A 3D Model for Optimizing Infrastructure Costs in Road Design

In this article, the optimal design of a road joining two terminals is investigated. A geometric model is proposed including horizontal transition curves and vertical curves, obtaining parameterizations for the central axis of the road as well as for its entire surface. These parameterizations allow to express and compute, with great simplicity, the major infrastructure costs, including land acquisition, clearance, pavement, maintenance, and earthwork, where multiple layers of materials with different costs can be handled. The road design problem is formulated as a smooth constrained optimization problem and a two‐stage algorithm is suggested for its numerical resolution. Finally, numerical results are presented in an academic test and in a case study that propose designing a bypass in a Spanish national road (N‐640) to avoid crossing Monterroso's town center.     

Managing Transportation Infrastructure for Sustainable Development

Major requirements for operationalization of the concept of sustainable development in urban transportation infrastructure operations management are presented. In addition, it is shown that the current approach to management is incompatible with the requirements for sustainable urban development. Consequently, the conceptual framework of a desirable approach is proposed. The philosophy of this approach is that the basic mission of infrastructure operations management is to obtain and maintain the maximum levels of people and goods mobility possible within the resources and environmental capacities in an area. A mathematical model is presented for obtaining the desirable levels and characteristics of traffic on each segment of an urban transportation network. In addition, three illustrative applications of the implemented model are presented.     

Road Infrastructure Data Acquisition Using a Vehicle-Based Mobile Mapping System

Abstract:   This study presents the technology of a vehicle-based mobile mapping system to maintain an updated transportation database. The mobile mapping system that integrates the global positioning system (GPS), the inertial navigation system (INS), and digital cameras has been developed to collect data on position and attributes of road infrastructure. The vehicle-based mobile mapping system works by having the GPS and INS record the position and attitude data, and digital cameras take road images. The stereovision system can determine the position of objects that are visible on the image pair in the global coordinate system with GPS and INS data. As field data acquisition is a very expensive task, a mobile mapping system offers a greatly improved solution. In this study, we successfully created a road infrastructure map with mobile mapping technology and proposed automatic algorithms for detecting and identifying road signs from road images. The proposed detection algorithm includes line and color region extraction processes and uses the Hopfield neural networks. The identification algorithm uses seven invariant moments and parameters that present geometric characteristics. With this combined method, we could successfully detect and identify road signs.     

城市道路安全基础设施评价方法研究

根据对城市道路安全基础设施的需求分析,探讨城市道路安全基础设施设置的评价原则及要求,按对城市道路安全基础设施的定义和功能,构建了城市道路安全基础设施的评价指标体系。应用模糊综合评价法建立城市道路安全基础设施评价方法,并对上海闵行区城市道路安全基础设施现状进行了评价方法检验。     

A Spatial Network Model for Civil Infrastructure System Development

Infrastructure networks play an important role in improving economic prosperity, enabling movement of resources, and protecting communities from hazards. As these networks serve population, they evolve in response to social, economic, environmental, and technological changes. Consideration of these interactions has thus far been limited by use of simplified data sets and idealized network structures, and is unable to explain the complexity and suboptimal structures displayed by real infrastructure networks. This article presents a new computational model that simulates the growth and evolution of infrastructure systems. Empirical evidence obtained from analysis of nontrivial real‐world data sets is used to identify the mechanisms that guide and govern system‐scale evolution of infrastructure networks. The model investigates the interplay of three key drivers, namely network demand, network efficiency, and network cost in shaping infrastructure network architectures. The validity of the model is verified by comparing key topological and spatial properties of simulated networks with real‐world networks from six infrastructure sectors. The model is used to develop and explore different scenarios of infrastructure network futures, and their resilience is shown to change as a result of different infrastructure management policies. The model can therefore be used to identify system‐wide infrastructure engineering strategies to reduce network costs, increase network efficiency, and improve the resilience of infrastructure networks to disruptive events.     

Managing the Private Financing of Urban Infrastructure

Abstract

This article explores the implications of private financing for the functioning of urban infrastructure, with a particular emphasis on Australian cities. The article charts the directions of infrastructure financing in Australia from the 1980s onwards, being the period when privatisation and financialisation of utilities and state-owned enterprises in Australia gathers momentum. It then explains how infrastructure emerged globally as an asset class with exposition of how the particular characteristics of urban infrastructure have proven to be attractive to private capital interests. A concluding section points to directions in infrastructure financing that merit close attention from an urban planning perspective.     

