顶端区域,极小值位于茎杆向冠层过渡区域。植被群落水流紊动强度垂向分布曲线上存在三个拐点,即茎杆向冠层过渡处、植被偏转点和植被冠层顶端。     

漫滩高含沙水流滩槽水沙交换的形式与作用

本文根据游荡型河段概化模型的试验成果，分析了漫滩高含沙水流滩、槽间水沙交换的主要形式，论述了滩、槽间泥沙同时进行质（粒配）与量（含沙浓度）的交换过程，指出了这种交换的单向性，认为正是由于滩、槽水沙的交换，滩地才不断淤高，滩唇得以形成，高含沙洪水期间才会出现水位异常升高的现象，以及高含沙水流才能沿程调整变化。     

漫滩水流流速垂线分布规律的研究

根据顺直河道漫滩水流的运动特点，将复式河道的横断面分为主槽平衡区，滩槽交互区，滩地平衡区及边壁区等４个区，在此基础上，结合水槽试验资料，分析得出漫滩水流各区的流速垂线分布规律，并对现有的对数流速公式进行了修正。     

Numerical investigation of flow through vegetated multi-stage compound channel

This paper addresses the problem of the renormalization group k turbulence modeling of a vegetated multi-stage compound channel. Results from Micro acoustic Doppler velocimeter（ADV） tests are used with time and spatial averaging（doubleaveraging method） in the analysis of the flow field and the characterization. Comparisons of the mean velocity, the Reynolds stress, and the turbulent energy distribution show the validity of the computational method. The mean velocity profile sees an obvious deceleration in the terraces because of vegetation. Secondary flow exists mainly at the junction of the main channel and the vegetation region on the first terrace. The bed shear stress in the main channel is much greater than that in the terraces. The difference of the bed shear stress between two terraces is insignificant, and the presence of vegetation can effectively reduce the bed shear stress.     

The characteristics of secondary flows in compound channels with vegetated floodplains

The experiments were conducted in compound channels with vegetated floodplains for investigating the influence of vegetation types on the characteristics of secondary flows. In terms of the streamwise and transverse velocities and the depth-averaged velocity, the secondary flow coefficient, M , is proposed, with good physical meanings, and it may characterize the rotational direction and the intensity of the secondary currents. The experimental results show that, for the cases without vegetation and with grass, the rotational directions of the secondary flows are all anticlockwise while for the cases with shrubs, they are all changed to the clockwise direction in the whole cross-section. However, when trees are planted, the secondary flows rotate in the anticlockwise direction in the main channel and in the clockwise direction on the floodplain. In addition, for all cases, the intensities of the secondary currents on the floodplain are stronger than those in the main channel.     

复式河槽漫滩水流的三维数值计算

采用紊流模型中的雷诺应力模型(RSM)对非对称复式河槽水流的三维紊流进行了数值模拟。数值模拟计算结果与试验结果的比较表明RSM能够很好地模拟滩槽交互区内的二次流、主流速分布和床面剪切力,此模型模拟复式河槽是可靠的。最后用RSM模拟了对称复式河槽在不同水深下的流速场及床面剪切力分布,得出当水深增加时,滩槽交互区二次流动纵向涡增强,而浅滩主流速及床面剪切力迅速增大的结论。     

黄河下游复式河道滩槽分流特征研究

采用实测资料分析和理论探讨相结合的方法,研究了黄河下游复式河道滩槽分流特征及其主要影响因素。研究结果表明:1986年后,河道萎缩,相同洪水流量下,主槽分流比有所减小,滩地分流比有所增大;1999年后,小浪底水库蓄水拦沙运用,下游河道持续冲刷,主槽过流能力有所恢复,主槽分流比必然有所增大。运用回归分析方法,建立了黄河下游复式河道滩槽分流比与滩槽过水宽度比、过水深度比、过水面积比、流速比、糙率比和主槽宽深比的单因素响应关系和多因素综合关系,在此基础上提出,定量方面,可运用多因素综合关系式依据未来滩槽6项单因素大小对黄河下游复式河道滩槽分流比进行预测;定性方面,在黄河下游滩槽治理过程中,应注意维持主槽一定的平滩流量和较为窄深的断面形态;注意给滩地留出一定的行洪宽度,在必要的行洪宽度内,尽量减少人类活动对滩地的影响,保持滩地畅通的过水通道,保证滩地相应的过洪能力,减轻河道行洪压力,从而达到确保全断面行洪安全的目的。     

