潮湿细煤气流分级机内气固两相流的CFD模拟

以CFD计算软件FLUENT为平台,采用Realizablek-着湍流模型和欧拉-拉格朗日方法的离散相模型对实验室研制的潮湿细煤气流分级机内的空气流场进行数值模拟,得到分级机中流场的气流速度、流场静压、流场湍动能的分布情况,以及不同粒径细粒煤在分级机中的运动轨迹。数值计算结果表明:分级机内多孔层的设置可造成压强和流速阶跃,增强多孔层上方区域的流速,提升气体对细粒煤的携带作用;导流板的设置使入料口到细料出口间出现了较强的流带,有利于细粒煤分离;导流板和倾斜多孔层的设置使分级机内压差最大且湍流较弱,有利于颗粒分散,实现小颗粒与大颗粒的分离,提高分级效率同时也有利于中等粒径团聚体的破碎、分散,但对大粒径团聚体的分裂破坏作用有限。     

新型旋风分级器流场特性及颗粒分级性能

针对传统旋风分级器分级效率较低的难题,本文设计了一种中部进风、顶部重力进料式新型旋风分级器,利用数值模拟和试验手段对其流场特征及分级性能进行了研究。模拟结果表明,新型旋风分级器内存在若干旋涡,主气流进入分级器后形成由上、下两个旋涡构成的主分级流场,上部旋涡均为上行气流,下部旋涡为切流返转形式;二次气流形成的细颗粒淘洗旋涡具有近壁面处高转速、中心区快速上升的特点,最大轴向速度达16.5m/s,可强化对边壁处浓集颗粒的剪切分散和淘洗作用,对主分级流场切向速度影响较小,但可使其轴向速度值最大增加100%,这将缩短细颗粒的停留时间;主分级流场与淘洗流场相互作用形成分区流动,具有较明显的动态边界,为粗、细颗粒的定向分离提供了力场基础。试验表明,二次气量占比约20%,主、二次气流气速分别为14m/s和20m/s时,牛顿分级效率可达88%,分级精度指数K值最小为1.84,此时新型旋风分级器具有较高的分级精度。     

流场形态对旋风分级器性能的影响

气流分级器性能的优劣很大程度上取决于流场分布,改变常规旋风分级器的切向进风口位置,在分级空间建立不同类型的离心流场,采用数值模拟和分级试验手段分析了分级流场形态对颗粒运动过程和分级性能的影响。结果表明,传统旋风分级器边壁下行流造成粗粉中细颗粒夹带较多,影响分级精度;新型旋风分级器内形成上下两个旋涡,上旋涡均为上行气流,其流量约占总风量的80%,下旋涡携带细颗粒较少,降低了细颗粒进入粗组分的概率;上旋涡可实现对边壁区的细颗粒的轴向淘洗、再分级,提高了分级精度。试验结果表明,入口气速从10m/s增加至22m/s。相较于传统旋风分级器,新型旋风分级器的分级性能明显改善,分级精度指标平均提高27%,压降损失为传统旋风分级器的53%~62%。     

Effects of particle dispersion and circulation systems on classification performance

To classify fine powders with particles smaller than 1 μm in diameter, air classifier design must take three factors into consideration: dispersion of feed powders, air flow uniformity in the classification zone, and recovery of fine particles adhering to the coarse fraction. The effects on the classification performance of a centrifugal air classifier using a dispersion nozzle for particle dispersion and a circulation mechanism using channel air jets for the recovery of fine particles are discussed.

By using a dispersion nozzle, the classification sharpness index was improved below 0.8 (D_p/D_p50) and the fine fraction yield was improved by 64% without changing size distribution. The circulation mechanism using channel air improved classification performance by 58% of the classification sharpness index and 65% of the fine fraction yield, although the particle size distribution of the fine fraction became 0.1 μm coarser than that without channel air.     

Effect of feed body geometry on separation performance of hydrocyclone

ABSTRACT

The misplacement of coarse particles in overflow and fine particles in underflow are problems in hydrocyclone separation. This paper proposes improved feed body design of a hydrocyclone and the effect of feed body geometry on the flow field and separation performance is investigated experimentally and theoretically using PIV and CFD, respectively. The air core formation and the velocity field are in good agreement using both approaches. Further simulated results indicate that the tapered feed body causes a reduction in fines entrainment by underflow, suitable for fine particles classification. In contrast, the conical feed body is advantageous for eliminating short circuiting.     

