外部因素对稠油乳状液稳定性的影响研究

研究了搅拌速度、搅拌时间以及温度等外部因素对稠油乳状液稳定性的影响。实验表明:随着搅拌时间增加,乳状液分散相平均粒径减小,粒径分布更加均匀,所得乳状液更加稳定;在搅拌作用初期,随着搅拌速度增加,乳状液分散相平均粒径变小,乳状液稳定性增强,但当搅拌速度达到某一值时,乳状液分散相平均粒径不再继续减小反而增加,乳状液稳定性降低;温度越高,乳状液分散相平均粒径越大,乳状液稳定性越差。     

稠油管道输送技术研究

高粘的稠油使得输送成为管道从业者的一个难题,尤其是发生凝管事故后的再启动问题。对稠油高粘的实质进行研究发现,决定稠油粘度的实质为原油体系中沥青质分子和非沥青质分子相互作用所形成的大分子胶束聚集体所致。国内外稠油输送方法有加热法、裂解降粘法、掺稀输送法、添加改性剂法、低粘液环输送法、微生物法、超声波法和超临界CO2输送法。各方法各具优缺点,没有一种方法适用于所有稠油,另外还需要考虑经济性问题。目前国内最常用的输送方法为加热法和掺稀法。在实际中,针对不同稠油要进行一定的技术分析和研究才能决定选择何种输送技术。     

CO_2管道输送技术现状研究

随着油田三次开采的深入与碳捕集封存技术的发展,CO2注入成为提高采收率与缓解温室气体效应的有效手段,针对气源地与注入地差异问题,管道输送以输量大、输送距离远、经济性好等优点成为CO2输送的最重要途径。通过对国内外CO2管道输送技术的研究,针对四种管输状态(即超临界输送、密相输送、液态输送、气态输送)的不同特点,得出管输中超临界输送与密相输送是较为合理的输送方式,并分析了输送过程中遇到的关键技术问题,为国内CO2管道输送的开展提供技术支撑。     

LD5-2原油油水分离研究

以LD5-2海上稠油为研究对象,研究了该油田在开采过程中存在的油水分离问题。通过分析LD5-2采出液及原油性质,探讨了稠油油水分离动力,并考察了温度、电压等参数对油水分离工艺的影响。研究结果表明:LD5-2原油具有特稠油的性质,粘度高、常温难以流动,同时又具有较小的油水密度差,造成油水分离困难;通过优化,在温度130℃、破乳剂A1用量400μg·g~(-1)、电压1 200 V、停留时间45 min条件下原油脱后含水可满足5%的外输要求;油水分离温度、电压及破乳剂对LD5-2脱水效果影响较大;40%含水的采出液粘度存在突增现象,应予以重视。     

塔河稠油乳状液粘度实验与预测研究

配制了3种塔河稠油在体积含水率为0%、10%、20%、30%下的油包水乳状液。采用Anton Paar MCR302流变仪测定了乳状液在30、40、50、60、70、75℃下的粘度。基于实验数据,对9种乳状液粘度预测模型的准确性进行了评价,优选出Hatscheck模型作为乳状液粘度计算基础模型。根据计算值与实测值之间的偏差,引入温度相关项对Hatscheck模型进行了修正。结果表明,修正后的Hatschek模型的总平均相对偏差为15.11%,比修正前下降了14.85%。     

Viscosity Reduction of Indian Heavy Crude Oil by Emulsification to O/W Emulsion Using Polysorbate-81

Pipeline transportation is the most convenient means of transportation of crude oil continuously and economically from production site to refinery. However, transportation of heavy crude oil (HCO) through pipelines is difficult due to its high viscosity. The high viscosity of heavy crude oil is mainly due to the presence of poly-aromatic compounds like resins and asphaltenes. Emulsification of HCO using surfactant is believed to be the most favorable technique to reduce the viscosity of HCO for efficient pipeline transport. In the present study, oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion has been formulated using a non-ionic surfactant Polyoxyethylene (5) sorbitan monooleate (PS-81) at different pH, surfactant concentration, and oil content. Box–Behnken response surface method has been used to optimize two responses, apparent viscosity and emulsion stability index (ESI). The optimal values of the parameters found are 75%v/v oil content, 2.5%w/v surfactant concentration, and pH value of 7 at which experimental value of emulsion viscosity is 0.2162 Pa·s, at 150 RPM, with a reduction of viscosity by 95.8% and having ESI of 98.16 after 24 h at 30°C.     

稠油管输乳化降粘剂选择方法综述

简要介绍稠油乳化降粘管输的机理,并针对乳化降粘剂的选择方法进行总结概括。重点介绍了HLB法乳化剂筛选,HLB值判断,以及HLB计算方法。并从乳化降粘率、乳化剂的稳定性、乳化剂的流变性和乳化剂的破乳性能等方面进行评价O/W型乳状液,选择适配的乳化剂。     

Sub‐and Supercritical CO2‐Extraction of Hypericum perforatum L.

