均相壳聚糖固定化磷脂酶A1(PLA1)的研究

以壳聚糖为载体、戊二醛为交联剂、酶液,三者均相反应,固定化磷脂酶A1,对它的固定化条件及固定化酶的各种性质进行了研究.固定化最佳条件,以脱乙酰度为92.8%,平均分子量为7.84×10 5,戊二醛浓度为3%缩合后,在0.5mg/100mL酶、pH6.0、25mmol/L CaCl2、4℃条件下固定化酶,酶活力回收可达59%.固定化酶最适温度60℃、最适pH值8.0,Km=9.08μmol/L.     

介孔分子筛SBA-15固定糖化酶的研究

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,对糖化酶进行了固定化.考察固定化温度、时间、给酶量、pH值以及戊二醛浓度等因素对固定化效果的影响,并对固定化酶的酶学性质进行了研究.结果表明,糖化酶最佳固定化条件是:酶与载体比例50mg/g、固定化温度25℃、固定化时间4h、pH 5.1、戊二醛体积分数7.5%,此条件下固定化酶活力回收率为56%.固定化酶的最适作用温度为70℃,比游离酶高10℃.最适作用pH 4.1,比游离酶降低0.5个单位.米氏常数Km由原来的0.032mol/L降为0.022mol/L.用超声波对固定化酶进行处理,其酶活力提高了18%.所得最佳超声参数是:超声功率100W,温度70℃,时间5min.     

定向固定化葡萄糖氧化酶及其酶学性质的研究

戊二醛将伴刀豆球蛋白(ConA)和载体壳聚糖膜交联,然后利用ConA 与葡萄糖氧化酶糖链的特异性结合作用,实现酶的定向固定化。定向固定化的最适条件为戊二醛浓度0.1%、ConA 浓度0.02mg/ml、葡萄糖氧化酶浓度0.08mg/ml。定向固定化葡萄糖氧化酶的最适pH4.0、最适温度57℃,米氏常数Km 为15.84mmol/L,与游离酶及非定向固定化葡萄糖氧化酶比较,定向固定化葡萄糖氧化酶的最适pH 值向酸性范围发生了偏移并有更宽的pH 值适用范围,最适温度提高,与底物的亲和力较大。     

壳聚糖微球固定化葡萄糖氧化酶的研究

以壳聚糖微球为载体,戊二醛为交联剂,固定葡萄糖氧化酶,对葡萄糖氧化酶的固定化条件及固定化酶的各种性质进行了研究,确定了酶固定的最佳条件为0.1g壳聚糖微球与5ml5%戊二醛交联,固定6mg葡萄糖氧化酶,在此条件下酶活力回收可达60%。固定化酶的最适温度为50℃,最适pH为6.0,通过Lineweaver-Burk作图,确定动力学参数Km值为18.3mmol/L,表观米氏常数较游离酶有所降低,固定化酶的热稳定性较游离酶明显提高,该固定化酶具有良好的操作及保存稳定性。     

壳聚糖膜固定化葡萄糖氧化酶的特性研究

研究了以壳聚糖膜为载体、戊二醛为交联剂的固定化葡萄糖氧化酶的特性。结果表明：固定化酶、溶液酶的最适pH均为5．5；固定化酶、溶液酶的最适温度分别为40℃，35℃；固定化酶的Km值为12．16mmol／L，溶液酶的Km值为20．86mmol/L；固定化酶比溶液酶更耐热，且贮藏稳定性及操作稳定性也有所提高；该固定化酶重复使用率较高。     

介孔分子筛MCM-41固定糖化酶的研究

以介孔分子筛MCM-41为载体、戊二醛为交联剂,对糖化酶进行了固定化.考察了固定化温度和时间、给酶量、pH值以及戊二醛浓度等因素对固定化效果的影响,并对固定化酶的酶学性质进行了研究.结果表明,糖化酶最佳固定化条件是:酶与载体比例为50mg/g、固定化温度20℃、固定化时间8h、pH值6.1、戊二醛浓度7.5％,此条件下固定化酶的相对酶活力为47％.固定化酶的最适作用温度和最适作用pH值没有改变,同游离酶一样,分别为60℃和4.6,米氏常数Km由原来的0.031 mol/L降为0.018mol/L.     

脂环酸芽孢杆菌α-葡萄糖苷酶固定化及酶学性质研究

以戊二醛为交联剂,壳聚糖为载体,优化脂环酸芽孢杆菌α-葡萄糖苷酶的固定化条件,探讨固定化对酶性质的影响。结果表明:当戊二醛浓度0.2mol/L、戊二醛交联时间12h、交联pH7.5和交联温度15℃时,酶的固定化效果最佳。此时,固定化酶的最适pH4.5,最适反应温度55℃,在pH4.5～8.0范围酶的活性不受损失。当温度为65℃时,固定化酶的活力接近100%。酶储存3周以上,可以保持80%以上的活力。重复使用6次后,酶活保持在80%左右,说明固定化酶优化了游离酶的部分酶学性质,具有一定的应用价值。     

海藻酸钙明胶联合固定化α-淀粉酶

以海藻酸钙、明胶凝胶珠包埋、戊二醛交联制备固定化α-淀粉酶,探讨了酶的固定化条件和固定化酶的部分性能。在戊二醛浓度0.3%、加酶量酶16.0g/L条件下可以获得最佳的固定化效果;与游离酶相比,制备的固定化酶最适反应pH由6.0降低到5.6,最适反应温度由65℃升高到70℃,其适宜作用温度范围、pH值范围均比自由酶范围宽;固定化酶的热稳定性优于游离酶,且连续7批次操作仍保持80%酶活力,显示出良好的稳定性。     

果糖基转移酶的固定化及其性质研究

果糖基转移酶的固定化可以很方便地实现酶的回收和再利用。以HPA25L树脂为固定化载体,对果糖基转移酶进行了固定化初步研究。结果表明,其最优固定化条件为:采用先交联后固定化方法,以戊二醛为交联剂,固定化温度20℃,pH5.0,加酶量10mL/g树脂,戊二醛浓度为0.15%,得到固定化酶酶活达120U/g,酶活回收率达81%,其最适反应温度和pH分别为55℃和7.0,利用固定化酶连续反应12个批次后,酶活仍然保留达20%以上。     

海绵态壳聚糖固定化单宁酶及其酶学性质研究

以海绵态壳聚糖为载体,0.25%戊二醛为交联剂固定化单宁酶,确定固定化酶的最佳工艺参数为:给酶量6mg/g载体、固定化pH5.0、固定化温度4℃、固定化时间8h.制备的固定化单宁酶Km为3.83mmol/L,而游离酶的Km为33mmol/L.固定化酶的热稳定性、酸碱稳定性均高于游离酶,稳定pH范围向酸性方向偏移.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the