燃煤增压流化床氧化亚氮排放特性的试验研究

在小型增压流化床内研究增压流化床内Ｎ２Ｏ和Ｎ煌排放特性，研究运行条件对Ｎ２Ｏ和ＮＯ排放量的影响，包括压力、氧浓度以及床层温度对Ｎ２Ｏ和Ｎ排放量的影响。结果表明，在增压燃烧的条件下，随着床温的增加Ｎ２Ｏ的排放量减少得很快，而床温对Ｎ煌排放影响很小，这一结果与常压下的结果不同；随着氧浓度的增加，Ｎ２Ｏ和Ｎ煌排放量均增加，但Ｎ２Ｏ增幅不如ＮＯ强，ＮＯ的排放量随着压力的增高有明显的降低，在氧浓度较低的条件     

O_2/N_2、O_2/CO_2和O_2/CO_2/NO气氛下煤粉燃烧NO_x排放特性

利用滴管炉研究了O2/N2、O2/CO2和O2/CO2/NO气氛下煤燃烧过程中NOx的排放特性。实验结果表明,在O2/N2和O2/CO2气氛下,高温或高O2浓度均使NO排放量增加。O2/CO2气氛下NO排放量比O2/N2气氛下NO排放量低大约30%~40%。在O2/CO2/NO气氛下,温度不同时,O2浓度变化对NO排放量的影响规律不同,对循环NO降解的影响规律也不同。高温不利于循环NO降解。随停留时间的延长NO排放量出现两个峰值。     

水泥工业煤粉富氧燃烧NO释放特性实验研究

在回转炉实验台架上,分别研究了掺石灰石及掺CaO的情况下,N2/O2、CO2/O2气氛及氧浓度对典型煤种在富氧燃烧条件下燃烧释放NO的影响规律.研究结果表明:CO2/O2气氛下煤粉燃烧NO释放总量较N2/O2气氛下少;CO2/O2气氛下氧浓度的增加对煤粉燃烧NO释放有促进作用;石灰石及CaO对煤粉燃烧NO的生成均具有催化作用,且CaO的催化作用更强.     

生物质循环流化床燃烧污染物的排放特性

在中试规模的循环流化床试验装置上进行了甘蔗叶的燃烧试验,试验系统研究了炉子运行参数(床温、过量空气系数和二次风比)对CO、NO、N2O排放的影响规律。结果表明:提高床层温度能有效降低N2O的排放,但同时会导致NO排放的升高。随着空气过量系数的增加,CO能很快降低到较低值,但NO排放却几乎成线性增加,因此,在保证燃料充分燃烧的情况下,应尽量降低过量空气过量系数以减少NO排放。二次风的加入显著降低了NO的排放,但随着空气过量系数的加大,其影响逐渐减弱。     

不同NH4+浓度下SBR系统N2O排放研究

研究了不同NH4+浓度下SBR系统脱氮中的N2O排放,并采用PCR-DGGE技术分析了微生物群落特征.结果发现,随着NH4+浓度的提高,氮素转化效率下降,此时脱氮中N2O-N所占比例明显增加,实验条件下N2O-N在脱氮中所占比例在0.25％～6.35％之间;当氮素转化顺利进行时,N2O的排放时期主要在SBR工艺好氧硝化...     

高温无催化剂条件下CO还原NO数值模拟研究

随着对NOx排放标准要求越来越高,煤粉燃烧生成的NOx中NO所占比例约90％,对NO的还原研究是一项重要的课题.本文利用CHEMKIN软件的PSR模块对CO还原NO的过程进行了模拟,并对其热力学与动力学分析.结果表明:在无催化剂条件下,CO还原NO所需温度约为1650 K,压力对于反应转化率及反应路径影响不大,但对于反应速率有明显影响;反应路径分析发现,NCO自由基及N2O自由基受温度影响大,增加温度利于该两自由基生成,促进反应进行.在高温条件下,NO的还原反应不仅为CO+ NO→CO2+0.5N2还伴随2NO(=)O2+ N2反应的进行.     

