在湿H2S环境中金属腐蚀行为和机理研究概述

概述了金属在湿H2S环境中的腐蚀破坏类型、腐蚀机理、实验研究方法和影响因素，探讨了湿H2S的定义，提出：在区分溶液H2S和薄液H2S腐蚀的基础上，加强湿H2S环境下腐蚀机理、高温高压湿H2S条件下的腐蚀开裂行为和机理、阳极溶解和HIC的相互关系的研究；发展和规范湿H2S环境下设备腐蚀破坏的检测方法和相关的工业标准，开展H2S环境下寿命预测和安全评估技术工作；完善室内模拟湿H2S环境下腐蚀实验技术.      

油气田H2S腐蚀体系模拟方法探究

通过两种方法向反应釜内引入H2S气体模拟含H2S油气田腐蚀体系:一是使用钢瓶直接通入H2S,二是通过化学反应间接生成H2S。在高压釜内研究了20#钢在这两种不同方法引入H2S体系中腐蚀情况的差异。通过失重法和电化学法研究了两种方法下20#钢的腐蚀速率及腐蚀机理;通过SEM观察腐蚀形貌;并利用EDS分析腐蚀产物的组成。结果表明:20#钢在由化学反应产生H2S模拟油气田环境中的腐蚀速率为0.1077 mm/a,腐蚀产物膜粗糙、疏松。而其在直接导入H2S模拟油气田环境中的腐蚀速率为0.0518 mm/a,腐蚀产物膜均匀、致密、平整,接近现场实际情况。即H2S的导入方法对油气田模拟腐蚀体系的建立有重要的影响。从科学研究角度看,直接通入H2S法能更好地模拟含H2S油气田腐蚀体系。     

油田排海污水中H2S的分布及其对平台钢结构设施腐蚀行为的影响

研究了W11—4油田A平台排海污水中H2S、钢桩上附着生物状态以及白色沉积物对平台海域钢结构设施腐蚀与防护的影响，测定了H2S的浓度、分布以及含H2S海水的腐蚀特征，研究了各种附着生物和白色沉积物的状态及组成。结果表明，H2S主要集中在海面海流下方区域，并与海水流速密切相关，最大可能H2S浓度低于19mg／L；白色沉积物为附着生物受硫化氢影响的生理分泌物，海水中的H2S及白色生理分泌物对平台钢结构设施的腐蚀过程没有影响。     

H2S腐蚀的控制

本文总结了H2 S腐蚀控制的常用方法 (包括耐蚀材料的应用、腐蚀介质的处理、保护性覆盖层的使用等 ) ,对从事H2 S腐蚀控制的工作者有一定的参考作用     

H2S腐蚀的影响因素(Ⅱ)

1．6氧 许多研究结果证实[9．10,11]；当H2S溶液中存在氧时，可引起最为严重的腐蚀问题，只要少量的氧就可使H2S水溶液的腐蚀速度线性升高，腐蚀速度可达几百密尔/年，且很快可产生点蚀。实验表明，在H2S含量为1mM时，有氧存在时碳钢的腐蚀速度比无氧时高15倍，可见氧对H2S的腐……     

乙苯反应器腐蚀原因分析及防腐措施

应用扫描电镜能谱和X射线衍射方法对乙苯反应器腐蚀产物进行了分析.结果表明, 造成乙苯反应器内壁以及内部结构15 CrMo钢腐蚀的原因是,生产乙苯的原料气中所含O2 ,CO2,H2S等.在380～420℃时15 CrMo钢氧化、硫化所致.对15 CrMo钢表面喷铝处理 可防止此类腐蚀的发生.     

不同腐蚀介质中16Mn钢高温高压腐蚀行为的比较

采用高压釜研究了16Mn钢在含有CO2与CO2+H2S介质的NACE(5wt%NaCl+0.5wt%CH3COOH)溶液中的高温高压腐蚀行为,利用失重法计算了腐蚀速率,通过SEM,XRD,EPMA等手段分析了腐蚀产物的成分及结构。结果表明:CO2腐蚀产物主要为Fe3C;CO2+H2S腐蚀产物主要为FeS,60℃时有FeCO3形成,腐蚀主要显示以CO2腐蚀为主的点蚀特征,90~120℃时,腐蚀系统以H2S腐蚀为主导,腐蚀产生的鼓泡、阶梯状裂纹是CO2与H2S协同作用的结果,CO2会增大H2S腐蚀的敏感性,使腐蚀产生氢损伤的温度提高。     

H2 S 对油气管材的腐蚀及防护研究综述

随着石油天然气工业的迅速发展,酸性气体引起的油气管材腐蚀问题日益突出,尤其是H2S引起的腐蚀广泛存在,严重影响着油气开采及输送管道和炼制加工设备的使用寿命。综述了H2S对油气管材腐蚀的机理、影响因素及防护方法,探讨了温度、H2S分压、p H值、流速、Cl-浓度、CO2分压及管材材质等因素对H2S腐蚀的影响,建立了H2S腐蚀速率预测模型并对其进行了相关分析,对H2S腐蚀防护方法进行了评述。最后,简述了H2S腐蚀的研究现状及发展趋势。     

油气管道CO2/H2 S腐蚀及防护技术研究进展

CO2和H2S是油气管道中主要的腐蚀介质,两者往往同时存在于原油和天然气之中,是造成油气输送管道内腐蚀发生的主要原因之一,甚至会导致管道失效、穿孔、泄漏、开裂等现象,严重威胁了管网的安全运行及正常生产。因此CO2和H2S引起的管道腐蚀问题,已成为当前研究的热点问题。针对油气管道日益严重的CO2和H2S腐蚀问题,综述了CO2单独存在、H2S单独存在以及CO2和H2S共同存在三种体系中油气管道的腐蚀过程,得出了在这三种腐蚀体系下油气管道出现的主要腐蚀行为规律以及腐蚀机理。阐述了CO2和H2S共同存在体系下,缓蚀剂、耐蚀性管材、电化学防腐技术、管道内涂层技术等先进的油气管道腐蚀防护技术,并剖析了这些防护措施各自的特点及在实际工程使用中的优势和局限性。最后,展望了CO2和H2S共存体系的进一步研究方向以及更经济、更有效的防腐措施发展前景。     

高钢级抗H2S腐蚀管线用无缝钢管的研制与开发

通过对抗H2S腐蚀输送管线用无缝钢管的成分设计与优化,生产工艺的开发及优化,冶炼工艺、轧管工艺及热处理工艺的研究,成功开发出了高钢级抗H2S腐蚀管线用无缝钢管,并投入批量生产。经检验及用户使用表明,产品的抗H2S腐蚀陛能及其他各项性能良好。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。