模糊自适应控制在柔性机器人操作臂中的应用

将拉格朗日和假设模态法相结合，建立了柔性机器人操作臂的动力学方程，并提出了一种模糊自适应控制策略。在柔性操作臂末端带有不同的载荷时，分两种情况进行了控制仿真实验；定位控制和轨迹跟踪控制。与PD控制仿真实验的结果相比较，模糊自适应控制器在轨迹跟踪和振动抑制方面反映出更好的稳定和鲁棒性能。     

基于神经网络的液压柔性机械臂运动轨迹的跟踪控制

针对液压柔性机械臂在运动作业过程中,由于系统参数不确定、运动轨迹缺乏控制,导致运动失稳的情况,首先介绍了神经网络,结合柔性机械臂的高自由度特点选择适合的轨迹跟踪方法;其次,结合模糊神经网络图,对液压柔性机械臂系统进行参数化设计,利用其能跟踪轨迹误差的特点,结合一阶梯度法寻找液压柔性机械臂的运动期望位置;最后,在满足两个关节达到期望轨迹的同时,利用神经网络系统有效控制液压柔性机械臂的运动轨迹。实验表明,该智能网络方法具有更好的跟踪效果。     

PARAMETRIC IDENTIFICATION OF PARALLEL MANIPULATOR WITH REDUNDANCY DRIVEN BY PNEUMATIC MUSCLES

A new parameter estimation algorithm is proposed for parametric identification of a parallel manipulator driven by pneumatic muscles with redundancy. Due to the special physical properties of the parallel manipulator studied, the regression model for parametric identification is characterized by multieollinearity, which will result in unreliable and inaccurate parameter estimations with large eovarianee if the conventional parameter estimation algorithm based on single error minimizing criterion is used. To improve the quality of parameter estimation and achieve high precise posture trajectory tracking control of the parallel manipulator, a new parameter estimation algorithm based on composite error minimizing criterion is developed in need of theoretical contractive forces of pneumatic muscles. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm integrated with adaptive robust control could provide reliable parametric identification and greatly enhance the control accuracy in the trajectory tracking control of the parallel manipulator, and that the variation of known theoretical contractive forces of pneumatic muscles has slight influence on the control performance.     

柔性机器人轨迹跟踪的逆动力学分析

基于绝对坐标,以期望轨迹而不是名义刚性位置作为机器人末端点的边界条件,建立了具有柔性关节和柔性杆的机器人的逆动力学模型,此方法可使柔性机器人非常准确地跟踪期望轨迹。最后,提出了求解此类非线性方程的数值算法。通过对３Ｒ机器人进行仿真,表明本方法优于通常的方法。     

基于模糊神经网络的不确定机器人实时轨迹跟踪控制的研究

针对机器人建模的不精确性以及扰动的存在给机器人控制增加难度的问题,提出了一种基于模糊神经网络的不确定机器人实时轨迹跟踪控制方法。该控制方法的控制器由模糊神经网络(FNN)控制器和CMAC控制器组成,FNN控制器代替传统的计算力矩法,CMAC控制器在线补偿控制误差,有效补偿机器人存在的各种不确定性。对二自由度机器人的仿真结果表明了所提出的控制方法的可行性。     

Trajectory tracking of a spatial flexible link manipulator using an inverse dynamics method

Discussed in this paper is the problem of trajectory tracking of a spatial flexible link manipulator. To solve this problem, an inverse dynamics method is proposed, based on which computed joint torques can be determined and used to drive the endpoint of a spatial flexible link manipulator to follow its given trajectory.     

基于PID+ESO控制器的气动机械手控制仿真分析及试验研究

针对现实中的气动机械手存在的停滞及控制精度不高等缺点,为了使气动机械手具有更好的运动轨迹跟踪特性,降低非线性,通过分析PID+ESO控制器原理,对采用PID控制和扩张状态观测器PID控制下的气动机械手进行了理论研究。通过对控制器的设计,在MATLAB/Simulink软件上分别对两种不同的控制方法进行仿真,得到各轴的目标跟踪曲线和跟踪误差曲线。将此控制器原理应用于气动试验台,得出基于扩张状态观测器PID控制下的误差较低。应用于直角坐标气动机械手响应速度快、控制精度高。     

Trajectory planning of redundant manipulator using fuzzy clustering method

The solution of inverse kinematics and trajectory planning with performance criteria for a redundant manipulator is proposed with modification in fuzzy c-means. A new fuzzy clustering model based on a new generalized validity index based on weighted within-scatter metrics and between-cluster scatter metrics for the manipulator is proposed. In order to understand the proposed algorithm and to show its performance, two simulation studies of trajectory planning with manipulability criteria for a redundant manipulator are modeled to solve the problems of finding association rules in the data and of setting up an appropriate classification procedures. The problem of redundant manipulator (which is a multi-input, multi-output nonlinear system) is new in terms of solution by clustering method. The proposed algorithm for the trajectory planning of the manipulator is simulated using Matlab®. All practical steps, from data acquisition to model validation, are illustrated using a 4 degree of freedom robot manipulator. The simulated results are compared with the numerical methods of the trajectory planning. The results are presented graphically. The proposed method has the advantage of simplicity, flexibility, and good tracking performance.     