矿物质对煤焦燃烧过程中NO释放规律的影响

在石英固定床反应器上研究了煤焦燃烧过程中矿物质在不同燃烧条件下对NO释放规律的影响.结果表明：煤中的矿物质对燃料氮转化为NO有显著的影响,其影响与矿物质的组成和燃烧条件有关,碱金属Na、K催化半焦氮的氧化在较低的温度下进行并降低半焦氮对于NO的转化率,而Ca、Fe在低温燃烧条件下增加NO的排放,高温时使NO的排放降低;矿物质惰质组分的存在使NO的排放增加;随着煤阶的升高,半焦的反应性降低,燃料氮对于NO的转化率增大;燃料氮的转化率随燃烧温度的升高而增加,但达到极大值后又趋于降低;矿物质对于NO排放量的影响决定于矿物质对于半焦氮的氧化以及半焦还原NO反应催化作用的相对大小.     

垃圾衍生燃料在流化床焚烧时NO和N_2O排放特性研究

在实验室规模的内循环流化床内进行城市垃圾焚烧实验,在线测量焚烧过程中NO和N_2O的排放特性,研究空气过量系数、添加钙基脱硫剂及城市垃圾与半焦混烧时不同混烧率对NO和N_2O排放特性的影响。研究结果表明,城市垃圾在流化床焚烧过程中随空气过量系数增加,NO和N_2O排放浓度都增加,且NO增加幅度大于N_2O;随Ca/(S+0.5 Cl)摩尔比增加,N_2O生成量逐渐下降;随着混烧燃料中城市垃圾混烧率增加,烟气中NO排放浓度增加,N_2O排放浓度逐渐下降。     

NTP转化C_3H_6/NO/N_2气氛中NO及发射光谱分析

利用介质阻挡放电产生低温等离子体转化C3H6/NO/N2气氛中NO,结合发射光谱诊断法研究了碳氢化合物C3H6对NO转化的影响。研究结果表明,随着放电功率的升高,NO转化率先升高后逐渐趋于平缓,NO2浓度持续降低,N2O浓度呈先升高后降低趋势,NO主要被还原为N2;相同放电功率下,随着C3H6初始浓度升高,NOx转化率和N2O浓度升高、NO2浓度降低;添加C3H6会降低N2第二正带系和NO-γ带的发射光谱强度,产生CN自由基的激发跃迁谱线,影响NO的化学反应机制,同时生成了棕黄色的聚合物。     

循环流化床中石油焦与煤混合燃烧NO排放特性

在一座0．5MWt循环流化床热态试验台上进行了石油焦与煤混合燃烧试验，研究了烟气中NO的排放特性，对于石油焦与煤不同燃料配比，不同锅炉运行参数，如一次风率、过量空气系数、床温和Ca／S比等对烟气中NO排放浓度的影响规律进行了研究。试验表明对纯焦而言，其NO排放浓度较其他混合燃料要高得多，当燃料中焦煤比增大时，NO的排放浓度降低，对不同焦煤比的燃料，随一次风率增大，NO的排放量增加；随过量空气系数的增大，NO的排放浓度增大；随着运行床温的提高，NO排放浓度升高。     

Emission of nitrogen oxides in a vortexing fluidized bed combustor

This study investigated experimentally the effects of fuel types and operating conditions on NO emission in a 0.45 m I.D. pilot scale vortexing fluidized bed combustor. Rice husk, soybean, high and low sulfur subbituminous coals, and bituminous coal were used as fuels. Silica sand was employed as the bed material. The effects of various operating conditions, such as bed temperature, excess air ratio, and stoichiometric air flow rate on NO emission were investigated. The dependence of the conversion of fuel-N on O/N and H/N weight ratios of the fuel was explored to understand the effect of fuel composition on NO emissions. The results show that the H/N ratio is a better indicator than the O/N ratio to represent the conversion of fuel-N to NO. Soybean was mixed with other fuels to study its characteristics for reducing NO emission. Taguchi method was applied to analyze the priority of operating conditions for dominating NO emission. It is found that the excess air is the most important factor to dominate NO emission.     

