中天山东段国宝山三叠纪高铷天河石花岗岩年代学及岩石地球化学研究

文章通过中天山东段国宝山天河石花岗岩岩石地球化学和锆石U-Pb定年研究,探讨其成岩年龄、岩体成因和成岩构造背景。该花岗岩具富硅(Si O_2=72. 70%~74. 20%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O=8. 99%~9. 20%)、钠质(Na_2O/K_2O=1. 35~1. 55)、弱过铝(A/CNK=1. 01~1. 08)和铁质(Fe O~T/MgO=4. 11~57. 77)特征,岩浆分异指数较高(DI=94. 01~95. 83);富集U、Sm、Zr、Hf、Ta等高场强元素(HFSE)和Rb、Nd、Pb元素,亏损Sr、P、Eu、Ti、Y等元素,稀土总量低(∑REE=55. 34×10~(-6)~140. 52×10~(-6)),轻稀土较重稀土略富集(LREE/HREE=0. 97~1. 47),具明显的铕负异常(δEu=0. 003~0. 04)。锆石U-Pb定年结果显示国宝山天河石花岗岩年龄为(247±3) Ma,天河石伟晶岩脉侵位于(202±3) Ma。天河石花岗岩岩石地球化学特征表明其为典型的A型花岗岩,结合区域地质背景分析,显示该岩体形成于板内张性构造环境;天湖岩群和星星峡岩群中的片岩和片麻岩为国宝山天河石花岗岩的主要贡献源岩,幔源岩浆内侵于中地壳使之发生部分熔融,且母岩浆经历了较强的结晶作用。     

青海窑洞山地区晚奥陶世花岗岩岩石地球化学特征及地质意义

对青海省格尔木窑洞山地区四道沟侵入岩进行岩石学、岩石化学、微量元素的分析及研究,主要岩石类型有二长花岗岩、二云母二长花岗岩和白云母花岗岩等,SiO_2含量为65. 65%～77. 32%,K_2O、Na_2O分别含量为2.78%～7.73%和1.26%～5.78%,显示钙碱性系列特征,σ=0.61～2.07,Al_2O_3CaO+K_2O+Na_2O,A,CNK=1. 09～2.48,为中高钾过铝质岩石。LREE/REE=3. 30～6.24,δEu=0.37～0. 56,均小于1,具明显的负铕异常。K、Rb、Ba、Th、Ce富集,其中Ba具负异常特征,Ta、Zr亏损,具碰撞花岗岩特征。由上述特征表明,窑洞山地区的晚奥陶世花岗岩具壳源花岗岩(S型)特征,是非典型碰撞型花岗岩,形成于岛弧或陆缘弧部位。同时在四道沟西侧的二云母二长花岗岩中获得(471±2)Ma LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄,为东昆仑地区古生代多级构造—岩浆演化提供了精确的地质时代证据。     

黑龙江沙河子地区中侏罗世岩体地质地球化学特征及成因探讨

黑龙江沙河子地区岩浆活动强烈,主要岩体为似斑状黑云英云闪长岩、正长花岗岩、碱长花岗岩,通过对岩体进行锆石年龄分析测试和岩石地球化学的分析研究,结果表明似斑状黑云英云闪长岩、正长花岗岩、碱长花岗岩形成时代为中侏罗世。中侏罗世正长花岗岩—碱长花岗岩是同源岩浆经历了平衡部分熔融—结晶分异作用形成。中侏罗世岩体随SiO_2含量的增加,岩石从似斑状黑云英云闪长岩—正长花岗岩—碱长花岗岩,岩石由钙碱性演化为碱性,DI值进一步升高,SI值进一步降低,显示岩浆结晶分异程度愈来愈高,演化更彻底的特点。似斑状黑云英云闪长岩具有I-S型花岗岩特征,属于壳幔混合成因。中侏罗世正长花岗岩—碱长花岗岩,属于高钾钙碱性花岗岩类,具有A型花岗岩的特征,其形成与后造山—造山后构造环境相关。     