“一带一路”框架下基础设施PPP模式风险研究

随着我国经济的飞速发展,"一带一路"更具吸引力和竞争力,PPP模式得到了广泛应用,特别是在基础设施建设领域。PPP模式的采用极大推动了我国"一带一路"建设,但仍然面临着一定风险,如政治风险、安全风险、技术风险等。因此,如何采取有效措施降低基础设施中PPP模式风险,成为了当务之急,在研究我国"一带一路"建设下基础设施中PPP模式的发展现状基础上,分析了其中面临的风险,结合案例进行深入分析,最后针对风险提出了相关建议。     

高校基建工程管理信息流模型研究

在对信息和信息流概念分析的基础上,阐述高校基建工程管理信息和信息流的概念,并结合高校基建工程主要采取的两种管理模式,构建了与之对应的信息流模型。该模型反映了高校基建工程各参与方之间的信息流动过程,便于分析和查找信息延迟和失真的原因,有助于加强高校与上级主管部门和项目各相关方之间的信息沟通。     

市政道路GIS数据模型设计与实现

随着我国经济的发展与科学技术的进步,市政道路信息化建设也完成了初步发展阶段,但是当前道路 GIS数据模型技术还不是很完善。为了方便使用计算机进行市政道路的组织、储存与管理工作,本文就市政道路 GIS 数据模型的设计与实现进行了研究探讨。     

市政道路GIS数据模型设计与实现

随着我国经济的发展与科学技术的进步,市政道路信息化建设也完成了初步发展阶段,但是当前道路 GIS数据模型技术还不是很完善。为了方便使用计算机进行市政道路的组织、储存与管理工作,本文就市政道路 GIS 数据模型的设计与实现进行了研究探讨。     

铁路站房建筑信息模型IFC数据扩展与验证

随着BIM技术广泛应用于铁路复杂项目的建设,为促进铁路工程全生命周期信息数据共享与交换的完整性与有效性,保证BIM数据得以有效的利用,本文在国际IFC标准的基础上提出对铁路站房建筑信息模型IFC标准的扩展方法。充分了解IFC实体间继承关系后,通过将新增实体类添加至IFC标准框架,利用转换工具获得新的实体类文件,最后在天磁BIM协同平台验证该IFC数据扩展方法的可行性。     

Social Infrastructure Planning: A Location Model and Solution Methods

Abstract:   This article deals with social infrastructure planning problems of the following type. Authorities want to determine where to locate the facilities of a social infrastructure network and what should be the capacity of these facilities. Each user must be assigned to its closest facility and, to be economically viable, each facility must serve at least a pre-specified level of demand. The objective is to maximize the accessibility to facilities (i.e., to minimize the distance traveled by users to reach the facilities). A location model that captures the above features is formulated and different solution methods are tested. Among the methods tested, tabu search and a specialized local search heuristic provided the best solutions. The application of the model is illustrated through a case study involving the location of preschools in the municipality of Miranda do Corvo, Portugal.     

智慧社会基础设施新类型拓展与数据基础设施规划编制探索

围绕智慧社会前沿技术创新对社会需求和社会组织模式、城乡基础设施供给构架的影响,分析建立具备智慧社会特征的基础设施概念层次体系,提出数据基础设施这一新的类型,探索当前国土空间规划编制技术转型与数据基础设施规划编制方法。首先,分析智慧社会发展对城乡基础设施的新要求和新定位,提出基础设施供给构架转型的四个方向。其次,以基础设施供给全过程的数据化为核心,将新技术、新设施和新平台等纳入基础设施的概念框架进行审视,分析提出数据基础设施的概念,建立具备智慧社会特征的城乡基础设施概念层次体系,拓展城乡基础设施概念的外延,使之与经济社会和技术创新的进步紧密结合。最后,将数据基础设施纳入国土空间规划的研究范畴和规划体系之中,探索提出国土空间规划框架下的数据基础设施规划编制思路和技术路线。     

时空数据模型在建筑信息建模中应用初探

时空数据模型是面向一定的应用目的,根据对客观世界的认识,以数字数据的形式建立的对客观世界的模拟系统,属于重要的计算机应用技术。作为时空数据挖掘研究和应用的一个领域,时空数据模型在计算机领域被广泛研究。文章在分析建筑信息建模中运用时空数据的概念基础上,提出了建筑信息的时空数据模型设计,以及面向对象的建筑信息时空数据模型,研究了建筑信息时空数据模型的更新和查询功能。     

公路基础设施供给模式的选择研究

文章界定了公路基础设施供给模式的内涵,采用因果分析法从区域经济、经济效益、社会效益、市场成熟度和配套政策法规5个方面对影响公路基础设施供给模式选择的因素进行定性定量分析,建立了供给模式选择模型的评价指标体系。以沪苏浙高速公路江苏段项目为例,运用灰色关联评价法进行基础设施供给模式选择的实证分析,从而选出最优模式。     

