旋滚条件下弹流油膜的试验研究

应用光干涉方法,对旋滚条件下钢球-玻璃盘接触副形成的弹流油膜进行了试验研究.在试验中,通过调节接触副与玻璃盘旋转中心的距离即偏心距来获得不同程度的自旋分量.试验结果表明,纯滚条件下两侧缘处相等的最小油膜厚度由于自旋分量的引入不再相等,较小的最小膜厚具有较大的速度指数.侧缘处最小膜厚的速度指数大于中心膜厚的速度指数.随自旋的增加,油膜形状的非对称性增加,最小油膜厚度减小.随载荷和滚动速度的增加,自旋引起的油膜形状的非对称性增强.     

界面滑移条件下弹流油膜的试验观察

在极低速纯滑动条件下完成高粘度聚丁烯弹流油膜的光干涉测量试验,观察到明显的油膜入口凹陷现象。试验结果表明,入口凹陷的深度随载荷的增加而增加,随卷吸速度的增加存在一个极大值。试验中润滑剂的粘度越高,入口凹陷越容易出现。纯滑动条件下,油膜厚度对速度和载荷的依赖关系明显偏离了经典的弹流理论。试验中观察到的入口凹陷证明了已有入口凹陷弹流数值分析的正确性。     

基于周期性挤压条件下弹流油膜的研究

球体周期性冲击弹流问题已得到解决,以前的实验研究也已被数学模拟论证。在载荷持续期间,中心油膜厚度和频率在对数坐标下呈线性关系,数值模拟结果表明,中心油膜厚度随时间逐渐减小和试验结果相似,数值模拟结果是一个涡状油膜形状,它是由接触区域较高的压力产生,频率和静载对油膜厚度和压力的影响也得到了论证。     

自旋对弹流油膜影响的试验研究

利用自制的旋滑式光干涉弹流薄膜测量系统,对带有自旋的钢球—玻璃盘接触副形成的弹流油膜形状和厚度进行试验研究。采用新的方法来获得自旋,即通过调节接触副与玻璃盘旋转中心的距离改变自旋分量的大小。试验结果表明,自旋导致油膜厚度降低,油膜形状也失去了经典的马蹄形相对卷吸中心线的对称性。当卷吸速度增加时,油膜厚度增加,油膜形状的非对称性增强;载荷增加,油膜厚度减小,油膜形状的非对称性增强;偏心距增加,油膜整体厚度增加,两侧油膜厚度差别减小,油膜形状的对称程度增加。     

弹流润滑中局部油膜增厚的数值模拟

通过理论计算模拟了Kaneta等在光干涉弹流试验中观察到的,当接触区钢球表面和玻璃盘表面反向运动时出现的反常油膜局部增厚现象,即润滑固体表面在接触区出现凹陷.对钢球-玻璃盘接触副进行了热弹流问题的完全数值求解,发现润滑中的热效应是形成凹陷的根本原因.当盘快球慢时有凹陷出现;而盘慢球快时无凹陷出现.讨论了凹陷的深度、位置和形状随运动条件、粘压系数及载荷等的变化.     

凹坑边缘隆起对弹流油膜的影响

采用光束干涉技术研究纯滑条件下表面单凹坑及边缘隆起对弹流油膜的影响.实验结果表明,随着卷吸速度的增加,边缘隆起处在弹性恢复阶段时,阻碍润滑油的流动,在靠近隆起处形成了明显的凹陷;当隆起完全恢复后,其对润滑油流动的影响减弱,凹陷也随之消失.比较相同工况下凹坑表面和光滑表面出口油膜的特征,分析凹坑位置对油膜的影响,结果显示凹坑表面的出口膜厚略有增加;凹坑处在接触区中央位置时对油膜的影响最为明显.     