内蒙古阿贵浑德伦铅锌矿花岗岩类年代学及地球化学特征

赤峰阿贵浑德伦铅锌矿是黄岗梁—甘珠尔庙成矿带上新发现的矿床,成矿与花岗岩类关系密切。矿区出露的花岗岩主要为黑云母花岗岩和花岗斑岩,对黑云母花岗岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年结果显示其形成年龄为(130.6±1.0)Ma(MSWD=0.095),为早白垩世岩浆活动产物,岩石地球化学测试结果显示黑云母花岗岩与花岗斑岩特征具有一致性,均具有高硅(SiO_272.55%~78.22%)、富碱(Na_2O+K_2O 4.48%~878%)、贫P_2O_5的特征,A/CNK在1.32~2.79之间,属过铝质岩石,富集微量元素K、U、Th、Rb、Pb,亏损Ba、Sr、P、Ti,10000Ga/Al比值高(2.49~3.59),表现出A型花岗岩典型的地球化学特征。稀土元素含量较高,相对富集LREE,花岗岩稀土元素呈右倾海鸥型配分模式,负Eu异常明显,δEu为0.10~0.48,表明花岗岩在成岩过程中分异出了斜长石。花岗岩Sr、Yb含量分别为(31.91~185.01)×10~(-6)、(217~6.18)×10~(-6),属低Sr高Yb型花岗岩。阿贵浑德伦铅锌矿花岗岩类与大兴安岭地区锡多金属成矿花岗岩的年代学及地球化学特征均十分相似,指示了该区除铅锌矿外还具有锡矿的找矿前景。     

新疆博格达晚石炭世构造-岩浆活动:来自基性侵入岩地球化学、年代学约束

吉木萨尔林场地区基性侵入岩位于博格达造山带西段,主要岩性为辉长岩、辉绿岩。岩体SiO_(2)含量45.18%~51.59%,富钠贫钾,Na_(2)O/K_(2)O为1.7~11.0,Na_(2)O+K_(2)O为2.47%~5.11%,里特曼指数δ(1.25~3.24)小于3.3,FeOT值为5.85%~15.47%,铝饱和指数A/CNK为0.57~0.98,Mg^(#)值37.37~67.75,属准铝质低钾—钙碱性系列。稀土总量21.17×10^(-6)~96.98×10^(-6),LREE/HREE为1.73~3.10,La_(N)/Yb_(N)为0.87~2.18,轻、重稀土轻度分异或不明显,δEu(0.85~1.61)和δCe(0.95~1.04)负异常不明显。K、Pb、Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素(LILE)相对富集,Th、Nb、P、Ta等高场强元素(HFSE)相对亏损。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为(309.7±1.8)Ma,属晚石炭世。岩浆来自亏损地幔的部分熔融,结晶分异不明显,地壳物质混染强烈。岩体形成环境为大陆裂谷,同时也显示出大洋岛弧特征,指示岩体是博格达裂谷在晚石炭世由全面伸展向局限伸展转变的产物。     

Na2O/SiO2摩尔比对钙基地聚合物热稳定性能的影响

以偏高岭土、矿渣、水泥为原材料,制备出具有较好性能的钙基地聚合物,研究了碱性激发剂中不同Na_2O/SiO_2摩尔比对钙基地聚合物抗压强度的影响,以及钙基地聚合物在不同煅烧温度保温2 h后的物相、微观结构及外观变化。结果表明:高Na_2O/SiO_2摩尔比有利于促进钙基地聚合物反应,获得更高强度,当Na_2O/SiO_2=1.3时,28 d抗压强度达到70.1 MPa;在600℃煅烧2 h后抗压强度为42.8 MPa,材料的微观结构较为稳定;在700℃时,样品体积变化较大,结构分解并发生固相反应,反应产物为霞石。     

东昆仑灶火河地区晚奥陶世侵入岩地球化学特征、锆石U-Pb年龄及其伸展构造环境的确定

灶火河地区位于东昆仑伯喀里克—香日德成矿带,为确定该区花岗闪长岩的形成时代、源区性质和构造背景,对其进行了LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学和同位素及地球化学研究。结果显示岩体侵位时间为(449. 9±1. 4) Ma,属于晚奥陶世。岩石Si O2含量为71. 99%～63. 67%,Na2O含量为2. 61%～3. 43%、K2O含量为3. 56%～5. 81%,Al2O3含量为13. 31%～15. 28%,铝饱和指数A/CNK=0. 94～1. 04,介于偏铝质和过铝质之间。稀土元素分布模式为轻稀土富集,具弱负Eu异常。相对原始地幔明显富集Zr、Ga、Y和Hf等高场强元素并强烈亏损Ba、Sr、P和Ti等特征,Zr含量远高于该带内分异或者未分异的I型花岗岩,以上特征表明灶火河地区晚奥陶世侵入岩属A型花岗岩,结合岩石成岩年龄、地球化学特征以及区域构造演化,认为其为陆-陆碰撞或岛弧岩浆作用之后伸展构造环境下的花岗岩。     

