VISCOSITY OF MIXED SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS CONTAINING PETROLEUM SULFONATES AND LIGNOSULFONATES

The effect of addition of lignosulfonates on the viscosity of petroleum sulfonate solutions was investigated in relation to potential applications of such mixtures in enhanced oil recovery. Substantial viscosity increases were recorded. For example, the viscosity of a 4% solution of Petrostep-420 increased from 2 mPa·s to about 15mPa·s upon the addition of 1.5% of Marasperse C-21. The effect of sodium chloride concentration on the viscosity was also studied. It was found that only calcium, or mixed calcium-sodium based lignosulfonates, were effective in increasing the viscosity of petroleum sulfonates. The viscosity effects observed are discussed in reference to the phase behavior observed in the systems.     

表面活性剂溶液起泡性研究Ⅱ．正负离子表面活性剂混合体系

对全氟辛酸、ω－氯代氧杂全氟癸酸、癸酸钠及三种ａ－磺基癸酸盐与烷基三甲铵盐混合水溶液起泡性质进行了研究。结果表明，ω－氯代氧杂全氟癸酸有很低的临界胶团浓度，仟低水表面张力的能力很强，并有很好的起泡性能。它与溴化辛基三甲铵混合体系的起泡性却与一般正负表面活性剂混合体系迥异，混合体系的起泡性反劣于单一体系。这破归之于ω－氯代结构的特殊影响。全氟辛酸和三种ａ－磺基癸酸衍生物与烷基三甲铵盐混合水溶肤泡沫性质比单一溶液均显著增强，而癸酸钠与烷基三甲铵盐混合水溶液起泡性却明显削弱。     

含磷有机硼表面活性剂的制备

研究了一种新型表面活性剂——含磷有机硼表面活性剂的制备方法,并探讨了其表面活性。     

非离子表面活性剂溶液的雾点现象

非离子表面活性剂溶液的雾点现象顾惕人（北京航空航天大学应用数理系，邮编１０００８３）较全面地评述了非离子表面活性剂的雾点现象。特别是多方面地讨论了各种添加物（包括无机盐、有机物和离子型表面活性剂）对非离子表面活性剂溶液雾点的影响。一、引言非离子表面活...     

粘度对表面活性剂液膜溶胀的影响

从实验和理论两方面探讨了粘度对液膜夹带溶胀及渗透溶胀的影响.当乳状液粘度超过50mPa·s时,夹带溶胀随乳状液粘度的增加而降低.膜相粘度的增加会导致渗透溶胀的减少.并提出了各粘度区估算溶胀率的数学模型,且模型值和实验数据吻合良好.     

THE SPREADING OF AQUEOUS SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS ON GLASS

An investigation of the spreading behavior of drops of a number of aqueous anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactant solutions has demonstrated, for the first-time, spreading to a maximum solid-solution contact area, and then contraction to a smaller final size. The nature and kinetics of the spreading and contraction are shown to be dependent on the type and concentration of the surfactant. Generally, the maximum contact area decreases with increasing surfactant concentration, to a minimum (or no spreading) in the vicinity of the CMC. Above the CMC, anionic and nonionic surfactant solutions spread with peripheral fingering, followed by contraction, while cationic surfactant solutions do not spread at these concentrations. The results are explained in terms of the thin primary film spreading ahead of the drop.     

VISCOSITY OF GLYCEROL AND ITS AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS MEASURED BY A TANK-TUBE VISCOMETER

In this paper we demonstrate several series of experiments for the measurement of viscosity of neat glycerol and its aqueous solutions using a tank-tube viscometer. Measuring viscosity of highly viscous liquids with the tank-tube viscometer is easier than other types of viscometers. This inexpensive viscometer continuously generates numerous reproducible viscosity data of highly viscous neat glycerol and its aqueous solutions under given experimental conditions such as a desired temperature and a desired concentration of water in aqueous glycerol solutions.

Fabricating the tank-tube viscometer is inexpensive, since this viscometer does not need sophisticated accessories such as a high-pressure liquid pump, a sensitive pressure sensor, and an accurate flow meter. The tank-tube viscometer consists of a large-diameter reservoir and a long, small-diameter, vertical tube.

