Synthesis of Biodiesel from Canola Oil Using Heterogeneous Base Catalyst

A series of alkali metal (Li, Na, K) promoted alkali earth oxides (CaO, BaO, MgO), as well as K₂CO₃ supported on alumina (Al₂O₃), were prepared and used as catalysts for transesterification of canola oil with methanol. Four catalysts such as K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃ and alkali metal (Li, Na, K) promoted BaO were effective for transesterification with >85 wt% of methyl esters. ICP-MS analysis revealed that leaching of barium in ester phase was too high (~1,000 ppm) when BaO based catalysts were used. As barium is highly toxic, these catalysts were not used further for transesterification of canola oil. Optimization of reaction conditions such as molar ratio of alcohol to oil (6:1–12:1), reaction temperature (40–60 °C) and catalyst loading (1–3 wt%) was performed for most efficient and environmentally friendly K₂CO₃/Al₂O₃ catalyst to maximize ester yield using response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM suggested that a molar ratio of alcohol to oil 11.48:1, a reaction temperature of 60 °C, and catalyst loading 3.16 wt% were optimum for the production of ester from canola oil. The predicted value of ester yield was 96.3 wt% in 2 h, which was in agreement with the experimental results within 1.28%.     

可膨胀石墨对动物油脂的催化酯交换反应研究

本研究以动物油为原料，可膨胀石墨作催化剂，通过与乙醇的酯交换反应制备了生物柴油。正交试验考察了反应时间、油一醇质量比和催化剂加入量等因素对生物柴油产率的影响。实验确定酯交换反应最佳反应条件为：油醇质量比1：1．5、催化剂用量为油重的20％、反应时间12h、反应温度控制为80℃。极差分析结果表明：反应时间对生物柴油产率的影响最大，其次为催化剂用量及油醇比例。可膨胀石墨的膨胀容积越大，酯交换反应产率越高。加入表面活性剂可以加快反应速度，提高生物柴油产率。加入壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚（OP-4）后，最佳条件下生物柴油产率为0．935g／g。可膨胀石墨可以作为动物油脂与乙醇酯交换反应的催化荆。     

基础油与清净剂适应性研究

本文利用成焦板、四球机试验考察了各清净剂在中间基和加氢基础油中的感受性。结果表明，硼化金属清净剂在Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类基础油中的感受性均较好，提出钙镁复配应成为高档润滑油清净剂选择的路线。     

关于发展我国润滑油基础油生产技术的一些看法

分析了我国润滑油生产状况及润滑油产品质量水平不高的原因,对进一步发展我国润滑油基础油生产技术提出了建议。     

提高基础油质量 加速发展高档润滑油

对我国高档润滑油，主要是内燃机油的发展趋势及其对基础油的要求进行了阐述，最后提出了内燃机油升级换代需采取的措施和实施意见。     

我国高档润滑油用基础油的标准化及其应用前景

介绍了中国高档润滑油用基础油标准的制定和工业生产验证情况及其生产的经济效益和应用前景。     

世界润滑油基础油供需现状和预测

介绍了世界各地区和部分国家润滑油基础油的供需现状及２０００年的供需预测。     

固相含量对氧化锆陶瓷注凝成型的影响

研究了超细ZrO2粉体注凝成型过程中固相含量对料浆粘度、生坯强度和烧结材料密度等的影响。在固相含量50vol%~54vol%的范围内,随着固相量的增加,料浆悬浮体的粘度明显提高,成型坯体的均匀性下降,生坯强度出现极值,烧结材料的密度逐渐降低,固相含量以50vol%~52vol%为宜。     