内蒙古小井子北铜钼矿区黑云母二长花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及地质意义

巴林左旗小井子北铜钼矿位于大兴安岭南段铅锌—银—铜—锡—铁成矿带内,是近年来发现的一个小型矿床,成矿与中粗粒黑云母二长花岗岩密切相关。黑云母二长花岗岩的SiO_2含量为69.7%~71.15%,富钾(K_2O=3.65%~3.93%),富铝(Al_2O_3=14.34%~14.64%),属高钾钙碱性系列。A/NK值为1.36~1.39,A/CNK值为0.98~1.04,属于准铝质—过铝质岩石。利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素测年方法测得黑云母二长花岗岩年龄是(131.79±0.64)Ma(2σ,N=24,MSWD=0.35)~(134.16±0.55)Ma(2σ,N=30,MSWD=0.47),其年龄基本可以代表小井子北铜钼矿的成矿年龄,表明该矿床是早白垩世强烈构造—岩浆活动的产物。黑云母二长花岗岩花岗岩具有典型的A型花岗岩地球化学特征,属于低Sr高Yb型,暗示了在成岩过程中存在着斜长石的分异作用,源区的残留相为角闪岩相,形成深度较浅(约30 km),形成位置可能为中上地壳。黑云母二长花岗岩形成在板内岩石圈伸展环境下,可能与幔源岩浆底侵作用促使上覆先存地壳发生部分熔融有关。     

辽南瓦房店金刚石矿田110号金伯利岩管的地质特征及成因探讨

本文以辽南瓦房店金刚石矿田110号金伯利岩管为例,系统分析了该矿床地质特征。瓦房店110号金伯利岩管位于Ⅰ矿带中段,岩管展布方向与NEE-SWW向张性断裂方向一致,岩管为中间宽大呈岩墙,两侧变窄呈脉状;岩管的形成与NEE-SWW向张性破裂变形构造直接相关。岩管的岩石类型主要为含围岩角砾的斑状金伯利岩,造岩矿物有橄榄石和金云母,指示矿物及副矿物有镁铝榴石、铬铁矿、辉石、角闪石、金云母、钛铁矿等。岩石化学成分表明,SiO_2平均含量22.66%,属于硅酸不饱和碱系列超基性岩。主量元素特征为SiO_2、MgO偏低,而CaO、CO_2偏高,Na_2O+K_2O含量为0.14%~1.16%,K_2O/Na_2O为1.5~7.7,显示富钾金伯利岩特征。SiO_2与CaO为负相关,与Na_2O+K_2O为正相关。SiO_2-Al_2O_3图反映出110号岩管的金伯利岩未发生地壳物质混染。岩石中Cr、Ni、Ti、Co等元素含量相对偏低,不相容元素Ba、Sr、Zr、Nb、Ta、U、Th元素含量较高。研究认为,瓦房店金伯利岩型金刚石是在地幔中由地幔流体交代地幔岩石,含碳物质在950~1200℃发生氧化还原反应形成的。来自于上地幔或地幔过渡带的岩浆以"细长的管道"形式向上运移过程中捕获了已经形成的金刚石,到达地壳浅部,冷却形成了金伯利岩。     

倒置A~2/O工艺的原理与特点研究

通过短时厌氧环境的生化特性、厌氧 /缺氧环境倒置效应和小型系统平行对比试验 ,较系统地研究了倒置A2 /O工艺的原理和工艺特点。指出 :①聚磷菌厌氧有效释磷水平的充分与否 ,并不是决定其在后续曝气条件下过度吸磷能力的充分必要条件。推进聚磷菌过度吸磷的本质动力与厌氧区HRT和厌氧环境的厌氧程度有关。在一定范围内 ,厌氧环境的HRT越长 ,厌氧程度越充分 ,聚磷菌的吸磷动力越强。②把常规生物脱氮除磷系统的厌氧、缺氧环境倒置过来 ,可以得到更好的脱氮除磷效果。小型系统平行对比试验表明 ,倒置A2 /O工艺的氮磷脱除功能明显优于常规A2 /O工艺 ,其COD去除能力则与常规A2 /O工艺相当。     