The viscosity equation was developed under the following assumptions. Both the quasi steady state approach and the negligible friction loss due to a sudden contraction between the reservoir tank and the tube are valid. The kinetic energy of the emerging stream from the bottom end of the vertical tube of the tank-tube viscometer also is assumed to be negligible. Very viscous glycerol and its aqueous solutions were used to test the viscometer by comparing viscosity values from the viscometer with those from literatures.

The main objective of this study is to demonstrate effects of water as well as temperature on viscosity of aqueous glycerol solutions, applying experimental data of accumulated amounts of aqueous glycerol solutions at various drain durations to the newly-developed viscosity equation for the fabricated tank-tube viscometer.     

THE SPREADING OF AQUEOUS SURFACTANT SOLUTIONS ON GLASS

An investigation of the spreading behavior of drops of a number of aqueous anionic, cationic and non-ionic surfactant solutions has demonstrated, for the first-time, spreading to a maximum solid-solution contact area, and then contraction to a smaller final size. The nature and kinetics of the spreading and contraction are shown to be dependent on the type and concentration of the surfactant. Generally, the maximum contact area decreases with increasing surfactant concentration, to a minimum (or no spreading) in the vicinity of the CMC. Above the CMC, anionic and nonionic surfactant solutions spread with peripheral fingering, followed by contraction, while cationic surfactant solutions do not spread at these concentrations. The results are explained in terms of the thin primary film spreading ahead of the drop.     

泡塑处理含阴离子表面活性剂污水的试验

本文介绍了经多种途径，不同条件下得到泡塑活化的最佳方法，并以它来处理工业上的十二烷基苯磺酸钠废水，效果良好。     

汞盐在Fe(Ⅲ)-草酸盐络合物体系中的光化学还原研究

进行了Fe（Ⅲ）-草酸盐配合物体系对含Hg（Ⅱ）的模拟废水的光化学还原处理研究,当pH=5.0时,Hg（Ⅱ）光化学还原效率最好.在实验选择的[Fe（Ⅲ）]和草酸盐浓度范围内,Fe（Ⅲ）和草酸盐浓度的增加能提高Hg（Ⅱ）的光化学还原效率.CH3OH也能提高Hg（Ⅱ）的光化学还原效率.     

阴离子表面活性剂/蛋白质混合体系泡沫的富集行为

借助泡沫分离法对阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（ＳＤＳ）、牛血清白蛋白（ＢＳＡ）混合体系中,两种表面活性物质的富集行为进行了研究,并讨论这两种成分的存在对泡沫行为的相互影响。结果表明阴离子表面活性剂和蛋白质混合体系的起泡性能及各成分在泡沫中的富集不同于二者单独存在时的体系;表面活性剂浓度较低时,在泡沫分离中蛋白质和表面活性剂的提浓率较高：而表面活性剂浓度较高时,蛋白质和表面活性剂的提浓率均降低。     

GENERALIZED CORRESPONDING STATES CORRELATIONS FOR THE VISCOSITY AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF AQUEOUS ELECTROLYTE SOLUTIONS

Corresponding slates correlations have been developed for the viscosity and thermal conductivity of aqueous electrolyte solutions for a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and concentrations. For viscosity, the Vogel-Tamann-Fulcher equation has been generalized using the corresponding states theory, and extended to include pressure effects. Twenty six aqueous electrolyte solutions, including both monovalent and multivalent electrolytes, have been studied and a generalized correlation has been developed for viscosity, with four system dependent parameters. For thermal conductivity, a similar corresponding states based correlation has been developed. Twenty three aqueous electrolyte solutions were studied for thermal conductivity and a generalized equation was obtained that requires only two System dependent parameters. With both correlations, the maximum error is usually within 10% of the experimental values, with the average errors being much less. Additional systems can also be included in both correlations in a straightforward manner.     

RETARDATION OF DROPLET MOTION BY SURFACTANT. PART 1. THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTIONS

The equations describing the retardation by surfactant of an essentially spherical droplet in creeping flow through an unbounded Newtonian liquid are developed in a general way. The concentration distribution is determined by convection and the coupled mass transfer processes of liquid-phase diffusion, adsorption kinetics, and surface diffusion. Assuming that mass transfer occurs rapidly, an asymptotic solution is obtained showing uniform retardation, treating both phases and all mass transfer mechanisms simultaneously. For slow mass transfer, an asymptotic solution is obtained for stagnant cap behavior.     

