两种常用液体吸湿剂传质性能的比较

分析比较了溴化锂溶液（LiBr）、氯化锂溶液（LiCl）这两种常用的吸湿盐溶液与湿空气之间的传质性能,二者比较的基准是：溶液温度与表面蒸气压分别对应相等。相同状态时,LiBr溶液的密度约是LiCl溶液的1.2倍,比热容约是LiCl溶液的0.8倍,即当LiBr和LiCl溶液的体积流量相同时,二者的热容量大致相等。通过对热质交换过程解析解的分析,得到影响溶液与空气传质效果的核心参数为：空气与溶液的热容量比和传质单元数。在实验测试分别采用LiBr和LiCl溶液的除湿、再生工况性能的基础上,拟合出了传质系数随着空气与溶液进口参数的变化规律。在实验工况范围内,当LiBr与LiCl溶液的体积流量相同时,采用LiBr溶液的传质性能稍优于LiCl溶液,但二者差异不大。     

Efficiency of a Liquid Desiccant Dehumidification System Regenerated by Using Solar Collectors/ Regenerators with Photovoltaic Fans

Abstract

A hybrid solar dehumidification air-conditioning system was used to study the absorption of water vapor from moist air by contacting the air with aqueous solutions that contained from 90 to 94% triethylene glycol (TEG). For the packings of 2-inch polypropylene Jaeger Tri-Packs, which have a surface-to-volume ratio of 157 m²/m³ (48 ft²/ft³), the efficiency of dehumidification can reach 93.3%. The environmental air was introduced into the dehumidifier cocurrently flowing with the liquid desiccant, and the liquid desiccant was sprayed on the top of the packing material. The air-to-liquid mass flow ratio was controlled in a range of 0.46 to 1.36. As the moisture was absorbed from air by the TEG solution, the solution was diluted. The regeneration of the solution was carried out in 20-piece (38.8 m²) basin-type solar collectors/regenerators whose regeneration coefficients of performance are above 0.2. Air generated by photovoltaic fans was blown into the solar collectors/regenerators and carried away the water vapor from the evaporation of the aqueous desiccant solution. On the basis of the experimental results, the system performance is acceptable for most applications.     

常见液体除湿剂池内核态沸腾换热特性

溶液除湿剂的沸腾式再生能够降低除湿空调对室外环境的依赖性,而溶液的沸腾特性的研究对沸腾再生器的设计有重要意义。针对3种常规除湿溶液及一种配方型除湿剂的池内核态沸腾特性展开实验研究。研究发现:3种溶液的沸腾温度均随着浓度的增加而升高;3种溶液的沸腾传热系数均低于水,并随浓度的增加而降低,但是当浓度增大到极限时,溶液中有小颗粒析出,其传热系数却提高。相近传质能力条件下,溴化锂溶液与氯化钙溶液的沸腾换热性能优于氯化锂溶液;在氯化锂溶液中添加一定量的氯化钙溶液能够优化氯化锂溶液的沸腾换热性能。     

A route for the study on mass transfer enhancement by adding particles in liquid phase

This work presents a route for the study on the absorption performance of gas into liquid under the condition of adding particles in a stirred constant temperature reactor. Two evaluated systems, hydrogen–water and hydrogen–methanol, with the addition of activated carbon particles (ACP) were carried out, respectively. The results showed that the addition of ACP into the water can enhance the mass transfer between hydrogen and water, the enhancement factor increases rapidly with the increase of the ACP content, and then tends to be unchanged. However, for the hydrogen–methanol system, ACP has little effect on the mass transfer performance. In addition, a gas–liquid mass transfer model considering the effect of solid particle enhancement was established based on the shuttle effect and two-film model. Results indicated that the predicted value agreed well with the experimental value in both hydrogen–methanol–ACP and hydrogen–water–ACP systems.     