Emission of N2O and CH4 from a constructed wetland in southeastern Norway

The Skjønhaug constructed wetland (CW) is a free surface water (FSW) wetland polishing chemically treated municipal wastewater in southeastern Norway and consists of three ponds as well as trickling, unsaturated filters with light weight aggregates (LWA). Fluxes of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) have been measured during the autumn, winter and summer from all three ponds as well as from the unsaturated filters. Physicochemical parameters of the water have been measured at the same localities. The large temporal and spatial variation of N₂O fluxes was found to cover a range of − 0.49 to 110 mg N₂O–N m^− 2 day⁻¹, while the fluxes of CH₄ was found to cover a range of − 1.2 to 1900 mg m^− 2 day^− 1. Thus, both emission and consumption occurred. Regarding fluxes of N₂O there was a significant difference between the summer, winter and autumn, with the highest emissions occurring during the autumn. The fluxes of CH₄ were, on the other hand, not significantly different with regard to seasons. Both the emissions of N₂O and CH₄ were positively influenced by the amount of total organic carbon (TOC). The measured fluxes of N₂O and CH₄ are in the same range as those reported from other CWs treating wastewater. There was an approximately equal contribution to the global warming potential from N₂O and CH₄.     

N2O emission hotspots at different spatial scales and governing factors for small scale hotspots

Chronically nitrate-loaded riparian buffer zones show high N₂O emissions. Often, a large part of the N₂O is emitted from small surface areas, resulting in high spatial variability in these buffer zones. These small surface areas with high N₂O emissions (hotspots) need to be investigated to generate knowledge on the factors governing N₂O emissions. In this study the N₂O emission variability was investigated at different spatial scales. Therefore N₂O emissions from three 32 m² grids were determined in summer and winter. Spatial variation and total emission were determined on three different scales (0.3 m², 0.018 m² and 0.0013 m²) at plots with different levels of N₂O emissions. Spatial variation was high at all scales determined and highest at the smallest scale. To test possible factors inducing small scale hotspots, soil samples were collected for slurry incubation to determine responses to increased electron donor/acceptor availability. Acetate addition did increase N₂O production, but nitrate addition failed to increase total denitrification or net N₂O production. N₂O production was similar in all soil slurries, independent of their origin from high or low emission soils, indicating that environmental conditions (including physical factors like gas diffusion) rather than microbial community composition governed N₂O emission rates.     

Greywater treatment by UVC/H2O2

Greywater treatment by UVC/H₂O₂ was investigated with regard to the removal of chemical oxygen demand (COD). A COD reduction from 225 to 30 mg l⁻¹ (overall removal of 87%) was achieved after settling overnight and subsequent irradiation for 3 h with 10 mM H₂O₂. Most of the contaminants were removed by oxidation since only 13% COD was removed by settlement.The removal of COD in the greywater followed a second-order kinetic equation, r = 0.0637[COD][H₂O₂], up to 10 mM H₂O₂. A slightly enhanced COD removal was observed at the initial pH of 10 compared with pH 3 and 7. This was attributed to the dissociation of H₂O₂ to O₂H⁻. The treatment was not affected by total concentration of carbonate (c_T) of at least 3 mM, above which operation between pH 3 and 5 was essential. The initial biodegradability of the settled greywater (as BOD₅:COD) was 0.22. After 2 h UVC/H₂O₂ treatment, a higher proportion of the residual contaminants was biodegradable (BOD₅:COD = 0.41) which indicated its potential as a pre-treatment for a biological process.     

