HOMOGENEOUS GAS-SOLID SUSPENSIONS FOR EFFICIENT DOWNFLOW REACTORS

In order to increase heat and mass transfer and to accelerate high temperature gas-solids reactions of fine powders, downflow tube-reactors have attracted growing attention. Short reaction times of fractions of a second require short term constant feeding of gas and solids followed by the continuous and rapid formation of homogeneous suspensions with low fluctuations in time to meet required mole ratios. The objective of the present study is the preparation of short-term constant, homogeneous gas-solid suspensions under gravitational flow conditions in downflow reactors. The dynamics of dispersing a very compact dense solids jet lo achieve a homogeneous gas-solid suspension was investigated in a semi-industrial test unit with a maximum solids throughput of 5 t/h and different tube geometries.     

PARTICLE FLOW PATTERNS IN THE RISER AND DOWNER OF CIRCULATING FLUIDIZED BED

This paper presents an experimental study on the flow patterns of FCC particles in a 140 mm ID Circulating Fluidized Bed with concurrent upflow and downflow gas-solid suspension. Based on the distribution of local particle velocity and particle concentration measured by a Fiber-Optical Probe Laser Doppler Velocimeter and a Fiber Optical Probe System respectively, the different flow patterns of local particls concentration, local particle velocity, local particle fluctuating velocity and sectionally average particle velocity in concurrent upflow and downflow gas-solid system have been investigated. It is found that the particle flow in the concurrent downflow is much more uniform radially than that in the concurrent upflow riser. The investigation of flow patterns in different flow systems is of significance to the development of a new gas-solid reactor.     

气固并流下行床气体扩散行为的研究

采用氢气稳态示踪方法在内径140mm的气固并流下行循环流化床中对气体扩散行为进行了实验研究.实验结果表明:下行床中气体扩散行为可用二维拟均相模型进行描述,其气体的径向扩散系数与气速、固体循环量及颗粒密度的关系可用下列准数关联式表示Pe_r=4.35×10_(-3)Re~(0.95)ε~(-73.4) 1>ε>0.99而下行床中气体轴向扩散系数要比提升管中小1个数量级以上.     

Effects of the gas/solids distributor on the local and overall solids distribution in a downer reactor

In the last few years, the downer has been proposed as a new reactor for gas/solids reactions. Compared to state-of-the-art riser reactors, the cocurrent downflow of gas and solids should lead to a more uniform flow structure, close to plug flow. Experimental studies showed, that the gas/solids distributor at the top of the reactor is significantly influencing the flow pattern in a downer reactor. Local information about the solids concentration is indispensable for a thorough characterization of the flow structure in gas/solids flows. To obtain this information, x-ray computed tomography has been used for the experimental investigations.     

An analysis of moving-bed flow of solids down standpipes and side valves

A method of analysing solids downflow through standpipe and slide valve in the moving bed mode is presented. The method is based on combining Yoon and Kunii equations for moving-bed flow with a proposed modified orifice equation for gas—solid flow. The analysis correctly predicts the observed trend of the effects of gas injection into the standpipe. It also provides quantitative prediction of the conditions for transition from moving-bed flow to dense phase fluidized solids flow and to lean phase “streaming flow”. The latter flow pattern refers to solids streaming down a tube at high voidage typified by the discharge of solid down a tube with no constriction at the lower end of the tube. Further work is required to test the general applicability of the present analysis and to extend the analysis to yield a generalized quantitative flow regime diagram for downflow of solids in a pipe.     

Suspension of solid particles in multi‐impeller three‐phase stirred tank reactors

Solids suspension characteristics in gas—liquid–solid three‐phase stirred tanks with multi‐impellers were experimentally examined. Minimum impeller speeds for ultimately homogeneous solid suspension have been measured stirred tank reactors. Three impellers were installed: two four‐pitched blade downflow disk turbines and one Pfaudler type impeller chosen to provide good gas dispersion and to accomplish off‐bottom suspension of solid particles, respectively. Gas dispersion causes an increase in particle sedimentation associated with a decrease in power consumption and as a result, minimum impeller speeds for ultimately homogeneous solid suspension increase with increasing gas flow rates. A correlation was developed to predict minimum impeller speeds for ultimately homogeneous solid suspension. The proposed correlation, which agrees satisfactorily with the experimental results, is expected to be useful in design and scale‐up.     

A SIMPLE METHOD FOR STUDYING THE KINETICS OF GAS-SOLID REACTIONS IN A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR

A methodology for studying the kinetics of gas-solid reactions in a fluidized bed reactor is presented. This procedure is based on the analysis of the response of the system (flue gases) when batches of solids of different weight are added to the reactor. The method has been applied to the study of limestone particle calcination. The calcination rate constants obtained are in good agreement with those found in the literature. The method offers the advantage of simplicity and avoids the use of model assumptions or empirical correlations.     