压缩空气溶液除湿中不同除湿剂除湿性能比较

在压缩空气溶液除湿实验平台上,分别以LiBr和LiCl水溶液作为除湿剂,实验研究了两种溶液在压缩空气溶液除湿系统中的除湿性能。以溶液表面水蒸气分压力作为比较基准,压缩空气出口含湿量和除湿量作为除湿性能的评价指标,对二者的除湿能力进行比较分析。同时基于压缩空气溶液除湿器传热传质模型,结合实验数据,研究了LiBr、LiCl溶液与压缩空气间的传质系数大小以及变化规律。结果表明：在相同的处理工况下,采用LiCl溶液对压缩空气进行除湿能得到更低的空气出口含湿量和更高的除湿量,LiCl溶液除湿过程的传质系数也高于LiBr溶液,即在压缩空气溶液除湿系统中LiCl溶液具有更优的除湿能力和传质性能。     

Ethanol absorption from CO2 using solutions of glycerol and glycols

CO₂ stripping during fermentation is a possible way of increasing the production of ethanol in distilleries. Ethanol, water, and carbon dioxide are the main compounds in the exiting gas mixture. To date, few studies have proposed the use of absorption to recover ethanol from this mixture or have considered different absorbents for this purpose. This work evaluates different absorbent solutions used to recover ethanol vapor from CO₂ gas. Glycols and glycerol can provide easier separation of ethanol than water, with lower distillation energy demand. A statistical experimental design was used to compare the mass transfers of ethanol from the gas phase to the liquid phase, using solutions of glycerol, ethylene glycol, and diethylene glycol. High concentrations of these substances did not favor the absorption of ethanol. The best results were achieved with 25% absorbent solutions, which offered better options than water for the recovery of ethanol from CO₂ gas in absorption columns and could increase the productivity of first generation bioethanol production.     

Micro-macropore model for sorption of water on silica gel in a dehumidifier

A mathematical model for laminar flow through a duct of an isothermally maintained dehumidifier and for simultaneous diffusion and absorption of water vapor into a desiccant was formulated as an integral equation. The macro-micro pore model for the desiccant was fitted to transient experimental data for isothermal adsorption of water on a silica gel sheet with an average deviation of four percent. The data could not be explained by the conventional Rosen model which considers diffusion in the macropores only.A Graetz type analysis of experimental data showed that the mass transfer in the channel could be approximated by constant mass transfer coefficients which agreed with the asymptotic Nusselt numbers for the laminar Graetz problems. However, the corresponding mass transfer coefficients for the desiccant are highly time dependent. Hence a more complicated model is required.     

微通道内单乙醇胺水溶液吸收CO2/N2混合气的传质特性

采用高速摄像仪对400 μm×400 μm T形微通道内单乙醇胺（MEA）水溶液吸收混合气中CO₂过程的气液两相流及传质特性进行了实验研究,微通道内的压力降采用压力传感器进行测量。考察了弹状流型下气液两相流量及MEA浓度对压力降、比表面积和传质性能的影响。结果表明,当MEA浓度不变,气液两相流量增大时,压力降、比表面积、传质系数、体积传质系数和增强因子均增大,并逐渐趋于恒定。当气液流量不变,MEA浓度增大时,压力降、传质系数、体积传质系数和增强因子增大,但比表面积减小。实验条件下,压力降范围为2.00~5.23 kPa,化学吸收过程的传质系数范围为7.74×10^-4~2.97×10^-3 m·s^-1。对于伴有快速化学反应的传质过程,以Sherwood数、Reynolds数、Schmidt数及增强因子为变量建立了体积传质系数的预测关联式,平均偏差为5.09%,具有良好的预测性能。     

横纹管强化吸收器的传热传质实验研究

在吸收式热泵的吸收器中,利用LiBr水溶液为工质,对横纹管强化管外降膜吸收过程进行了研究。实验结果表明:影响横纹管传热强化的主要因素为LiBr水溶液喷淋密度、横纹管结构参数节距和槽深,各个因素对强化效果影响不同;与光管相比,横纹管的传热传质效果明显得到了增强,但是不同结构参数节距与槽深的横纹管,其强化传热传质的效果不同。在实验范围内,横纹管强化LiBr溶液吸收水蒸气的传热系数是光管的2.1—3.25倍,传质系数是光管的1.25—1.93倍。     