Glyphosate degradation in water employing the H2O2/UVC process

Glyphosate is the organophosphate herbicide most widely used in the world. Any form of spill or discharge, even if unintentional, can be transferred to the water due to its high solubility. The combination of hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation could be a suitable option to decrease glyphosate concentration to acceptable limits. In this work, the effects of initial pH, hydrogen peroxide initial concentration, and incident radiation in glyphosate degradation were studied. The experimental device was a cylinder irradiated with two tubular, germicidal lamps. Conversion of glyphosate increases significantly from pH = 3-7. From this value on, the increase becomes much less noticeable. The reaction rate depends on the initial herbicide concentration and has an optimum plateau of a hydrogen peroxide to glyphosate molar concentration ratio between 7 and 19. The expected non linear dependence on the irradiation rate was observed. The identification of critical reaction intermediaries, and the quantification of the main end products were possible and it led to propose a plausible degradation path. The achieved quantification of the mineralization extent is a positive indicator for the possible application of a rather simple technology for an in situ solution for some of the problems derived from the intensive use of glyphosate.     

硅藻土/泥炭藓基负载g-C3N4-TiO2的光催化调湿性能

通过煅烧法制备具有异质结构的g?C3N4?TiO2光催化剂,然后与硅藻土/泥炭藓基调湿材料复合得到自然光驱动光催化调湿材料,并通过小室试验测试其降解甲醛和调湿的效果.采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、环境扫描电子显微镜(ESEM)、紫外-可见分光光度计(UV?Vis)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)和荧光光谱仪(PL)等研究了g?C3N4?TiO2/硅藻土/泥炭藓光催化调湿材料降解甲醛及温湿度调节的机制.结果表明:在尿素与TiO2质量比为5:1,520℃条件下煅烧制备的g?C3N4?TiO2光催化剂降解甲醛的效果最好,具有牢固的异质结,能有效减少光生电子和空穴的重组中心,使TiO2禁带宽变窄;由于光催化-吸附协同效应,NTD?5在自然光照下能够有效地将试验小室内的甲醛浓度和相对湿度分别控制在0.1 mg/m3和60％左右,同时还具有1～2℃的温度调节作用.     

TiO2、Cu2O和氧化石墨烯复合氧化垃圾渗滤液效能

针对垃圾渗滤液中成分复杂的污染物,在自然光照条件下,使用TiO₂/氧化石墨烯、Cu₂O/氧化石墨烯和TiO₂/Cu₂O三种复合催化剂分别对垃圾渗滤液原液进行催化氧化。结果表明,3种复合催化剂中,TiO₂/氧化石墨烯复合催化剂对有机物的去除效果最好,当催化剂与渗滤液COD的质量比为0.7时为该催化剂的最佳投加量,最佳反应时间为2 h。在最佳试验条件下,对垃圾渗滤液原液进行催化氧化后,对COD的去除率达到92.57%,此时渗滤液出水COD为964.79mg/L,出水NH4⁺-N为2015.84 mg/L,BOD₅/COD值达到0.83。     

Degradation of bromoxynil and trifluralin in natural water by direct photolysis and UV plus H2O2 advanced oxidation process

The degradation of two pesticides, bromoxynil and trifluralin, was investigated in ultrapure and natural water solutions under ultraviolet (UV) light and a combination of UV and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂). The effect of pH on the photooxidation of the pesticides was also studied. The results indicated that under direct photolysis with monochromatic light at 253.7 nm and different conditions, the photochemical rates followed first-order kinetics, with fluence-based rate constants ranging from 9.15 × 10⁻⁴ to 6.37 × 10⁻³ cm² mJ⁻¹ and 7.63 × 10⁻³ to 1.47 × 10⁻² cm² mJ⁻¹ for bromoxynil and trifluralin, respectively. Quantum yields, in the range of 0.08-0.25 for bromoxynil and 0.12-0.72 for trifluralin, were observed in experiments using ultrapure water. The study also found that the UV/H₂O₂ process enhanced the oxidation rate in comparison to direct photolysis. A 90% degradation with UV dose of 333 and 188 mJ cm⁻² was achieved for bromoxynil and trifluralin, respectively, in natural water, in presence of 8.8 × 10⁻⁴ M H₂O₂. To assess the aquatic toxicity, the Microtox^® 81.9% screening test protocol was used before and after treatment. The test results indicated a decrease in the acute toxicity of the samples after treatment for both pesticides.     

