基于不同状态方程预测气体水合物相平衡条件

气相逸度的计算结果会直接影响气体水合物相平衡条件的预测精度。基于Chen-Guo模型,选取RK、SRK、PR以及PT四种状态方程计算逸度,分别对甲烷、乙烷以及二氧化碳三种不同气体水合物在不同温度范围内的相平衡条件进行计算。结果表明：纯水条件下,RK方程最适合预测甲烷水合物相平衡条件,而PR方程更适合预测乙烷及二氧化碳水合物相平衡条件;对于冰中,SRK方程适合预测甲烷水合物的相平衡条件,PR方程适合预测乙烷水合物的,而RK方程更适合二氧化碳水合物的;对于甲烷水合物,低于218.2 K的预测是导致模型预测精度偏低的原因;对于乙烷水合物,需要提高低于230.2 K的预测精度;对二氧化碳水合物而言,提高对低于270.7 K的预测可以进一步提高模型预测精度。     

Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Double Gas Hydrate Formation in the Presence or Absence of Kinetic Inhibitors in a Flow Mini‐Loop Apparatus

Double gas hydrate formation in the presence or absence of kinetic inhibitors in a flow mini‐loop apparatus was investigated. For the prediction of the gas consumption rate during hydrate formation in this system, the rate equation based on the Kashchiev and Firoozabadi model for simple gas hydrate formation in a batch system was developed for double gas hydrate formation in a flow mini‐loop apparatus. To complete the theoretical evaluation of gas hydrate formation through the mini‐loop apparatus in the presence or absence of kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHI), a laboratory flow mini‐loop apparatus was set up to measure the induction time for hydrate formation and the uptake rate when a gaseous mixture (such as 75 % C1/25 % C3, 25 % C1/75 % C3, 75 % C1/25 % i‐C4, and 25 % C1/75 % i‐C4) is contacted with water containing or not containing dissolved inhibitor under suitable temperature and pressure conditions. In each experiment, a water blend saturated with gas mixture was circulated up to the required pressure. The pressure was maintained at a constant value during the experimental runs by means of a required gas mixture make‐up. The effect of pressure on gas consumption during hydrate formation was investigated in the presence or absence of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and L ‐tyrosine as kinetic inhibitors at various concentrations. A good agreement was found between the predicted and experimental data in the presence or absence of KHI. The total average absolute deviation percents between the experimental and predicted values of gas consumption were found to be 16.4 and 17.5 % for the double gas hydrate formation in the presence or absence of the kinetic inhibitors, respectively.     

状态方程在气固相平衡计算中的应用

状态方程法是研究气固平衡的一种常用方法,但是目前仅有SRK和PR方程运用于元素硫沉积机理的研究。采用RK、SRK、PR、PT和LHSS状态方程对含硫天然气气固相平衡进行了计算,并且比较了不同状态方程对计算结果的影响。通过算例分析可知,对含硫天然气气固相平衡进行计算时每种状态方程都会存在误差,而误差主要来源于实验过程中的误差、状态方程参数设置的误差、数值计算方法的误差等。计算结果表明,采用RK和SRK方程计算误差较大,PR和PT方程两者计算误差差别不大,LHSS方程更适合描述含硫天然气的气固相平衡。     

改进SRK方程提高正构烷烃饱和蒸气压和液体体积预测精度

<正>引言 在化学工程和油藏工程的相平衡和其他热力学性质计算中,两参数立方型SRK方程应用最为广泛。然而,在某些情况下由SRK方程预测的饱和蒸气压出预测的液体体积偏差较大,无法满足工程计算的需要,必须改进方程,提高其预测精度。1 饱和蒸气压的改进 SRK方程可以写为 p=RT/（V-b）-(a(T)）/V(V+b) （1）     

Prediction of induction time for natural gas components during gas hydrate formation in the presence of kinetic hydrate inhibitors in a flow mini‐loop apparatus