A FUZZY UNCERTAINTY COMPENSATOR FOR MANIPULATOR TRAJECTORY TRACKING

A novel fuzzy logic compensating (FLC) scheme is proposed to enhance the conventional computed-torque control (CTC) structure of manipulators The control scheme is based on the combination of a classical CTC and FLC, and the resulting control scheme has a simple structure with improved robustness. Further improvement of the performance of the FLC scheme is achieved through automatic tuning of a weight parameter a leading to a self-tuning fuzzy logic compensator, so the system uncertainty can be compensated very well. By taking into account the full nonlinear nature of the robotic dynamics, the overall closed-loop system is shown to be asymptotically stable. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the computed torque and fuzzy compensation scheme to control a manipulator during a trajectory tracking task.     

柔性空间机械臂振动抑制的模糊终端滑模控制

针对载体位置不受控、姿态受控的情况,提出了柔性空间机械臂振动抑制的模糊终端滑模控制方案。利用假设模态法、系统动量守恒关系及拉格朗日方法,导出了柔性空间机械臂的系统动力学方程。为解决柔性空间机械臂轨迹跟踪控制及振动抑制问题,运用奇异摄动法将系统分解为慢变、快变两个子系统并分别设计了控制器。慢变子系统采用具有较强鲁棒性的模糊终端滑模控制方案,快变子系统则采用基于降阶状态观测器的线性二次型最优控制器(linear quadratic regulator,简称LQR)。数值模拟结果表明,本文的控制方案不仅保证了柔性空间机械臂载体姿态及机械臂各关节铰跟踪误差在有限时间内的收敛性,而且还大大地降低了滑模控制所固有的抖振,并对柔性臂的振动具有良好的抑制效果。     

面向打磨机械臂的模糊自适应阻抗控制算法

为解决打磨机械臂在加工过程中轨迹移动和末端接触力的控制问题,讨论了一种自适应阻抗算法,能够实现力和位置的柔顺控制,并保证系统的运动稳定。同时引入模糊控制理论,对阻抗参数进行实时调整。以简化模型二自由度机械臂为例进行仿真实验。仿真结果表明,模糊自适应阻抗算法能够较为准确地控制机械臂末端的接触力,降低系统的超调,改善实时性,可以提高打磨机械臂的工作效率,在一定程度上满足打磨的精度要求。     

Modeling and control strategy of flexible joint servo system in humanoid manipulator driven by tendon-sheath

The control effect of rotational speed in joints directly affects the motion accuracy of a humanoid manipulator driven by tendon-sheath. The dynamic parameters of the joint have time-varying characteristics due to the posture change of the manipulator. The joint driven by tendon-sheath has a specific torsional stiffness, so flexibility should be considered in the humanoid manipulator’s servo system. The time-varying of the parameters in the servo system and the joint flexibility can cause fluctuation of the output speed. To improve the motion accuracy of the humanoid manipulator, a fuzzy-tuned PI control strategy is used to suppress the instability of the output speed. First, the change law of the inertia on the motor side of the flexible joint is calculated by the dynamics equation of the humanoid manipulator. Next, a mathematical model of the joint is established, and the transfer function from the load speed to the electromagnetic torque is obtained. Furthermore, according to the pole-placement strategy, the fuzzy-tuned PI controller parameters are selected appropriately for the manipulator in different postures. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by numerical simulations and control experiments of the manipulator. The results show that the fuzzy-tuned PI control strategy can significantly reduce the tracking errors and improve the control performance of the manipulator.