Searching for a mesh-independent sub-grid model for CFD simulation of gas-solid riser flows

This work aims to examine the effects of grid size in applying the two-fluid model (TFM), and thereby attempts to search for a mesh-independent sub-grid model for simulating gas-solid riser flows. To this end, we performed a series of TFM simulations over a periodic domain with various grid resolutions and drag closures. Of these drag models, EMMS/matrix model in its simplified version was chosen to be the focus of discussion. It was found that TFM simulation with a homogeneous drag model reaches its numerically asymptotic solution when the grid scale is as small as 10 times the particle diameter, but it still fails to capture the characteristic S-shaped axial voidage profile and highly over-predicts the solids flux. By comparison, EMMS/matrix model seems to reach a mesh-independent solution of the effect of sub-grid structures on the drag force, and predict successfully the axial voidage profile and the solids flux with even coarse grid. Therefore, the fine-grid TFM simulation is inadequate for gas-solid riser flows. We need sub-grid modeling of the heterogeneous structure.     

垂直气固并流上行/下行系统完全发展段的混沌研究

针对垂直气固并流上行（提升管）／下行系统（下行床）的完全发展段,使用光纤密度探头测得反映系统局部密度涨落信息的时间序列,利用确定性混沌理论进行分析,获得表征系统自由度的关联维数（D_（ml））和反映系统信息丢失速率的Kolmogorov熵（K_（ml））,并对上行和下行系统做比较研究．研究发现反映局部瞬态行为特征的D_（ml）和K_ml在上行和下行系统中一定的操作条件下具有大致相同的数值,且混沌参数与局部固含率表现出对应关系．同时局部混饨参数的径向分布对应于上行和下行系统存在的典型的径向流动结构．     

Effect of pipe orientation on dense-phase transport in inclined upward and downward flows

A physical model is presented to describe the flow characteristics of cocurrent two-layer upflow and downflow through inclined tubes. The influence of inclination angle on these two kinds of flow patterns has been investigated. For inclined upflow, the solids/gas velocity ratio is less than unity and decreases slightly with the increase of inclination angle, whereas for inclined downflow, this velocity ratio is, in general, greater than unity and increases with the inclination angle. The average voidage increases as the inclination angle decreases for inclined upflow while an opposite trend exists for inclined downflow. The pressure gradient is invariably negative for inclined upflow at various inclination angles and for inclined downflow of low inclination; however, the gradient becomes positive for inclined downflow at higher inclination angles. A flow regime map has also been presented. The present predictions agree well with the existing published experimental results.     

循环流化床下料管中气固流动的实验研究Ⅱ—气体流动

在内径１１０ｍｍ高６ｍ的下料管循环流化床的冷模实验装置内，采用ＦＣＣ催化剂和硅胶球物料，并通过气固并流下行中气固间相互作用的分析，提出了气体流动方程，并以气体示踪法实验证实了其可靠性。     

气固循环流化床提升管环核区颗粒质量传递系数的估计

Based on analysis of energy dissipation in the core region of gas-solid fluidized bed risers,a simplified model for determination of core-annulus solids mass transfer coefficient was developed according to turbulent diffu- sion mechanism of particles.The simulation results are consistent with published experimental data.Core-annulus solids mass transfer coefficient decreases with increasing particle size,particle density and solids circulation rate, but generally increases with increasing superficial gas velocity and riser diameter.In the upper dilute region of gas-solid fiuidized bed risers,core-annulus solids mass transfer coefficient was found to change little with the axial coordinate in the bed.     

EFFECT OF PIPE ORIENTATION ON DENSE-PHASE TRANSPORT IN INCLINED UPWARD AND DOWNWARD FLOWS

A physical model is presented to describe the flow characteristics of cocurrent two-layer upflow and downflow through inclined tubes. The influence of inclination angle on these two kinds of flow patterns has been investigated. For inclined upflow, the solids/gas velocity ratio is less than unity and decreases slightly with the increase of inclination angle, whereas for inclined downflow, this velocity ratio is, in general, greater than unity and increases with the inclination angle. The average voidage increases as the inclination angle decreases for inclined upflow while an opposite trend exists for inclined downflow. The pressure gradient is invariably negative for inclined upflow at various inclination angles and for inclined downflow of low inclination; however, the gradient becomes positive for inclined downflow at higher inclination angles. A flow regime map has also been presented. The present predictions agree well with the existing published experimental results.     

下行床内提高颗粒浓度及改善颗粒分布研究进展

重质油高效转化和优化利用是国民经济发展的重大需求,具有十分重要的现实意义和战略意义。提升管催化裂化一直是重油轻质化的重要手段,但提升管的不均匀环核结构及气固返混特性降低了重油转化率和产品选择性。相对于提升管,下行床具有近平推流流型及气固短停留时间的优点,处理重油具有潜在优势。但下行床内颗粒浓度过低且气固初始接触较差限制其推广及应用。本文综述了提高下行床颗粒浓度及改善颗粒初始分布的相关文章,指出了深入研究下行床的颗粒增浓机制及气固初始混合可以丰富下行床的基础研究并推动其工业应用。     

上行气固两相流充分发展段流动行为的相似特性

在10.5 m高气固循环流化床实验装置上,在对提升管内的轴向压力梯度和局部颗粒浓度进行实验测试的基础上,结合部分文献上的实验数据,研究了上行气固两相流充分发展段在不同操作条件下气固两相流动行为的相似特性.结果表明,所提出的经验相似准则能表征上行气固两相流充分发展段在不同操作条件下流动行为的相似性,并且该经验相似准则独立于实验装置系统.对于同一上行气固两相流系统,只要操作参数按该相似准则同步变化,气固两相流在充分发展段就具有相似的宏观和微观流动行为.     