流化床燃烧石油焦N_2O排放特性

通过在一小型流化床试验台上进行石油焦的燃烧试验 ,阐述了N2 O和NO形成与分解机理 ,模拟研究了N2 O的排放特性 .采用不同程度脱去挥发分的石油焦颗粒 ,研究脱挥发分的程度对N2 O形成的影响 ,脱挥发分的温度越高 ,即脱挥发分的程度越高 ,石油焦氮形成N2 O的量越少 ,这表明石油焦挥发分氮形成N2 O量高于相应石油焦焦炭氮燃烧产生的N2 O量 .燃料燃烧过程中 ,NO形成比较均匀 ,而N2 O形成比较复杂 ,燃料氮向NO的转化率随脱挥发分温度升高而增加 ,而向N2 O的转化率则有一临界脱挥发分温度点 .     

循环流化床燃煤过程NOx和N2O产生-控制研究进展

循环流化床(CFB)燃烧技术因其燃料适应范围广、污染物排放低等优点,近几十年得到广泛应用. 随着当前环保要求的日益提高,CFB燃煤过程N2O排放浓度较高成为其应用的瓶颈问题. 因此系统总结CFB燃煤过程中NOx和N2O排放的研究现状对开发新型CFB燃煤技术具有重要意义. 本工作首先讨论了CFB燃煤过程中NOx和N2O的均相和异相反应机理,然后应用这些机理分析了床温、过剩空气系数、分级燃烧,以及煤种对CFB燃煤过程NOx和N2O排放的影响. 在此基础上,对常见的抑制NOx和N2O排放的工艺从机理角度进行了归纳总结. 最后,对2种本工作认为有应用前景的CFB燃煤减排NOx和N2O新技术?反向分级燃烧技术及CFB解耦燃烧技术进行了简要论述.     

The NO and N2O formation mechanism under circulating fluidized bed combustor conditions: From the single particle to the pilot-scale

The NO and N₂O formation mechanism is studied starting from a single fuel particle burning under well-defined conditions up to a pilot-scale circulating fluidized bed combustor (CFBC). The fuel, petroleum coke, was the same in all tests and care has been taken to obtain chemical similarity between the different units: a formation rate unit, a laboratory-scale and a pilot-scale CFBC. A detailed single particle NO/N₂O formation model has been developed and incorporated in a CFBC NO/N₂O emission model. To thoroughly test the modeled NO/N₂O mechanism, the iodine addition method has been used in all units.     

NO emission on pulverized coal combustion in high temperature air from circulating fluidized bed – An experimental study

High temperature air was adopted by combustion in high excess air ratio in a circulating fluidized bed. Experiments on pulverized coal combustion in high temperature air from the circulating fluidized bed were carried out in a down-fired combustor with the diameter of 220 mm and the height of 3000 mm. The NO emission decreases with increasing the residence time of pulverized coal in the reducing zone, and the NO emission increases with excess air ratio, furnace temperature, coal mean size and oxygen concentration in high temperature air. The results also revealed that the co-existing of air-staging combustion with high temperature air is very effective to reduce nitrogen oxide emission for pulverized coal combustion in the down-fired combustor.     

The ignition temperature of lignite char in a fluidized bed combustor

This paper summarises the experimental and modelling work carried out for the variation of bed ignition temperature of a fluidized bed combustor with the char particle diameter and the fluidizing velocity. A lignite char was used and its reactivity was represented using data from Field (1967) and Turnbull and Davidson (1984). The modelling involved solving the steady state heat balance around the fluidized bed combustor at the ignition temperature. A correlation of the total area of char ignited per unit bed mass was determined as a function of the char particle diameter and the fluidizing velocity. This correlation was used to determine the ignition temperature of the fluidized bed combustor operating at different conditions. The fluidized bed combustor heat balance was then solved for the bed ignition temperature which was influenced by both the rate of heat loss from the bed and the reactivity of the char. A sensitivity analysis suggests that the chemical rate reaction coefficient is the most prominent variable when determining the ignition temperature of a fluidized bed combustor.     