膜式液体除湿器研究进展

膜式液体除湿技术可很好地解决传统气液直接接触填料塔式液体除湿技术中存在的除湿溶液液滴夹带问题。在膜式液体除湿技术中,湿空气和除湿溶液被半透膜隔离。该膜只允许水蒸气的透过,而严格阻止其它气体和液体的渗透。本文概述了膜式液体除湿器中常用膜材料和膜组件的研究进展,重点阐述了膜式液体除湿器中的热质共轭传递数学模型,展望了膜式液体除湿器的发展方向。容易发现,在膜材料方面,在防止溶液泄露的前提下,应降低膜内部湿传递阻力;在膜组件（膜除湿器）方面,文献中获得的流动与传热传质基本准则数为膜组件的设计和优化提供了理论依据,另外,可通过增加翅片、冷却盘管或使用椭圆形中空纤维管来强化组件除湿性能。     

气液传质过程的界面湍动

界面湍动对相际传质具有重要影响。利用显微激光全息干涉技术研究了 CO2 在乙醇 -水溶液中吸收过程的界面湍动情况 ,实验观察了界面湍动强度与溶液浓度的关系 ,结果表明 ,乙醇浓度越高 ,界面湍动强度越大 ,文中对此进行了分析和讨论。     

平板降膜溶液除湿再生过程实验研究及模型验证

在平板降膜溶液除湿/再生实验平台上,以LiCl水溶液作为除湿溶液,实验研究了空气、溶液的入口参数对空气出口参数的影响,并根据实验数据得到了耦合传热传质系数的关联式,为NTU-Le模型提供了重要的数据支持,同时将实验数据与NTU-Le传热传质模型计算所得的数据进行比较,来验证NTU-Le传热传质模型在平板降膜溶液除湿/再生过程中的适用性和准确度。结果显示：实验数据和模型计算值之间的偏差均在10%以内,表示NTU-Le模型适用于平板降膜溶液除湿/再生过程。     

气液界面对流传质的观测与定量分析

采用光学纹影系统对乙醇和水双组分解吸传质过程的对流结构的界面湍动进行了定性观察和定量分析。建立了一套水平非稳态气液传质设备,试验观测了乙醇和水体系中液相组分向气相传质过程的Marangoni界面对流结构。还通过对传统纹影方法的改进,对乙醇解吸传质过程的浓度(本文用质量分数表示)梯度场进行了定量测量。定量分析表明乙醇和水系统解吸过程中,引发界面湍动的原因是局部较大的表面张力梯度。定量分析的结果很好的解释了伴随Marangoni效应的传质过程的混乱的对流结构,为进一步对界面湍动现象的分析提供了帮助。     

错流降膜液体干燥剂除湿/再生传热传质数学模型及分析

分析了错流降膜液体干燥剂除湿及再生传热传质过程 ,建立了基于实际除湿系统的描述再生和除湿过程的数学模型 ,考虑到除湿过程中产生的热效应 ,以氯化钙溶液为除湿剂时 ,对气侧和液侧的传热传质系数进行了理论和数值求解 .计算结果表明 ,传热传质系数与气流流动状态、除湿剂的热物理性质等因素有关     

MASS TRANSFER INTO LAMINAR GAS STREAMS IN WETTED-WALL COLUMNS WITH COUNTERCURRENT GAS-LIQUID FLOW

The effect of the gas and liquid flow rates on the mass transfer rate in laminar gas streams in wetted-wall columns with countercurrent gas-liquid flow was studied. An approximate analytical solution was obtained for the average gas-phase Sherwood number as a function of the gas-phase Graetz number and the dimensionless interfacial gas velocity. Experiments were carried out on the absorption of ammonia into aqueous sulfuric acid solution and of methanol vapor into water, using two columns of different lengths. The agreement between the experimental and the predicted effects of both gas and liquid flow rates on the gas-phase mass transfer rate was found to be fairly good.     