中国超细粉碎和精细分级技术现状及发展

综述了中国超细粉碎与精细分级技术与设备的现状、近5年的进展 .20世纪90年代中期以来,中国超细粉碎和分级技术取得了显著进步,现已具备了研制和生产气流粉碎机、高速机械冲击式超细粉碎机、搅拌球磨机、振动球磨机、塔式搅拌磨、行星球磨机、高压射流磨、旋风自磨机等各类超细粉碎及涡轮式气流分级机和离心式水力分级机等设备的能力,并在流态化床式气流粉碎机、飓风自磨机、搅拌球磨机和砂磨机、行星球磨机、高压水射流磨机以及精细分级原理和分级设备等方面取得了一些进展,具有自主知识产权的新技术、新设备显著增多.指出中国目前在超细粉碎和精细分级领域仍然存在大型设备不足、工艺控制技术落后、磨耗和单位产品能耗偏高、特殊粒形超细粉体的生产工艺和设备落后等问题.最后对21世纪初中国超细粉碎和分级技术的主要发展趋势进行了展望.     

进气方式和气速对卧轮式分级机性能的影响

传统卧轮式分级机内流场分布比较混乱，分级精度普遍不高。本文基于对分级机内气流运动规律的分析，将传统切向进风方式调整为径向进风，分别设计了百叶窗型和多孔型风筛，试验对比了传统切流风筛和上述两种径向进风方式对分级效果的影响。结果表明，径向进风方式对分级流场形成和细颗粒淘洗更有利，不仅可以提高分级机的粗粉产率，同时还可降低粗组分中的细粉夹带量，提高粗、细颗粒分离的程度，改善颗粒分级效果；百叶窗型风筛分级机的分级效果最优，气流经百叶窗风筛可对粗组分进行多层、充分扬析，减少细颗粒误入粗产品的概率，牛顿分级效率较传统切流风筛分级机平均提高约6%；此外，入口气速也对分级精度有较大的影响，但对分级粒径的影响不明显，存在临界入口气速使得综合分级效果最好。为提升涡轮分级机的颗粒分级性能提供了新思路。     

颗粒在涡轮式分级机分级轮中的运动轨迹

通过引入一个简化的单颗粒动力学模型,对颗粒的运动轨迹进行了模拟.该模型假设颗粒在分级轮中具有二力平衡状态,即颗粒的运动状态主要取决于流体黏滞力与离心力的作用.为了便于求解,将方程转化为等速旋转坐标系中的方程,通过求解方程并绘制图形,求得颗粒在叶片间的运动轨迹.对不同转速、风量、叶片间距及不同叶片倾斜角度下的颗粒运动轨迹进行了详细研究,计算结果表明：转速、风量、叶片间距和叶片角度是影响颗粒运动轨迹的主要因素;转速的增加和风量的减小均可以显著减小分级粒径的大小;叶片间距的减小使颗粒与叶片的碰撞次数增多;在相同条件下,负角度叶片的分级粒径小于径向叶片,径向叶片的分级粒径小于正角度叶片.     

Parameter effects on dry fine pulverization of alumina particles in a fluidized bed opposed jet mill

The paper presents the experimental results on dry fine pulverization of alumina particles in a fluidized bed opposed jet mill. The effect of operating parameters (i.e., feed load, inlet air pressure and the distance between nozzle outlet and jet meeting point) on the grinding results was investigated in detail. The breakage behaviors of alumina particles with respect to the effects of different parameters were discussed via the selection and breakage functions calculated by the first Kapur function method. In addition, the product size distributions could be simulated by a proposed model.     