循环流化床中颗粒振荡循环现象的实验研究

颗粒的循环特性是循环流化床研究的重点及热点之一,在建立颗粒循环时,颗粒循环由非稳态向稳态过渡。本文在循环流化床实验装置中,采用摄像法和压力检测法研究了不稳定颗粒循环条件下颗粒流动结构和各段压降的变化情况。首次发现了不稳定颗粒循环状态下的颗粒振荡循环现象及其具有的两个特征:下降段、提升段气固流动结构呈周期性变化;下降段压降p_d和提升段压降p_r周期性波动且p_d>p_r和p_dr交替出现。进一步对颗粒振荡循环过程进行受力分析,建立了颗粒振荡周期的计算公式。研究还发现在颗粒藏量一定的条件下,循环气流量或颗粒循环段阀门开度大于某一临界值时才能诱发颗粒振荡循环;颗粒振荡循环周期随着循环气流量的增大而增大,与阀门开度无关。研究结果为动态颗粒循环建立过程的研究奠定了基础,有助于快速地建立颗粒的稳定循环。     

不同充气条件下密相输运床返料系统气固流动数值模拟

采用计算颗粒流体力学对密相输运床返料系统内的气固流动行为进行了数值模拟,分析了曳力模型和颗粒最大堆积浓度等参数对模拟结果的影响,确定了合适的模型参数。通过对比3组工况的模拟结果,获得了与实验结果基本一致的立管压力分布和固体循环流率随充气条件的变化规律,并分析了立管内压力梯度分布、气体流动方向、颗粒浓度分布等。结果表明立管充气口处压力梯度绝对值为局部最大值;当立管充气口气量为零时,会使充气口上方一段距离的压力梯度绝对值较小;充气量增大到一定值时会在充气口附近形成明显的气泡。当缺少立管高位充气时,会导致立管下部区域形成大的压力梯度,增加颗粒下落阻力。充气松动颗粒的作用仅对充气口附近区域有一定影响,更大的作用是在立管内形成均匀的压力梯度分布,使立管内气固流动状态保持上下一致。在制定充气方案时,应根据固体循环流率确定立管压降,补充合适气体量以维持气体下行速度均衡,使得各段的平均压力梯度相同。     

不同入口结构下行床内气固流动及混合行为的CFD-DEM模拟

采用计算流体力学和离散单元模型（CFD-DEM）耦合一种简单的气固催化反应模型对具有不同入口结构的二维下行床内的气粒流动和混合行为进行全床数值模拟。模拟得到了不同入口结构下行床内的多尺度气固运动状态、全床的固含、速度及反应生成物浓度分布,以及气体和颗粒在下行床内的停留时间分布,发现入口结构对反应器内的流动、混合和气固接触效率起着关键性的作用,入口气体和颗粒的不均匀分布将导致下行床内气体停留时间的宽分布以及气固接触效果的恶劣。     

HYDRODYNAMICS AND MASS TRANSFER IN DOWNFLOW BUBBLE COLUMN

Gas holdup, effective interfacial area and volumetric mass transfer coefficient were measured in two and three phase downflow bubble columns. The mass transfer data were obtained using the chemical method of sulfite oxidation, and the gas holdup was measured using the hydrostatic technique. Glass beads and Triton 114 were used to study the effects of solids and liquid surface tension on the gas holdup and the mass transfer parameters a and k_La. The gas holdup in three phase systems was measured for non-wettable (glass bead) and wettable (coal and shale particles) solids.

The mass transfer data obtained in the downflow bubble column were compared with the values published for upflow bubble columns. The results indicate that in the range of superficial gas velocities (0.002-0.025) m/s investigated, the values of the mass transfer coefficient were of the same order of magnitude as those observed in upflow systems, but the values of interfacial area were at least two fold greater. Also, the results showed that the operating variables and the physical properties had different influences on a and k_La in the downflow bubble column. Correlations for a and k_La for the downflow bubble column are proposed which predict the data with adequate accuracy in the range of operating conditions investigated.     

电容层析成像在气固流化床测量中的应用

气固流化床广泛应用于化工、炼油、冶金、电力等工业生产领域。由于流化床中气固两相流动的复杂性,流化床测量方法的研究成为了一个重要的研究领域。电容层析成像（ECT）是20世纪80年代以来发展起来的一种非介入式多相流测量技术,已经在多相流测量领域发挥了重要作用。总结了国内外近年来应用ECT技术进行气固流化床测量的进展,特别是对气固流化床内固体相浓度、流化床流型识别、固体相速度等方面工作进行了总结,并简单介绍了ECT在流化床干燥中的应用,讨论了ECT和其他测量方法结合使用情况。最后对ECT在流化床测量中的局限性和发展方向进行了讨论。