弹流润滑入口凹陷现象的数值模拟

入口凹陷(inlet-dimple)是近年来弹性流体动力润滑(EHL)研究中出现的一类新油膜形状特征。使用Circular流变模型,利用数值分析,研究了滑滚比、载荷及卷吸速度等对凹陷的影响,并与部分已有实验结果进行了比较。初步结果显示,当滑动较大时,入口区油/固体界面处表观粘度剧烈下降,产生伪滑移,从而诱发了较大的压力梯度而形成入口凹陷。     

弹流膜厚的测试方法述评

论述了弹性流体动力润滑油膜工测试方法的进展，分析了各种膜厚测试方法的特点及应用范围。     

铁路客车滚动轴承弹流润滑状态研究

采用非牛顿流体动力润滑ＥＨＬ（理论），地脂润滑线接触铁路客车动轴承在其实际运行工况下的润滑状态进行了研究。润滑脂流变模型Ｈｅｒｓｃｈｅｌ－Ｂｕｌｋｌｅｙ模型。数值计算２改进的Ｏｋａｍｕｒａ算法，并综合考虑了润滑脂流变参数及轴承具体工况参数变化等因素的影响。在数值计算基础上，得到了铁路客车滚动轴承在不同车速下的脂膜厚比λ值。     

滑动条件下弹流润滑启动过程的实验观察

使用光干涉动态油膜厚度测量系统对不同启动条件下聚丁烯润滑油弹流油膜的形成过程进行了实验观测。结果表明,在纯滑动条件下,由于界面滑移弹流油膜存在反常的入口凹陷;卷吸速度相等时,较大的启动加速度产生较大的界面滑移,诱发较大的入口凹陷;不同的启动加速度,入口区的油膜形状和最小油膜厚度的变化也不相同。     

Numerical multilevel investigation for the evaluation of pressure distribution in ehl circular contacts from film thickness measurements

An analysis of circular contacts under elastohydrodynamic lubrication using a hybrid technique is presented. In particular, attention has been focused on the pressure distribution calculation. A versatile code has been developed to evaluate the pressure distribution starting from three‐dimensional film thickness maps obtained from the analysis of interferometric images. The code has been developed in C++ and is based on the multigrid technique. This hybrid technique has a basic advantage over the full numerical approach in that the pressure is obtained without making any assumptions about the lubricant itself. The main drawback of the method is that high‐resolution interferometric images are required.     

Molecular dynamics simulations of elastohydrodynamic lubrication oil film

This paper reviews recent research in molecular dynamics studies of the traction properties of hydrocarbon fluids under elastohydrodynamic lubrication, focusing on the technical problems that arise on making predictions of the traction properties of an oil film with a submicron thickness at the actual sliding contacts of the machine elements by at a nanoscale molecular simulation. The effect of the oil film thickness and shear rate are examined including the result of a submicron thickness simulation of the oil film using a tera‐flops computer. The mechanism of the phase transition of the fluids under high pressure, the boundary slip, and the momentum transfer related to the molecular structure of the fluids are also presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of proprietary oil additives on elastohydrodynamic film thickness

A study is reported of the effect on a simulated elastohydrodynamic contact of the addition of three proprietary products to the lubricating oil. Chromatic interferometry was used to study changes in lubricant film thickness. Under the conditions employed it was found that Molyslip did not affect film thickness markedly, but there is evidence that solid particles of molybdenum disulphide did enter the contact. STP and Redex both increased the film thickness as a result of increasing the viscosity, but this effect was greatly reduced at high shear rates. No evidence was found for the formation of permanent or semi-permanent surface films, although results have so far only been obtained at room temperature.     

Misalignment effects on steady‐state and dynamic behaviour of compliant journal bearings lubricated with couple stress fluids

This work concerns the steady‐state and dynamic analysis of misaligned compliant journal bearings considering the effects of couple stresses arising from the lubricant blended with polymer additives. Based on the Stokes micro‐continuum theory, a modified form of the Reynolds equation is derived. The displacement field at the fluid film–bearing liner interface due to pressure forces is determined using the elastic thin liner model. The effects of the misalignment and the couple stress parameters on static and dynamic performances such as pressure distribution, load‐carrying capacity, power loss, side leakage flow, misalignment moment, critical mass and whirl frequency are presented and discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of emulsifier concentration on the lubricating properties of oil-in-water emulsions

Although the use of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions as metalworking fluids is widespread, the mechanisms of emulsion lubrication are not yet well understood. Several theories have been proposed but there is not a clear agreement about the effect of different operating conditions and emulsion properties on the lubricating performance of O/W emulsions. In the present study, the film forming ability of O/W emulsions as a function of emulsifier concentration is studied. The emulsifier content exerts a strong influence on all the emulsion properties, such as stability, droplet size distribution, surface and interfacial tension, wetting ability, etc., as well as on the lubricating behaviour, so it has been used to ascertain the relationship between all the properties involved. Three different emulsifiers—anionic, nonionic and cationic—were used at different concentrations in the design of lubricant O/W emulsions. Experimental results show that the work of adhesion of oil droplets on the metal surface is a valuable parameter to predict the ability of emulsions to form thick films in elastohydrodynamic (EHD) contacts. The influence of pH value of O/W emulsions on their lubricating behaviour is also verified. The overall conclusion is that the interactions between metal and oil droplets rule the mechanism of lubrication and that this interaction is primarily controlled by emulsifier concentration.     