     

基于期望动力学的柔性关节控制器设计

协作机器人具有灵活,安全特点,已广泛应用于自动化领域以及中小企业中。为了保证与人交互的安全性,协作机器人通常采用中空电机与中空减速器配合的设计方案,以降低关节转动惯量,从而获得良好的外力感知与控制能力,这种设计导致协作机器人的关节具有了柔性。针对具有柔性关节的轻量级协作机器人,设计了一种基于期望动力学的柔性关节控制器,提高柔性关节机器人的轨迹跟踪精度和抖动抑制能力。在具有谐波减速器和力矩传感器的柔性关节上,基于连杆侧位置反馈与关节力矩反馈实现了从经典的电机侧控制到连杆侧控制的转变,并借助储存函数建立李雅普诺夫函数证明了该控制器的无源性与渐近稳定性。最后,通过Simulink仿真与单关节实验平台的关节轨迹追踪实验验证了柔性关节控制器的性能,结果显示其与全状态反馈控制相比具有关节力矩波动小、抖动抑制快以及轨迹跟踪误差小等优点。     

柔性臂杆、柔性关节空间机械臂TS模糊轨迹跟踪及双柔振动并行综合控制

针对存在参数不确定和外界干扰的柔性臂杆、柔性关节空间机械臂追踪期望运动的问题,设计了基于TS模糊模型的滑模鲁棒控制方案和双柔性振动并行控制方案。首先,设计了关节柔性补偿器以提高系统的等效关节刚度。其次,利用反馈线性化技术建立了系统追踪期望轨迹的误差动力学方程,通过对系统Lyapunov稳定性证明来选择滑模控制参数;简化并改进TS模糊推理规则,提出了模糊滑模鲁棒控制方法,可解决滑模控制的抖振问题并具有计算量少、控制力矩小的优点。再次,提出了柔性臂杆振动模态的直接反馈控制方案,解决了双柔性并行综合控制的问题。最后,运用逐步仿真的方法,对比仿真结果,证实了所设计轨迹跟踪、双柔性并行综合控制方案的有效性和稳定性。     

Maximum allowable dynamic load of flexible mobile manipulators using finite element approach

In this paper a general formula for finding the maximum allowable dynamic load (MADL) of flexible link mobile manipulators is presented. The main constraints used for the proposed algorithm are the actuator torque capacity and the limited error bound for the end-effector during motion on a given trajectory. The accuracy constraint is taken into account with two boundary lines which are equally offset due to the given end-effector trajectory, while a speed-torque characteristics curve of a typical DC motor, is used for applying the actuator torque constraint. Finite element method (FEM), which is able to consider the full nonlinear dynamic of mobile manipulator is applied to derive the kinematic and dynamic equations. In order to verify the effectiveness of the presented algorithm, two simulation studies considering a flexible two-link planar manipulator mounted on a mobile base are presented and the results are discussed.     

气动机械手轨迹的Terminal滑模控制方法

应用Terminal滑模控制方法对三轴直角坐标型气动机械手进行连续轨迹控制。首先建立了气动位置伺服系统的数学模型,然后运用Terminal滑模控制对机械手进行轨迹控制。仿真研究结果表明,采用高阶非线性的Terminal滑模控制方法,可以使该机械手对空间直线轨迹的跟踪误差只在未达到收敛点的时间段内较大,在到达收敛点后能完全跟踪目标轨迹。     

含有一个自由关节的机械臂轨迹跟踪实验

以含有一个自由关节的三自由度机械臂为研究对象,对其轨迹跟踪问题进行了实验研究。依据模糊控制理论设计了一种简单的模糊控制方法,该方法具有参数调整容易,实时计算量小等优点。搭建了3R欠驱动机械臂实验装置及其控制系统,利用主、被动关节间的动力学耦合作用,在该实验系统上实现了机械臂的圆弧轨迹跟踪任务,结果表明,实验具有较高的控制精度。     

基于重力补偿的机械臂PD控制系统研究

针对多关节机器人机械臂数学描述复杂、运动学分析困难的问题,采用逆动力学方法建立机器人双关节机械臂的动力学模型,并对重力项进行补偿,采用对重力矩准确估值的PD控制算法实现机械臂运动轨迹准确跟踪,能够满足机械臂定点控制的要求,具有无超调、初始力矩小等特点,通过仿真实验表明与理论分析结果一致,表明此控制方法的有效性。     

Model-based reference trajectory generation for tip-based learning controller

The non-minimum phase characteristic of a flexible manipulator makes tracking control of its tip difficult The level of the tip tracking performance of a flexible manipulator is significantly affected by the characteristics of the tip reference trajectory as well as the characteristics of the flexible manipulator system This paper addresses the question of how to best specify a reference trajectory for the tip of a flexible mampulator to follow in order to achieve the objectives of reducing tip tracking error, residual tip vibration, and the required actuation effort at the manipulator joint A novel method of tip-based learning controller for the flexible manipulator system is proposed in the paper, where a model of the flexible manipulator system with a command shaping filter is used to generate a smooth and realizable tip reference trajectory for a tip-based learning controller