The extraction of Hypericum perforatum L. by liquid carbon dioxide (p = 80 bar, t = 15 °C) gave almost the same extract yield (1 %, w/w) as by supercritical (p = 100 bar, t = 40 °C) carbon dioxide, containing the same percentages of essential oil (about 6.4 %, w/w). The increase of the extract yield at higher pressure (250 to 350 bar) is due to the increase of extragent density, i.e., solubility. By increasing the grinding degree of the drug, a higher extract yield is obtained in the supercritical range under high pressure. GC‐MS analysis of the extract composition showed that the non‐terpene compounds have the highest contribution. The oil content in the drug, determined by steam distillation, was 0.058 %, w/w. The oil content in the extracts, calculated for the drug, was significantly higher (1.2 to 1.9 times).     

A Zwitterionic Surfactant Bearing Unsaturated Tail for Enhanced Oil Recovery in High‐Temperature High‐Salinity Reservoirs

High‐temperature/high‐salinity (HTHS) reservoirs contain a significant fraction of the world's remaining oil in place and are potential candidates for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Selection of suitable surfactants for such reservoirs is a challenging task. In this work, two synthesized zwitterionic surfactants bearing a saturated and an unsaturated tail, namely 3‐(N‐stearamidopropyl‐N,N‐dimethyl ammonium) propanesulfonate and 3‐(N‐oleamidopropyl‐N,N‐dimethyl ammonium) propanesulfonate, respectively, were evaluated. The surfactant with the unsaturated tail showed excellent solubility in synthetic seawater (57,643 ppm) and in formation brine (213,734 ppm). However, the unsaturated surfactant with a saturated tail showed poor solubility, and therefore it was not evaluated further. The thermal stability of the synthesized unsaturated surfactant solution in seawater was evaluated by heating the solution at 90 °C in a sealed aging tube for 2 weeks. The thermal stability of the unsaturated surfactant was confirmed by FTIR and NMR analysis of the aged samples at such harsh conditions. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of the synthesized unsaturated surfactant in seawater was 1.02 × 10^?4 mol L^?1, while the surface tension at CMC was 30 mN m^?1. The synthesized unsaturated surfactant was able to reduce the oil–water interfacial tension to ~10^?1 mN m^?1 at different conditions. A commercial copolymer of acrylamide and 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonic acid (AM‐AMPS) was tested for EOR applications in HTHS conditions. The addition of the synthesized unsaturated surfactant to the AM‐AMPS copolymer increased the viscosity of the system. The increase in oil recovery by injecting the unsaturated surfactant solution and the surfactant–polymer mixture in solution was 8 and 21%, respectively. The excellent properties of the synthesized unsaturated surfactant show that surfactants with an unsaturated tail can be an excellent choice for HTHS reservoirs.     

稠油输送技术研究进展

对稠油输送的技术难点迚行了分析,综述了目前常用的稠油输送技术,重点介绍了稠油加热输送以及稠油不加热输送中的掺稀输送、乳化输送以及稠油改质输送,阐明了各自输送的机理、研究应用情况以及存在的问题。通过对几种管输斱式的综合分析比较,确定了选择稠油管输技术的基本原则。     

Study on Competitive Transport of Heavy Metal Ions Through Liquid Surfactant Membrane

Abstract

In the present work an attempt has been made to develop a mathematical model for competitive transport of Cr(VI) and Mo(VI) through liquid surfactant membrane from acidic solution using Alamine‐336 and Caustic Soda as extractant and stripping reagent respectively. A reaction front has been assumed to exist within the emulsion globule in the proposed model. It has been assumed that, an instantaneous and irreversible reaction takes place at the membrane‐internal stripping phase interface between the solute and internal stripping reagent. Experiments on simultaneous extraction of Cr(VI) and Mo(VI), in batch mode, from aqueous solutions of Potassium Dichromate and Ammonium Molybdate have been carried out with the initial concentration of the solutes between 50–100 mg/l. Experiment on emulsion stability has also been performed to arrive at a reasonably stable emulsion composition. Effect of initial solute concentration on distribution coefficient has also been found experimentally and fitted by a semiemperical model that has been used in the computer simulation of the simultaneous extraction process. It has been found that the experimental results are within reasonably close proximity with the simulated curves.     

Synthesis of High‐Performance Pebax®‐1074/DD3R Mixed‐Matrix Membranes for CO2/CH4 Separation

This work deals with the incorporation of deca‐dodecasil 3 rhombohedral (DD3R) zeolite as an inorganic filler into the Pebax®‐1074‐based polymer matrix to enhance the performance of the pure polymeric membrane in CO₂/CH₄ separation. The membranes were fabricated with different concentrations of DD3R. Separation performances of the membranes were investigated at various feed pressures and temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis of the prepared membranes were performed. In the best case, selectivity for CO₂/CH₄ separation was improved, while the permeability decreased. Membranes with 1 and 5 wt % DD3R were located in the acceptable region beyond the Robeson plot (1991) for CO₂/CH₄ gas pairs.     