Anatoxin-a degradation by Advanced Oxidation Processes: Vacuum-UV at 172 nm, photolysis using medium pressure UV and UV/H2O2

Two Advanced Oxidation Processes, namely vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) photolysis at 172 nm and ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H₂O₂) were investigated for the degradation of anatoxin-a in aqueous solutions. Solutions of anatoxin-a-fumarate were treated with VUV light at 172 nm with a UV dose of 200 mJ/cm², where fumaric acid served as a reference compound for a competition kinetics analysis. The second-order rate constant for the reaction between anatoxin-a and the hydroxyl radical was found to be (5.2 ± 0.3) × 10⁹ M⁻¹ s⁻¹ and was independent of pH, temperature, and initial concentration of anatoxin-a. The direct photolysis of anatoxin-a using a medium pressure (MP) UV lamp was also investigated, in which case a UV dose of 1285 mJ/cm² was required to degrade anatoxin-a by 88% and 50% at concentrations of 0.6 mg/L and 1.8 mg/L of toxin, respectively. Treatment of anatoxin-a with a low pressure (LP) UV lamp in the presence of 30 mg/L of H₂O₂ was examined, where it was found that more than 70% of toxin could be degraded at a UV dose of 200 mJ/cm². The degradation arises from the oxidation of the toxin by hydroxyl radicals. The addition of H₂O₂ clearly enhanced the degradation of anatoxin-a, up to a concentration of 40 mg/L, after which addition of more H₂O₂ had little effect on the degradation kinetics of anatoxin-a. The effect of background constituents in the water on the degradation of anatoxin-a was also investigated using natural and synthetically produced model waters.     

Arsenic sorption on TiO2 nanoparticles: Size and crystallinity effects

Single solute As (III) and As (V) sorption on nano-sized amorphous and crystalline TiO₂ was investigated to determine: size and crystallinity effects on arsenic sorption capacities, possible As (III) oxidation, and the nature of surface complexes. Amorphous and crystalline nanoparticles were prepared using sol-gel synthesis techniques. For amorphous TiO₂, solute pH in the range of 4-9 had a profound impact on only As (V) sorption. As (III) and As (V) sorption isotherms indicated that sorption capacities of the different TiO₂ polymorphs were dependent on the sorption site density, surface area (particle size) and crystalline structure. When normalized to surface area, As (III) surface coverage on the TiO₂ surface remained almost constant for particles between 5 and 20 nm. However, As (V) surface coverage increased with the degree of crystallinity. X-ray absorption spectroscopic analysis provided evidence of partial As (III) oxidation on amorphous TiO₂ rather than crystalline TiO₂. The data also indicated that As (III) and As (V) form binuclear bidentate inner-sphere complexes with amorphous TiO₂ at neutral pH.     

Atmospheric NH3 and NO2 concentration and nitrogen deposition in an agricultural catchment of Eastern China

To assess the atmospheric environmental impacts of anthropogenic reactive nitrogen in the fast-developing Eastern China region, we measured atmospheric concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) and ammonia (NH₃) as well as the wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen (NO₃⁻ and NH₄⁺) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) levels in a typical agricultural catchment in Jiangsu Province, China, from October 2007 to September 2008_. The annual average gaseous concentrations of NO₂ and NH₃ were 42.2 μg m⁻³ and 4.5 μg m⁻³ (0 °C, 760 mm Hg), respectively, whereas those of NO₃⁻, NH₄⁺, and DON in the rainwater within the study catchment were 1.3, 1.3, and 0.5 mg N L⁻¹, respectively. No clear difference in gaseous NO₂ concentrations and nitrogen concentrations in collected rainwater was found between the crop field and residential sites, but the average NH₃ concentration of 5.4 μg m⁻³ in residential sites was significantly higher than that in field sites (4.1 μg m⁻³). Total depositions were 40 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for crop field sites and 30 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for residential sites, in which dry depositions (NO₂ and NH₃) were 7.6 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for crop field sites and 1.9 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ for residential sites. The DON in the rainwater accounted for 16% of the total wet nitrogen deposition. Oxidized N (NO₃⁻ in the precipitation and gaseous NO₂) was the dominant form of nitrogen deposition in the studied region, indicating that reactive forms of nitrogen created from urban areas contribute greatly to N deposition in the rural area evaluated in this study.