进料位置与风速对旋风分级器颗粒分级效果的影响

根据旋风分级器内气流速度分布特点进行了进料区域划分,运用非稳态离散相模型和分级实验对比了3个代表性进料位置对颗粒运动轨迹及分级精度的影响,分析了1 μm和10 μm颗粒在不同区域内的受力情况。结果表明,边壁区域进料造成粗组分中细粉夹带现象严重,分级精度差;中部进料区域内流场强度大,粗颗粒受离心力强,细颗粒受轴向气流曳力大,有利于减少颗粒在分级区的停留时间,实现粗、细颗粒的快速分级,对改善分级精度有利;中心位置进料延长了粗颗粒的分级运动路程,增加了粗组分跑损的概率,模拟计算15 μm的粗颗粒进入细组分的质量分数达到11.7%。经实验验证,入口气速在10～22 m·s^-1,中部区域进料时分级后粗、细组分粒度分布曲线重合区面积最小,分级粒径比率值平均提高了25.3%,研究结果为离心气流分级设备的进料位置设计提供了一定的指导。     

涡流分级机流场特性分析及分级过程

利用流体运动方程和平面强旋转流的流动特性分析了涡流分级机内空气流动特性和气固两相流运动特性。指出涡流分级机内主气流作二维运动，主气流速度场就时均值而言是一个点汇和一个Rankine涡的叠加，这将引起Tailer柱效应，形成均匀力场，有利于分级效率和精度提高。分析了涡流分级机的分级过程，并用“空气动力筛”概念说明分级原理。提出了改散物料分散性、改进流场均匀性的措施。这将对理解和改进涡流分级机分级性能具有指导作用。     

变频调速在气流磨微粉生产线中的应用

采用变频控制技术,控制流化床气流磨的分级机转速,可以确保微粉生产线产品质量。     

涡流空气选粉机分级性能模拟预测与实践结果的比较

利用计算流体力学CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics)商用Fluent软件对涡流空气选粉机内部气固两相流动过程进行了数值模拟研究,采用三种方法(细粉收率法、Tromp曲线法及成品R-R粒度分布曲线法)对选粉机性能进行评价,并同实际标定结果进行比较,最后分析风量和转速对选粉机分级性能的影响。结果表明:(1)模拟预测曲线与实践结果基本吻合,验证了CFD技术在涡流空气选粉机研究过程中提供信息的可靠性,为进一步拓展CFD技术在选粉机领域中应用提供佐证;(2)转子转速对成品细度的影响远大于风量对成品细度的影响,同风量下转速降低14.3%,成品中大于60μm粗颗粒增加3.42倍,而同转速下风量增加59.5%,成品中大于60μm粗颗粒仅增加17.9%。     

涡流空气分级机的发展与应用

随着羰基铁粉市场的细化,市场需要粒度更小、分布区间更窄的羰基铁粉,为满足这一需求,我们做了大量市场调研,根据羰基铁粉特性与流能粉体设备有限公司合作研发成功了国内首台用于羰基铁粉的氮气保护涡流分级机。本文在兴化涡流分级机研发的基础上,介绍了涡流空气分级机的工作原理和发展过程,对不同类型的涡流空气分级机进行了分析对比。简要介绍了兴化在选型与研发、改造涡流分级机的过程中取得的经验和效果。     

Flux Enhancement in a Helical Microfiltration Module with Gas Injection

Abstract

A helical flow module with an inner rod mounted membrane was designed and built to reduce gel layer deposit and membrane fouling during microfiltration. Controlled centrifugal instabilities resulting from flow in a helically grooved channel, as well as the leakage flow between adjacent grooves, generated secondary vortex flows. The permeation fluxes for helical modules with Dean vortex flow were compared with flat crossflow modules at different operating pressures, concentrations, and feed flow rates. The permeation flux of the helical module for a feed solution containing 0.3 wt% kaolin solution at 1.2 bar was 57% higher than that of the flat module. Moreover, in addition to secondary vortex flow, compressed air was introduced to the membrane module. The increase in flux for the helical module with air injection was significant: the flux enhancements at 1.3 bar, 2 L‐solution/min and 1.3 L‐air/min for 0.1 wt% solutions of kaolin and bentonite were 47 and 73%, respectively.     