RETARDATION OF DROPLET MOTION BY SURFACTANT. PART 1. THEORETICAL DEVELOPMENT AND ASYMPTOTIC SOLUTIONS

The equations describing the retardation by surfactant of an essentially spherical droplet in creeping flow through an unbounded Newtonian liquid are developed in a general way. The concentration distribution is determined by convection and the coupled mass transfer processes of liquid-phase diffusion, adsorption kinetics, and surface diffusion. Assuming that mass transfer occurs rapidly, an asymptotic solution is obtained showing uniform retardation, treating both phases and all mass transfer mechanisms simultaneously. For slow mass transfer, an asymptotic solution is obtained for stagnant cap behavior.     

生物通风修复含石油污染物土壤过程

以苯、甲苯和对二甲苯（BTX）为模拟污染物,研究了生物通风原位土壤修复方法去除土壤中石油污染物的效果.用一维生物通风土柱实验和控制实验对比了有生物降解和无生物降解土柱中BTX的去除情况.在通风后期,控制实验中发现了很长的拖尾阶段,污染物不能进一步被有效去除,而生物通风土柱中由于生物降解作用可使土壤中污染物残留浓度更小,修复效率更高.根据实验数据估算得到生物通风过程中苯、甲苯及对二甲苯的生物降解贡献率分别为17.8%, 30.0% 和 32.3%.还用间歇实验探讨了多组分污染物之间的相互影响作用,发现甲苯的降解能够促进对二甲苯和苯的降解,而对二甲苯的存在则增加了甲苯和苯的降解滞后期.     

磺化酞菁类染料光敏氧化胆固醇及L-半胱氨酸的反应

本文合成了磺化酞菁、磺化酞菁镓和磺化酞菁铝,研究了它们光敏氧化胆固醇及L-半胱氨酸的反应。染料的聚集态和溶液的pH值对反应速率有不同程度的影响。D_2O加速反应而NaN_3猝灭反应的结果表明,光敏氧化反应主要通过Ⅱ型(涉及~1O_2)机制进行。     

无机盐对丙烯腈与N-乙烯基吡咯烷酮共聚物溶液黏度的影响

引　言黏度是碳纤维前驱体聚丙烯腈原丝纺丝工艺过程中重要的控制指标之一 .为得到高性能的原丝 ,一般采用提高共聚物的分子量、增加纺丝原液中共聚物的浓度或改变共聚单体等方法 ,结果使得纺丝原液黏度急剧上升 ,纺丝压力过大 ,不便于输送 ,易出现危险 .增加共聚单体的含量可降低原液黏度 ,但共聚单体的含量也有极限值[1,2 ] .少量文献曾提到过无机盐对聚丙烯腈溶液黏度是有影响的[3 ,4] ,指出某些无机盐的加入可使得丙烯腈共聚物溶液黏度下降[5] ,这对于原丝生产具有重要意义 ,但对于原液中常出现的离子Na 、Zn2 、Fe3 、Cu2 、K 、…     

混合电解质水溶液固液平衡计算

用Lu-Maurer活度系数模型在不增加任何模型参数的前提下回归出18种晶体的溶度积,在此基础上预测了H~+、Mg~(2+)、K~+、Na~+、NH_4~+、Ca~(2+)、Cl~-、SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-等离子所组合的13种体系在不同温度(最低温度为273.15 K,最高温度为378.15 K)及最高离子强度为34.55 mol·kg~(-1)下的固液平衡.预测结果较为满意.从而说明了该模型的良好普适性和可靠的温度外推性.可以为工业结晶过程提供相平衡的预测估计.     

氯化铝及其碱式盐类水溶液的相对粘度测定

利用乌氏粘度计测定了氯化铝及其碱式盐类水溶液在３０１．１５Ｋ时的相对粘度。相对粘度满足Ｊｏｎｅｓ－Ｄｏｌｅ方程。Ｊｏｎｅｓ－Ｄｏｌｅ系数Ｂ值随盐类分子中氯离子减少而减小，且两者呈线性关系。