The objective of this work is the prediction of induction time (t_i) for simple gas hydrate formation in the presence or absence of kinetic hydrate inhibitors at various conditions based on the Kashchiev and Firoozabadi model in a flow mini‐loop apparatus. For this purpose, the t_i model is developed for simple gas hydrate formation in batch system for natural gas components during hydrate formation in a flow mini‐loop apparatus. A laboratory flow mini‐loop apparatus is designed and built up to measure the t_i for simple gas hydrate formation when a hydrate former (such as C₁, C₃, CO₂ and i‐C₄) is contacted with water in the absence or presence of dissolved inhibitor, such as poly vinylpyrrolidone, PVCap and L ‐tyrosine. In each experiment, a water blend saturated with pure gas is circulated up to a required pressure. Pressure is maintained at a constant value during experimental runs by means of the required gas make‐up. The average absolute deviation (AAD) of the predicted t_i values from the corresponding experimental data are found to be about 11% and 9.4% for gas hydrate formation t_i in the presence or absence of kinetic hydrate inhibitors, respectively. © 2012 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering     

THE CALCULATION OF CRITICAL PROPERTIES OF MIXTURES FROM EQUATIONS OF STATE

The rigorous critical state criteria based on Helmholtz free energy is used with equations of state fordirect calculation of critical properties(T_c,P_c and V_c)of 44 binary and 5 ternary systems.Special at-tention is paid to systems containing polar component(s)and the improvement in critical volume prediction.For extending this method to polar systems,the recently developed Cubic Chain-of-Rotators equation ofstate has been applied.As compared with SRK and PR equations of state,the improvement in V_c pre-diction is most impressive.     

基于多种状态方程模型的冷凝法油气回收对比

冷凝法回收油气过程的模拟计算采用何种状态方程尚无定论,建立油气混合物相平衡模型和组分热物理参数模型,进行油气回收过程模拟的对比。相平衡模型主要由状态方程、物质的量平衡方程、热力学平衡条件方程和模型迭代步骤组成,状态方程包括SRK方程、PR方程、TJS方程和理想气体方程。模拟结果表明：状态方程选用SRK、PR和TJS方程,经实验数据验证,满足精度要求;将油气视为理想气体时,计算结果与实际气体状态方程的模拟结果相差较大,冷凝温度越高,偏差越大,油气混合物在冷凝过程中不能视为理想气体;SRK、PR、TJS和Aspen Plus的模拟结果比较一致,相平衡计算应优先选用SRK或TJS方程。     

富硫化氢酸性天然气相态行为的实验测定和模型预测

本文采用无汞抗硫ＰＶＴ装置，测定了三组富硫化氢酸性天然气混合物的Ｐ－Ｔ相包线数据，并比较了三个立方型状态方程：Ｓｏａｖｅ－Ｒｅｄｌｉｃｈ－Ｋｗｏｎｇ，Ｐｅｎｇ－Ｒｏｂｉｎｓｏｎ和Ｐａｔｅｌ－Ｔｅｊａ应用于酸性天然气泡／露点压力及ＰＶＴ数据的预测结果。对泡点压力的预测ＳＲＫ方程误差最小（１．１３％），而对露点压力的预测则ＰＴ方程误差最小（４．７７％）。应用多参数ＭＯＵ／ＧＲＩ方程预测富硫化氢酸性天然气压缩因子数据取得满意的结果，平均误差为０．６３５％。     

Modelling hydrate formation kinetics of a hydrate promoter-water-natural gas system in a semi-batch spray reactor

Hydrate formation kinetic modelling studies reported so far mainly concentrates on pure water-gas systems in stirred-tank batch environments. This work proposes a model for gas hydrate formation kinetics of a hydrate promoter-water-natural gas system in a semi-batch reactor assuming steady-state, isothermal and isobaric conditions. The hydrate formation kinetics was modelled after extending the recent method proposed by Kashchiev and Firoozabadi (J. Crystral Growth 241 (2002a) 220; J. Crystal Growth 243 (2002b) 476; J. Crystal Growth 250 (2003) 499) for a single component gas-water system to a multi-component gas-water-additive system. The extended Kashchiev and Firoozabadi model was applied for a semi-batch spray reactor here for the first time. The hydrate formation experiments were carried out in a pilot plant spray reactor at three different pressure-temperature regimes to determine the actual hydrate formation kinetics in the spray reactor. The experiment results were then used to finetune the adjustable parameters to facilitate accurate model predictions.     