立磨选粉机分级环间距对分级性能的影响

分级环间距大小是影响选粉机分级性能指标的重要因素之一。通过构建不同分级环间距的立磨选粉机模型,采用Fluent软件对SMG5500型立磨选粉机不同分级环间距下的流场特性进行研究,对比分析间距大小对速度场、压力场和分级效率的影响规律,得出最优的分级环间距,并对整机进行实验验证。数值模拟结果表明:当分级环间距过小时,大部分大于80 μm的粗颗粒都能进入转笼,使产品极易出现跑粗现象;当分级环间距过大时,大部分小于80 μm的颗粒不能进入转笼,这使得选粉机的循环负荷加大,选粉效率受到了极大的限制;当分级环间距为110 mm左右时,SMG5500型立磨选粉机的分级性能最优。     

选粉机颗粒轨迹的非稳态模拟

选粉机颗粒轨迹模拟研究是分析选粉机分级效率与分级精度性能技术指标的重要基础之一。根据计算流体动力学（CFD）理论,运用DPM模型的颗粒运动方程对时间积分求解颗粒运动轨迹,阐述了颗粒的分级过程。对二维平面离散颗粒的捕集和采样结果进行分析,考察了细粉和粗粉的质量流率,并研究了不同工况下细粉颗粒粒径分布情况。对数值模拟相关工况点进行模拟结果的实验分析,结果表明：细粉颗粒质量流率模拟结果与实验结果误差为5.66%;细粉颗粒粒径分布曲线两者较吻合,100 μm颗粒含量相对误差为6.54%。研究结果为分析和预测选粉机不同工况下的成品产量和粒径分布提供了模拟方法。     

Production of Fine Polymer Powder under Cryogenic Conditions

In order to produce fine polymer powders, a special and unconventional cryogenic grinding system was established using liquid nitrogen, where a jet‐vortex mill was used as the grinding mill. The major feature of this grinding process is that heat generation during the grinding period was eliminated. The results suggest that this cryogenic grinding system may be suitable for studying the grinding properties of polymeric materials. It may also be helpful in understanding mechanochemistry, e.g., the t‐P‐T conditions for different mechanochemical processes under cryogenic conditions (where T is the temperature, and P the pressure of the gas mixture in the grinding chamber). In addition, an Elbow‐jet classifier was attached to the jet‐vortex mill so that fine, medium and coarse products of polymeric powders could be obtained simultaneously. Chitin, a type of renewable natural polymer, was ground in the system and XRD analysis of ground powders showed they displayed highly activated properties. Unlike a high‐energy mechanical milling process, such as a vibratory (bead) mill which requires more milling time t, the final properties of the ground polymer in the cryogenic grinding system were highly dependent on the temperature in the chamber of the jet‐vortex mill. The grinding results of chitin also showed that the minimum diameters of the ground polymer products are larger than several tens of micrometers (e.g., 75 μm). The developed method offers a new choice for the production of materials, polymer modification (e.g., degradation), and recycling of wasted rubber and plastic.     

射流强化螺旋通道内流体流动与换热的数值模拟

采用CFD软件模拟了射流作用下圆形截面螺旋通道内流体的流动及强化传热特性,模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好。研究了无量纲曲率?=0.061、无量纲螺距?=0.121的螺旋通道内复合涡旋结构及其演变过程,考察了射流入射角度?=π/6~π/3、射流速比?j=3~6时射流对螺旋通道换热的强化效果。结果表明,射流的初始阶段,射流的冲击作用抑制了单一螺旋通道内的离心二次涡旋,生成一对与其旋转方向相反的射流诱导涡旋,随流动发展,射流诱导涡旋先由两涡演变为单涡结构而后逐渐耗散消失。射流作用显著强化了螺旋通道内侧壁面附近流体的换热,随着?减小或?j增大,强化传热效果增强。?j≥4时,不考虑射流流量增加时综合强化传热因子JF1=1.26~1.67,考虑射流流量增加时JF2=1.008~1.19。     

Enhanced gravity particle classifier: Experiments with 3D printed device and computational fluid dynamics simulations

Centrifugal force developed in a fluid flow through closed spiral channel produces enhanced gravity environment to facilitate particle classification. The novel design is inspired by open channel spiral concentrators that are used in mineral processing industries. The concept is initially validated through computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Preferential movement of coarser particles, which experience greater centrifugal force, to the outer periphery was observed. These predictions are validated by conducting experiments on a 3D printed spiral classifier. The CFD simulations compared well with observed experimental separation function. The model was further used to conduct parametric study of various design and operational parameters. Simulations reveal that the cut-size could change from 8 μm to 260 μm depending on the splitter position. The novel device will allow a direct and online control of cut size/density when suitably enhanced with required mechanisms.