MASS TRANSFER INTO LAMINAR GAS STREAMS IN WETTED-WALL COLUMNS WITH COUNTERCURRENT GAS-LIQUID FLOW

The effect of the gas and liquid flow rates on the mass transfer rate in laminar gas streams in wetted-wall columns with countercurrent gas-liquid flow was studied. An approximate analytical solution was obtained for the average gas-phase Sherwood number as a function of the gas-phase Graetz number and the dimensionless interfacial gas velocity. Experiments were carried out on the absorption of ammonia into aqueous sulfuric acid solution and of methanol vapor into water, using two columns of different lengths. The agreement between the experimental and the predicted effects of both gas and liquid flow rates on the gas-phase mass transfer rate was found to be fairly good.     

微量醇及电解质强化气液传质的研究

在气升式内环流反应器中考察了微量醇类物质(乙醇、叔丁醇、季戊四醇)及电解质(CaCl2)对氧的液相体积传质系数和气含率的影响。结果表明,向空气-水体系中添加微量醇类物质可以明显改善气液传质性能,同时醇类物质强化气-液传质存在一极限浓度,超过此浓度后,氧的液相体积传质系数略有降低;当表观气速增加时,去离子水体系和含醇体系的气含率都增加,但醇体系的气含率明显高于去离子水体系。此外,添加电解质CaCl2也会使氧的液相体积传质系数有所提高,并从离子强度的角度对其抑制气泡聚并的机理进行了分析。     

Developing an Application Analytical Solution of Adiabatic Heat and Mass Transfer Processes in a Liquid Desiccant Dehumidifier/Regenerator

An analytical solution of simultaneous heat and mass transfer processes in a packed bed liquid desiccant dehumidifier/regenerator is developed. Various dimensionless parameters and reliable assumptions are used in order to develop this solution. The outlet parameters predicted with the analytical solution show very good agreement with the experimental data available in the literature. The results show that using a Lewis number value of Le = 1.1 instead of Le = 1 gives a better prediction of the performance of the dehumidifier. In addition, the use of Le = 0.9 instead of Le = 1 can give a better prediction of the outlet parameters of the regenerator. The benefits of the present solution are its simplicity and easy application for the simulation of air dehumidification and liquid desiccant regeneration processes.     

活性炭粒子对K2CO3溶液中CO2化学吸收的强化

The enhancement of chemical absorption of CO2 by K2CO3/H2O absorbents in the presence of activated carbon （AC） particles was investigated. The results show that the gas absorption rates can be enhanced significantly in the presence of AC particles, and the maximum enhancement factor 3.7 was observed at low stirring intensities. The enhancement factor increased rapidly with the solid loading during the initial period of absorption and then be- came mild gradually to a maximum value. Both the liquid-solid contact area and the probability of solid particles residing at the gas-liquid interface decreased with the increase of the particle size, leading to a negative effect on the enhancement of mass transfer. The influence of the particles on gas absorption decreased with the reaction rate. The stirring speed changed the interfacial coverage and mass transfer rate on the liquid side and consequently affected the mass transfer between the gas and liquid phases; the enhancement factor decreased with the stirring intensity. A heterogeneous two-zone model was proposed for predicting the enhancement factor and the calculated results agreed well with the experimental data.     

活性炭粒子对K2CO3溶液中CO2化学吸收的强化

The enhancement of chemical absorption of CO2 by K2CO3/H2O absorbents in the presence of activated carbon (AC) particles was investigated. The results show that the gas absorption rates can be enhanced significantly in the presence of AC particles,and the maximum enhancement factor 3.7 was observed at low stirring intensities.The enhancement factor increased rapidly with the solid loading during the initial period of absorption and then became mild gradually to a maximum value. Both the liquid-solid contact area and the probability of solid particles residing at the gas-liquid interface decreased with the increase of the particle size,leading to a negative effect on the enhancement of mass transfer. The influence of the particles on gas absorption decreased with the reaction rate. The stirring speed changed the interfacial coverage and mass transfer rate on the liquid side and consequently affected the mass transfer between the gas and liquid phases; the enhancement factor decreased with the stirring intensity. A heterogeneous two-zone model was proposed for predicting the enhancement factor and the calculated results agreed well with the experimental data.