重油与水的乳化实验研究

采用非离子型乳化剂对重油和水共乳化,获得了能在50℃下稳定存放15天以上的乳化重油。研究表明,0.2%用量的乳化剂即可使重油和水有效乳化,90℃下,16%的掺水量,获得的乳化油的热值提高了10.6%。并且,一定比例的调和抽出油可有效的降低乳化油粘度并提高热值,进一步的实验研究尚待开展。     

Comparison of Various Alkaline Solutions for H2S/CO2‐Selective Absorption Applied to Biogas Purification

Biogas is a common renewable energy resource. A very important stage of biogas upgrading, studied in the present work, is its purification from H₂S traces. The selective absorption of H₂S and CO₂ into oxido‐alkaline solutions containing hydrogen peroxide and into amine solutions was compared by performing absorption test runs in a cables‐bundle scrubber at 293.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The absorption rate and selectivity for H₂S over CO₂ were determined for various solute partial pressures, different alkaline absorbents and hydrogen peroxide concentrations in the scrubbing liquid, and different pH values. Higher H₂S‐selective absorption performances with oxido‐alkaline solutions than with amine solutions could be observed provided that the solution is at a low pH value (9.5) and contains a sufficient hydrogen peroxide concentration.     

渤海稠油及其乳状液的微观物性研究

根据渤海地区油气开发的研究状况分析,稠油和稠油油田已成为渤海地区油气勘探与开发的主旋律。因此,认真研究和掌握渤海原油及其乳状液的特点,是渤海地区油气勘探、开发的关键问题之一。通过室内实验,测定了渤海某区块原油的粘温关系,测定了原油乳状液在微观下的形态,并总结出液滴的分布规律,对渤海地区稠油开采具有重要意义。     

Termolecular Kinetic Model for CO2‐Alkanolamine Reactions: An Overview

The CO₂ reaction with alkanolamines has received considerable attention by both academia and industry. Commonly, the formation of the carbamate during the CO₂ reaction with primary, secondary, and sterically hindered amines is described by a two‐step zwitterion mechanism. Alternatively, a single‐step termolecular reaction mechanism can also be used to govern carbamate formation. The experimental kinetic data for several amine‐based solvents are consistent with this mechanism, and it can satisfactorily explain fractional‐order and higher‐order kinetics. However, up to now, the termolecular reaction mechanism has not been properly discussed. Here, this mechanism is described in detail, a simple procedure to estimate the kinetic parameters is outlined, and the termolecular reaction kinetics for various systems comprising individual and mixed amines is reviewed.     

稠油原油物性对集输工艺影响规律研究

由于稠油中沥青质和胶质含量高,密度和粘度较大,其集输与处理难度较大.以研究稠油区块油品物性为切入点,分析了化学组分对原油粘度影响,并对不同含水率下稠油乳状液进行了粘温关系测试以及对乳化稠油粘温性质及流变性进行分析,找出稠油原油物性对集输工艺影响规律,为稠油集输上艺奠定理论基础.     

80万吨／年重油催化裂化装置

简要介绍了本装置连续运行８３天的生产情况及标定结果，分析了以掺炼大庆减压渣油为主的重油催化裂化的一些重要工艺技术，说明该装置在技术上是可靠的。     

火驱稠油模拟乳状液制备条件研究

以火驱W/O型乳状液为例,系统研究了搅拌转速、搅拌时间、搅拌形式等因素对乳状液制备的影响,优选了乳状液的制备条件,并将室内制备的模拟乳状液的粘度和相同含水率的现场采出液的粘度进行了对比,确定了室内制备乳状液的条件。实验表明:间歇式搅拌好于连续性搅拌;随着搅拌转速的增加,配制模拟乳状液所需时间减少;在同一搅拌转速下,在搅拌初期,随着搅拌时间的增加,形成的乳状液表观粘度逐渐增加,但当乳状液达到某一状态时,若继续增加搅拌时间,乳状液的表观粘度基本维持不变。     

CO2‐Alkanolamine Reaction Kinetics: A Review of Recent Studies

Alkanolamines are the most popular absorbents used to remove CO₂ from process gas streams. Therefore, the CO₂ reaction with alkanolamines is of considerable importance. The aim of this article is to provide an overview on the kinetics of the reaction of CO₂ with aqueous solutions of alkanolamines. The various reaction mechanisms that are used to interpret experimental kinetic data – zwitterion, termolecular and base‐catalyzed hydration – are discussed in detail. Recently published data on reaction kinetics of individual amine systems and their mixtures are considered. In addition, the kinetic behavior of several novel amine‐based solvents that have been proposed in the literature is analyzed. Generally, the reaction of CO₂ with primary, secondary and sterically hindered amines is governed by the zwitterion mechanism, whereas the reaction with tertiary amines is described by the base‐catalyzed hydration of CO₂.