国外润滑油基础油生产技术进展

详细阐述了各种润滑油生产技术的发展趋势，包括传统基础油；高、极高和超高粘度指数基础油；合成基础油；可生物降解油品以及废油再生技术。     

杂多酸选择性脱除润滑油基础油中含氮化合物

引　言研究表明 ,润滑油基础油中含硫化合物可在一定程度上抑制油品的氧化 ,提高油品的氧化安定性 ;而含氮化合物 ,尤其是碱性含氮化合物可加速油品的氧化 ,对氧化安定性有明显的负作用 .选择性脱除油品中的含氮化合物是改善油品抗氧化安定性的有效途径 .高压加氢可有效地脱除氮化物 ,但油中的天然抗氧剂含硫化合物也同时被脱除 ,并容易将高黏度油裂化为低黏度油 ,且投资和操作费用较高 .基于以上原因 ,国内外学者开发了许多非加氢脱除润滑油基础油中含氮化合物的工艺[1～ 6 ] ,以提高油品的抗氧化安定性 .非加氢脱氮工艺通常是采用酸性物质…     

含硫原油润滑油基础油生产工艺和应考虑的问题

介绍了世界有关国家含硫原油生产润滑油基础油的工艺和解决有关问题的技术措施。     

WO3-TiO2-SO42-固体超强酸合成柠檬酸三丁酯

用TiO2*nH2O和H2WO4混合,其中w(H2WO4)＝10%,然后用c(H2SO4)＝1mol/L的溶液浸渍,在550℃焙烧2h,可制得Ho≤-14.52的WO3-TiO2-SO42-固体超强酸催化剂,用于柠檬酸和正丁醇的酯化反应,实验结果表明最佳反应条件为反应温度155℃,醇酸物质的量比为3.9∶1,反应时间4h,催化剂用量占总投料质量的1.5%,柠檬酸的转化率达98%.     

NaOH/PAM催化剂对合成生物柴油的影响

大麻籽油和甲醇经NaOH/PAM催化合成生物柴油,本实验在醇油比固定的情况下考察了催化剂的碱含量、催化剂用量对酯交换转化率的影响、碱量及反应时间分别对转化率和皂化百分数的影响,采用红外光谱技术对催化剂进行分析,确定了较适宜的反应条件.结果表明:实际碱量随NaOH添加量的增加而增加;催化剂用量增加,原料油转化率增加;反应时间的增加,原料油转化率曲线增加到一定水平后趋于平缓;较适宜的反应条件为PN-4催化剂用量3％,反应时间为60 min.     

TRANSESTERIFICATION OF PALM OIL AT NEAR-CRITICAL CONDITIONS USING SULFONATED CARBON-BASED ACID CATALYST

This study aims to investigate the production of biodiesel by transesterification of purified palm oil (PPO) at near-critical conditions using a carbon-based catalyst, synthesized by incomplete carbonization of naphthalene in sulfuric acid. The catalyst shows good activity for the reaction; with the most suitable condition found to be at a methanol-to-PPO molar ratio of 12:1, a carbon-based catalyst-to-PPO mass ratio of 0.5 wt.%, a reaction time of 30 min, and a reaction temperature of 270°C. This resulted in a FAME yield of about 95%. However, FAME yields were found to decrease after each reaction cycle from around 95% in the first to 61% in the second cycle, and to only 45% in the third cycle, as a result of catalyst deactivation due to acid leaching.     

STUDIES OF TRANSESTERIFICATION OF KARANJA (Pongamia pinnata) OIL IN A PACKED BED REACTOR

Studies were made to determine the influence of different reaction temperatures and residence times on biodiesel yield by transesterification of karanja oil (Pongamia pinnata) in the presence of methanol using a solid acid heterogeneous catalyst in a continuous process. Recycle runs were conducted by further transesterification of the organic phases (first run mixture of methyl ester and unconverted oil) in the presence of methanol under similar conditions. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) reveals poor biodiesel yield even with an increase in the reaction temperature and residence time in the first run. Biodiesel yield obtained from the recycle runs, however, was greatly increased over that of the first-run biodiesel yield. Recycle transesterification at a reaction temperature of 240°C and residence time of 50 min gives a maximum yield value of 97.74%. Consequently, irrespective of the presence of high free fatty acids and other impurities in karanja oil, recycling the organic phase of the first run significantly enhances the biodiesel yield.     

Transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst

In this study, transesterification of soybean oil to biodiesel using CaO as a solid base catalyst was studied. The reaction mechanism was proposed and the separate effects of the molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature, mass ratio of catalyst to oil and water content were investigated. The experimental results showed that a 12:1 molar ratio of methanol to oil, addition of 8% CaO catalyst, 65 °C reaction temperature and 2.03% water content in methanol gave the best results, and the biodiesel yield exceeded 95% at 3 h. The catalyst lifetime was longer than that of calcined K₂CO₃/γ-Al₂O₃ and KF/γ-Al₂O₃ catalysts. CaO maintained sustained activity even after being repeatedly used for 20 cycles and the biodiesel yield at 1.5 h was not affected much in the repeated experiments.     

A process to transesterify vegetable oil with methanol in the presence of quick lime bit functioning as solid base catalyst

As a precursor of the practical catalyst to utilize solid base catalysis of calcium oxide for biodiesel production, crushed lime stone whose size ranged from 1.0 to 1.7 mm was used in this study. The precursor was turned into the practical catalyst by only calcination at 1173 K. At 333 K under atmospheric pressure, rapeseed oil was transesterified with methanol in the presence of the practical catalyst, on a laboratory scale pilot plant characterized by batch unit consisting of a circulating stream passing through the column reactor. In the early trial, the yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) produced after 2 h was around 60%. Moreover, the column reactor was blocked up due to serious agglomeration of the practical catalyst when the reaction time was extended by an extra hour. These drawbacks were hurdled by improving the reacting condition. As a result, the yield of FAME reached 96.5% at 2 h of the reaction time, and the good reaction efficiency went on for the successive 10 operations, without exchanging the catalyst. However, on and after the 11th operation, the reaction efficiency was gradually deteriorated. After the transesterifying operation was successively repeated 17 times, the practical catalyst was withdrawn from the column reactor in order to investigate its deactivation. Additionally, the transesterification of waste cooking oil was performed on the laboratory scale pilot plant in the same manner.     

Biodiesel Production from Sunflower Oil Using K2CO3 Impregnated Kaolin Novel Solid Base Catalyst

Kaolin clay material was loaded with potassium carbonate by impregnation method as a novel, effective, and economically heterogeneous catalyst for biodiesel production of sunflower oil via the transesterification reaction. The structural and chemical properties of the produced catalysts were characterized through several analyses including the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller specific surface area. These revealed the best catalyst for the investigated reaction among different ones prepared based upon various impregnation extent of the potassium carbonate. The influence of this parameter was examined through a comparison of the catalytic activity of differently produced catalysts. The impregnation amount of 20 wt% K₂CO₃ upon the kaolin achieved the highest catalytic activity attributed to its highest basicity. To expand upon the efficiency of transesterification, such reaction parameters including the molar ratio between methanol and oil, reactor loading of the catalyst, and time duration of the reaction were optimized. The highest yield of biodiesel over the K₂O/kaolin catalyst was around 95.3 ± 1.2%, which was achieved using the kaolin support impregnated with 20 wt% of K₂CO₃ under optimum reaction conditions of the catalyst, reactor loading of 5 wt%, reaction temperature of 65 °C, methanol:oil molar ratio of 6:1, and reaction duration time of 4 hours. Ultimately, this optimized catalyst was demonstrated to successfully withstand the aforementioned optimum criteria up to five consecutive reaction cycles while experiencing a rather negligible loss of about 10% of its activity.     

桐油改性曼尼期碱固化剂的合成及性能研究

桐油的共轭双键具有极强的反应活性,易与苯酚芳环上邻或对位的活性氢发生傅氏取代反 应。余下的两个活性氢位置仍然能与胺类、醛类发生曼尼期碱的缩合反应。本文研究了桐油改性 曼尼期碱的合成反应的条件、影响因素及产品的固化性能,并指出桐油改性曼尼期减为一综合性 能优异的环氧树脂固化剂。     

固体酸H催化合成C_（4～6）混合二元酸二甲酯的研究

采用固体酸Ｈ催化合成了Ｃ_（４～６）混合二元酸二甲酯，考察了反应时间、酸醇配比、催化剂浓度及催化剂使用寿命对反应的影响，并确定了最适宜的合成条件，在此条件下，混合二元酸的转化率为９６．３８％。