Investigating the turbulent flow characteristics in an open channel with staggered vegetation patches

In the present study, flow around circular and staggered vegetation patches was investigated numerically. For turbulence modelling, the Reynolds‐averaged Navier–Stokes technique and Reynolds stress model were adopted. The numerical model was validated with the experimental data using varying vegetation density and flow velocities. The simulated results of mean stream‐wise velocities were in close agreement with the experimental results. The results show that the mean stream‐wise velocity in the downstream regions of vegetation patches were reduced, whereas the velocity in the free stream regions were increased. The influence of neighbouring and staggered vegetation patches on the flow was observed. The vegetation patches with larger nondimensional flow blockage (aD = 2.3, where a is the frontal area per volume of patches, and D is the diameter of vegetation patches) offered more turbulence when compared to the patches with a smaller flow blockage (aD = 1.2). Larger turbulence in the form of kinetic energy and turbulent intensity was recorded within the vegetation as well as the regions directly behind the patches. Negative Reynolds stresses were observed at the top of submerged vegetation. The turbulence characteristics peaked at the top of vegetation, that is, z/h = 1.0 (where z is the flow depth, and h is the vegetation height), which may be migrated vertically as the frontal area of the vegetation patch is increased. This high frontal area also increased stream‐wise velocity above the vegetation, leading to an increased variation in turbulence around the vegetation canopy.     

有植被河道的水力特性研究

利用三维超声波多普勒流速仪(ADV)量测有植被时水槽不同测点位置的瞬时流场。分析了测点位置和水深与植被高度比对时均流速分布的影响。试验结果表明植被层上下水流结构复杂,柔性植被的存在使垂线流速降低,所测得的流速分布在植被层顶部附近呈现“<”形状,在植被区域内部流速分布近似为“3”形。分析了植被区水流紊动强度和雷诺应力的垂线分布情况。水流紊动强度和雷诺应力在植被区域的上层相对较大,说明在该处发生着剧烈的质量和动量交换以及很强的剪切作用。     

含植物河道水动力特性研究进展

水生植物群落是河流生态系统的重要组成部分,利用天然植被护坡固土、净化水质、改善河流生态环境已成为河流生态修复的重要措施。本文从水生植物影响下的河道水流阻力特性及水流结构两方面,总结了国内外对含植物河道水动力特性的研究进展,并对该领域的未来研究方向提出了展望。     

Analysis of flow around impermeable groynes on one side of symmetrical compound channel:An experimental study

This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the influences of floodplain impermeable groynes on flow structure,velocity,and water depth around the groyne(s).A wooden symmetrical compound channel was used.Groyne models with three different groyne relative lengths,0.5,0.75,and 1.0,were used on one floodplain with single and series arrangements.Analysis of the experimental results using the measured flow velocity and water depth values showed that flow structure,velocity,and water depth mainly depend on groyne relative length and the relative distance between series groynes.The flow velocity at the main channel eenterline increased by about 40%,60%,and 85%,and in other parts on the horizontal plane at the floodplain mid-water depth by about 75%,125%,and 175% of its original value in cases of one-side floodplain groyne(s)with relative lengths of 0.5,0.75,and 1.0,respectively.The effective distance between two groynes in series arrangement ranges from 3 to 4 times the groyne length.Using an impermeable groyne with a large relative length in river floodplains increases the generation of eddy and roller zones downstream of the groyne,leading to more scouring and deposition.To avoid that,the groyne relative length must be kept below half the floodplain width.