PERFORMANCE OF FIVE EQUATIONS OF STATE FOR THE PREDICTION OF VLE AND DENSITIES OF NATURAL GAS MIXTURES IN THE DENSE PHASE REGION

This paper examines the degree of uncertainty of five Equations of State (EOS) for the prediction of densities in the dense phase region which is beyond the ranges of pressure and temperature originally specified for these equations. Predicted densities were compared with measured values for different hydrocarbon mixtures including a rich mixture. The results show that the GERG equation of state, originally specified for the range of P -8 C, outperforms all other equations in the region up to P=30 MPa and T > -8 C. In this range, its mean deviation from measured values of densities was found to be less than -0.015% and standard deviation ( ) also less than 0.015%. The AGA-8 equation, which identified several regions of pressures and temperatures with different uncertainties, also performed quite well with a mean deviation of -0.2% and less than 0.4% in the region up to P=30 MPa. The other equations showed relatively high deviation: ~2.7% for BWRS,-5.1% for PR and 2.5% for RKS. Unlike GERG and AGA-8, however, these three equations can also be used to predict the vapour-liquid-equilibrium (VLE). VLE predictions were compared with measured values for eight binary mixtures of methane (C1) and ethane (C2). It is recommended to use PR for VLE prediction, as quite good agreement between measured data and prediction by PR was demonstrated.     

EVALUATION OF PENG ROBINSON EQUATION OF STATE IN CALCULATING THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF COMBUSTION GASES

A set of simple equations of the thermodynamic and transport properties of the combustion gases of a gas turbine have been derived based upon the critically evaluated data and two equations of state: The virial equation of state and Peng-Robinson (PR) equation of state.

The properties which have been considered were, density, specific heat at constant pressure, enthalpy, entropy, viscosity and thermal conductivity.

The temperature range was (200-2600 K) theoretically while the pressure range was (0.3-1.2 MPa).

A computer program, to evaluate the departure of thermophysical properties using virial and PR equations of state, was used.

The Peng Robinson (PR) equation of state gave better estimated accuracy than the virial equation of state especially in evaluating the departure of thermodynamic properties.     

STUDY OF CAPTURING EMITTED CO2 IN THE FORM OF HYDRATES IN A TUBULAR REACTOR

Stabilizing atmospheric CO₂ concentration requires the development of novel methods for capturing it in the form of permanent reservoirs. Among the proposed methods is CO₂ storage in the form of hydrate. In this study a method was established for CO₂ conversion to hydrate. This method can be applied to bioethanol plants, which produce CO₂ as a by-product of ethanol fermentation. In this regard, a tubular recirculating flow reactor was developed for the study of CO₂ hydrate formation. The experiments were carried out at 279 K and 3.5–5 MPa to determine the rate of CO₂ hydrate formation. Further, a model was developed for prediction of the rate of hydrate formation based on the mass transfer, crystallization, and thermodynamic concepts. The predicted hydrate formation rate was compared to the experimental data in order to validate the model prediction. The predicted results were in good agreement with the experimental data at different operating conditions.     

状态方程法计算气体PVT性质的准确性研究

利用经典的状态方程RKEOS、SRKEOS、PREOS和普遍化EOS对氨气、氨气、甲烷、乙烯和丁烷在不同压力状态下的压缩因子进行了计算。并将理论计算得到的压缩因子与试验结果进行了对比分析,发现气体的压力对各类状态方程的影响较大,压力较低时,各状态方程的计算精度都相对较高,其中PREOS在100MPa以下的预测精度最高。此外,文章对影响状态方程预测精度的其它几个重要因素也进行了探讨。     

PREDICTION OF MOLAR VOLUMES, VAPOR PRESSURES AND SUPERCRITICAL SOLUBILITIES OF ALKANES BY EQUATIONS OF STATE

A generalized cubic equation of state which can represent all the cubic equations is introduced and thermodynamic property relations for it are presented. Five cubic equations of states with respective mixing rules are used to predict molar volumes and vapor pressures of pure alkanes (from methane till n-tritriacontane) and solubilities of solid wax components (high molecular weight alkanes) in supercritical solvents. They are the RK (Redlich-Kwong), MMM (Mohsennia-Modarress-Mansoori), RM (Riazi-Mansoori), PR (Peng-Robinson), and SRK (Soave-Redlich-Kwon) equations of state. The experimental data necessary to compare the equations of state are taken from the literature. It is demonstrated that the SRK equation of state is more accurate for predicting vapor pressures of alkanes. The RM equation of state is shown to be more accurate for predicting molar volumes of saturated and sub-cooled liquid alkanes as well as molar volumes of alkanes in their supercritical condition. For the solubility of wax components in supercritical solvents it is shown that the MMM equation of state gives the least AAD% for the 270 data points of 10 binary systems studied consisting of a high molecular weight alkane and supercritical ethane and carbon dioxide.     