基于全膜弹流理论的交错轴斜齿轮传动多目标优化

针对交错轴斜齿轮传动传统设计中的不足之处，阐述了基于全膜弹流理论的交错轴斜齿轮传动优化设计的目的和意义。选择螺旋角β和齿数比u作为设计变量，油膜厚度和磨损量作为目标函数，啮合效率作为约束条件，合理运用多目标函数优化方法，得出不同工况下以及不同设计要求下的优化结果。     

The effects of surface irregularities on the performance characteristics of flexible finite journal bearings lubricated with couple stress fluids

A numerical solution for the elastohydrodynamic lubrication of finite journal bearings is presented. Couple stress effects resulting from blending the lubricant with various additives are considered. Elrod's cavitation algorithm, which automatically predicts film rupture and reformation in the bearings, is implemented in the solution scheme. A simple elastic model is used to describe the elastic deformation of the bearing liner. Furthermore, the effects of surface waviness on the performance of the bearing are incorporated into the analysis. A comprehensive study illustrates the effects of couple stress, liner flexibility, and surface waviness on the steady‐state performance of finite‐width journal bearings. The results show that these effects should be considered at higher values of the eccentricity ratio.     

Elastohydrodynamic properties of water-based fire-resistant hydraulic fluids

The elastohydrodynamic (ehd) lubricating properties of commercial fire-resistant hydraulic fluids in rolling point contacts are described. Earlier work is reviewed and new work presented on water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions. It is shown that in general, elastohydrodynamic film thicknesses of water-in-oil emulsions are close to those of their base oils. For very fine particle size emulsions, however, thicker films are observed. Commercial oil-in-water emulsions in fully flooded conditions have not been found to give measurable elastohydrodynamic films. However, when the emulsions are destabilized, a localized pool of oil collects in the contact zone which enables ehd films to form, though these films do not survive very high rolling speeds. Polyglycol solutions give low ehd film thicknesses, approximately one third those of mineral oils of corresponding viscosity. This can be attributed to the low pressure—viscosity coefficient of these solutions.     

Effects of surface forces on pure squeeze thin film EHL motion of circular contacts

The pure squeeze thin film elastohydrodynamic lubrication (thin film EHL) motion of circular contacts with effects of surface forces taken into account is explored under constant load conditions. The difference between thin film EHL model and EHL model is apparent as the film thickness is thinner than 5 nm. The oscillation phenomena in pressure and film thickness come mainly from the action of solvation forces. The effects of surface forces become significant as the film thickness becomes thinner. Moreover, the viscosity is oscillatory due to its dependency on the hydrodynamic pressure which is affected by surface forces.     

线接触弹流润滑综合数值分析

应用多重网格法和多重网格积分法数值求解rNewton流体和Ree-Eyring流体线接触等温和热弹流润滑问题,分析了滑滚比对摩擦因数的影响,指出了润滑油的流变性和热效应对线接触弹流润滑油膜粘度的影响,以及不同滑滚比时压力、膜厚和温度的分布规律。结果表明：等温润滑时的摩擦因数随着滑滚比的增加而增加,热弹流润滑时的摩擦因数随着滑滚比的增加先增加后减小,热效应和非牛顿流体的剪稀作用均会使润滑油的等效粘度降低,从而影响摩擦因数;热效应的存在使油膜变薄,且在所讨论的工况条件下Newton流体的膜厚比Ree-Eyring流体的稍薄,热效应使第二压力峰变矮,且Ree-Eyring流体的第二压力峰矮于Newton流体的第二压力峰;纯滚动时,Ree-Eyring流体的温度比Newton流体的温度高,有滑滚比时,Newton流体的温度比Ree-Eyring流体的温度高,且油膜的温度随滑滚比的增加而增加。