Managing Agricultural Pollution Using a Linked Geographical Information System and Non-Point Source Pollution Model

This study documents the development of a link between a geographical information system (GIS) and a non-point source pollution model. The GIS ARC/INFO was linked to the agricultural non-point source pollution model and ORACLE data sources. Application of the system is demonstrated using the Bedford-Ouse catchment as a suitable case study. Water quality impacts are predicted from source data describing topography, soils, land use and river network. The model results were in agreement with observed nitrate concentrations at the catchment outlet, and more appropriate data sources are considered to be the main priority for improving model predictive ability. Management scenarios were established to assess the impact of changing agricultural management practices on predicted water quality. The approach has significant potential for the management of agricultural pollution in the UK.     

Greening the Rust Belt: A Green Infrastructure Model for Right Sizing America's Shrinking Cities

Problem: Existing planning and redevelopment models do not offer a holistic approach for addressing the challenges vacant and abandoned properties create in America's older industrial cities, but these shrinking cities possess opportunities to undertake citywide greening strategies that convert such vacant properties to community assets.

Purpose: We define strategies shrinking cities can use to convert vacant properties to valuable green infrastructure to revitalize urban environments, empower community residents, and stabilize dysfunctional real estate markets. To do this we examine shrinking cities and their vacant property challenges; identify the benefits of urban greening; explore the policies, obstacles, and promise of a green infrastructure initiative; and discuss vacant property reclamation programs and policies that would form the nucleus of a model green infrastructure right-sizing initiative designed to stabilize the communities with the greatest level of abandonment.

Methods: We draw our conclusions based on fieldwork, practitioner interviews, and a review of the current literature.

Results and conclusions: We propose a new model to effectively right size shrinking cities by (a) instituting green infrastructure plans and programs, (b) creating land banks to manage the effort, and (c) building community consensus through collaborative neighborhood planning. Our model builds on lessons learned from successful vacant property and urban greening programs, including nonprofit leadership and empowerment of neighborhood residents, land banking, strategic neighborhood planning, targeted revitalization investments, and collaborative planning. It will require planners and policymakers to address challenges such as financing, displacement of local residents, and lack of legal authority.

Takeaway for practice: We conclude that academics, practitioners, and policymakers should collaborate to (a) explore alternative urban designs and innovative planning and zoning approaches to right sizing; (b) collect accurate data on the number and costs of vacant properties and potential savings of different right-sizing strategies; (c) craft statewide vacant property policy agendas; and (d) establish a policy network of shrinking cities to share information, collaboratively solve problems, and diffuse policy innovations.

Research support: Our field work was supported by technical assistance grants and contracts through the National Vacant Properties Campaign.     

基于IFC4x1的桥梁信息模型转换研究

IFC标准是定义和描述建筑产品信息模型的国际通用标准,发展至今,IFC在建筑工程领域已经得到了广泛的应用,但由于标准还在逐步完善,其在道路、桥梁、隧道等线状工程中的应用仍相对较少,使得相关领域的数据共享受阻。本文介绍了基于IFC4x1 schema描述桥梁上部结构构件空间位置和几何形状的原则,提出了对IFC模型的相关信息进行提取、处理并最终映射到桥梁计算模型的方法,并基于开源库XbimEssentials开发了IFC模型向桥梁计算软件MIDAS Civil模型进行转换的程序原型。     

普通高等学校基建项目 BLT 模式研究

为解决普通高等学校基建项目存在的融资可持续发展问题,通过对普通高等学校教育经费构成和融资现状的分析,并综合考虑普通高等学校可行的融资方式和学校基础设施建设过程中的任务分配情况,构建了基于决策树分析法的普通高等学校基建项目开发模式。经过方案论证,重点考虑将 BLT 模式引入普通高等学校基础设施建设和开发中,并详细分析了其运作流程和主要风险。应用该模式是普通高等学校基建项目融资方式的创新,有利于缓解普通高等学校基建项目的资金压力并提高项目管理效率。     

园林植物病虫害信息管理系统

系统分为七大模块：病虫识别、发生规律、预测预报、防治措施、处方查询,病虫动态和防治档案。以Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ作为开发平台,采用Ｖｉｓｕａｌ Ｆｏｘｐｒｏ６．０为程序设计语言。运用ＯＬＥ技术开发出图文并茂的数据库,并采用面向对象程序设计思想和可视化编程技术,整个界面简单漂亮,易于修改和操作,智能化程度较高,可在实际生产管理上得到广泛应用。