用SRK方程与PR方程求算双组分混合气体热力学性质

流体热力学性质的计算是化工热力学中的一类重要计算,立方型方程经常用于这类计算中。SRK方程与PR方程是在RK方程基础上发展而来的,具有比RK方程更好的计算精度。但现有教材中没有给出PR方程和SRK方程的剩余焓、剩余熵的计算公式,缺失了流体热力学性质计算的系统性。本文通过立方型状态方程的一般形式推导出PR方程和SRK方程的剩余焓、剩余熵的计算公式,利用Excel电子表格计算双组分混合气体的热力学性质。计算过程简捷明了,利于学生更好地理解混合物热力学性质的计算过程。     

螺旋内槽管内天然气-水-表面活性剂体系的水合物生成动力学计算

针对多组分气体（天然气）-水-表面活性剂体系在螺旋内槽管内的水合物生成过程,首先采用CFD方法结合群体平衡模型（PBM）,基于溶质渗透模型和Kolmogorov各向同性湍流理论对螺旋内槽管内气液传质系数进行了模拟;其次基于Kashchiev和Firoozabadi的经典水合物成核和生长理论,将其体系从单组分-水系统扩展到多组分气体（天然气-水-十二烷基硫酸钠）系统,同时结合经典结晶理论利用传质系数对水合物生长模型进行了修正,建立了适用于螺旋内槽管流动体系内天然气水合物生成动力学模型。通过模拟计算,获得不同水合物生产条件下天然气在水中的平均传质系数;进而利用Microsoft Visual C++编程计算得到不同条件下水合物生成动力学数据,在考察范围内,天然气水合物的成核速率随着反应体系有效表面能的增大而锐减,而水合物生成驱动力和生长速率未受影响,同时水合物生长速率随着流速和反应压力的增大及温度的降低而增大,成核速率随着压力的增大和温度的降低而增大。     

LNG接收站蒸发计算状态方程选择

LNG物性参数是LNG接收站模型建立、工艺流程模拟计算及研究必不可少的基础数据。以国外实验数据为基础,采用Aspen HYSYS软件分析评价PR、SRK、LKP、BWRS状态方程对气液相组成、焓、密度等物性参数的预测结果,比选汽液相平衡和热力学参数的计算状态方程,建立了LNG接收站储罐蒸发模型,并比较了四种状态方程的准确度。结果表明：PR方程在汽液相平衡计算方面计算精度最高,相对误差为4.70%;LKP方程计算热力学参数最准确,预测误差为2.59%。综合考虑相平衡参数和热力学参数计算精度,PR方程精度最高,预测误差为3.77%。此外,PR方程对LNG储罐蒸发和储罐压力的模拟计算值与现场数据吻合度最好,因此LNG接收站蒸发计算推荐选用PR方程。研究结果对物性参数和LNG接收站蒸发计算状态方程的选择具有借鉴意义。     

立方扰动硬链方程

本文通过在SPHC方程中引入拟合Carnahan-Starling硬球方程所得的斥力项,建立了立方型扰动硬链状态方程.由拟合正构烷烃的饱和蒸汽压和液相密度所确定的3个纯组分参数与碳原子数呈良好线性关系.对19种纯物质饱和蒸汽压和液相密度数据计算的平均相对误差分别为1.52%和2.97%;对混合物提出了一种新的混合规则,应用于预测含短链和长链烃类及二氧化碳、硫化氢混合物的高压汽液平衡,优于采用SPHC、SRK和PT方程所得的计算结果.     

油藏流体中H型水合物生成条件的计算

1 INTRODUCTION Gas hydrates are serious problems in the petroleum and petrochemical industries since it may cause the plugging of production facilities and trans- portation pipelines during gas and oil production. It is known to all that gas hydrates have three poten- tial hydrate formation structures: structure- structure- and structure-H (SH). The two for- mer structures have been studied extensively and their phase equilibrium conditions are well characterized. For a long time, molecu…