Experimental trends of NO in circulating fluidized bed combustion

Experimental trends for the dependence of CO, NO and N₂O emissions on bed temperature and oxygen concentration in circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFB) are presented. The main focus is on the nitrogen emission formation in the lower furnace area. A test campaign including seven tests with a laboratory scale CFB test rig were carried out to produce appropriate data of the phenomena. These experiments show that NO emissions above the dense bed decrease with decreasing temperature or oxygen concentration. Instead, N₂O emissions increase when the bed temperature is decreased and decrease when the oxygen concentration is decreased. These trends can partly be explained by heterogeneous reactions between NO and char, since decrease in temperature or oxygen concentration increases the bed char inventory. However, oxygen and temperature also affect directly on NO emissions. Correlations for the CO, NO, N₂O, NH₃ and HCN concentrations at the exit of dense bed were developed. This type of correlations can, among other things, be applied as boundary conditions to the more sophisticated CFD models that are usually applied to modelling of diluted part of the furnace. CFD modelling of the dense bed area is complicated and accuracy is not sufficient, thus simplified experimental correlations can aid in the development of furnace design towards better emission performance.     

流化床燃煤过程中氧化亚氮的生成和还原机理

流化床燃烧是一种先进的燃煤技术 ,可以降低 NOx的排放。但流化床在低温下燃烧生成较多的N2 O。本文简述了 N2 O在流化床燃烧条件下的生成和还原机理 ,讨论了燃烧温度、煤阶等因素对 N2 O生成和还原的影响以及 NO- SO2 - N2 O的相互作用     

Numerical analysis of particle clustering effects on desulphurization and NO emission in a circulating fluidized bed combustor

Desulphurization by a calcium oxide particle cluster and an isolated calcium oxide particle in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) combustor was numerically analyzed. The gas flow field, the sulphur retention and the nitrogen oxide emission of the cluster were predicted. Computed results showed that the SO₂ capture rate by a calcium oxide particle in the cluster is less than that of the isolated calcium oxide particle out of the cluster. The captured SO₂ and NO emissions decrease with the decrease of the cluster porosity. The maximum SO₂ capture rate by the cluster is at a temperature between 1025 and 1055 K, whereas more NO emissions were found with the increase of the gas temperature. The sulphur removal and the NO emission increase with the increase of the inlet gas velocity.     

Effects of design features on combustion efficiency and emission performance of a biomass-fuelled fluidized-bed combustor

This paper presents an analysis of some measures leading to intensification of the combustion process in a biomass-fuelled fluidized-bed combustor with a cone-shape bed (or ‘conical FBC’). Two combustors firing rice husks with elevated fuel-ash content were the focus of this study. Compared to the pilot 350-kW_th conical FBC exhibiting combustion efficiency of up to 96%, the newly constructed 400-kW_th combustor included geometrical and design modifications aimed at improving the combustion efficiency and emission performance of the reactor. Differences between the air distributors and Δp–u diagrams (accounting for the total pressure drop across the air distributor and gas–solid fluidized bed) for the two reactors are discussed. Axial temperature and gas concentration (O₂, CO and NO_x) profiles in the combustors were compared for similar operating conditions (excess air and heat release rate per unit cross-sectional area). At excess air of 40–60%, the bed temperature in the advanced conical FBC was substantially, by about 180 °C, higher than that in the pilot combustor, mainly, due to better fuel–air mixing and higher residence time of reactants. The formation and decomposition of CO and NO in the bed region as well as in the freeboard of these two combustors showed quite different trends under similar operating conditions. At excess air of 40–60%, the CO emission from the advanced conical FBC was found to be much (7–8 times) lower than that from the pilot combustor, while the NO_x emissions were represented by almost the same values. High (over 99%) combustion efficiency was achieved when firing rice husk in the advanced 400 kW_th conical FBC for the range of excess air.