MODELING OF HEAT TRANSFER OF UPWARD ANNULAR FLOW IN VERTICAL TUBES

This article presents the modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in a smooth tube and a spirally internally ribbed tube. First, analytical models of two-phase flow dynamics and heat transfer of annular flow in flow boiling were derived from the liquid film momentum and energy equations for smooth tubes. Combined with empirical correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, modeling of heat transfer of upward annular flow in the smooth tube was conducted. The predicted heat transfer coefficients of annular flow agree with the experimental results very well for the smooth tube. Based on the heat transfer model for smooth tubes, a simplified annular flow heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube was proposed by modifying the interfacial friction factor. The predicted heat transfer coefficients by the modified heat transfer model for the spirally internally ribbed tube agree with the experimental results to some extent. It is suggested that the heat transfer model for the spirally ribbed tube be further improved by modifying the correlations for liquid droplet entrainment and deposition rates in annular flow, which should describe the feature of annular flow in the spirally internally ribbed tube. Extensive experimental data are needed for this purpose.     

Study of vapor liquid two-phase frictional pressure drop in a vertical heated spirally internally ribbed tube

Experiments of vapor liquid two-phase frictional pressure drop of upward flow boiling in a smooth tube and in a spirally internally ribbed tube were conducted, respectively. The spirally internally ribbed tube has an outside diameter of 22 mm and an inside diameter of 11 mm (an equivalent inside diameter of 11.6 mm) and the smooth tube has an outside diameter of 19 mm and an inside diameter of 15 mm. The test tubes were vertically installed and uniformly heated by electricity to achieve flow boiling test conditions. The available heated length of both test tubes is 2500 mm. The working fluids are water and kerosene, respectively. The experimental pressure is 6 bar for flow boiling of water and 3 bar for flow boiling of kerosene. The exit vapor quality of the test sections is about 0.3. The two-phase Reynolds number ranges from 8000 to 28,000. The experimental two-phase frictional pressure drops in the smooth tube are compared with the predicted results by the two-phase flow homogeneous model and the Friedel formula (Friedel, 1979. Improved friction pressure drop correlation for horizontal and vertical two-phase pipe flow. European Two-phase Flow Group Meeting, Ispra, Italy), respectively. It shows that the experimental results agree with the Friedel formula better than the two-phase flow homogenous model. By comparison, the two-phase frictional pressure drops in the spirally internally ribbed tube are 1.6-2.7 times greater than that in the smooth tube. A physical explanation of the increase of the two-phase frictional pressure drop in the spirally internally ribbed tube is given. According to the two-phase flow homogeneous model, a correlation of two-phase friction factor is proposed for the spirally internally ribbed tube and it is applicable to pressures up to 6 bar.     

煤油在内螺纹管中流动沸腾强化传热特性

针对石油化工过程中沸腾传热设备技术改造的需要 ,在 3× 1 0 5Pa (绝对压力 )的条件下 ,对煤油在垂直内螺纹管中的上升流动沸腾传热进行了实验研究 ,将实验结果同煤油在光管中的实验结果进行了比较 .实验结果表明 ,内螺纹管中的沸腾换热系数是光管的 1 6～ 2倍 ,并且可在小温差条件下实现流动沸腾传热 .提出了煤油在内螺纹管中的流动沸腾换热系数的关联式 ,并对煤油在内螺纹管中的流动沸腾特性和强化传热机理进行了分析 .     

垂直上升内螺纹管内流动沸腾传热特性

在压力9～22 MPa,质量流速450～2000 kg·m^-2·s^-1,内壁热负荷200～700 kW·m^-2的参数范围内,试验研究了用于1000 MW超超临界锅炉φ28.6 mm×5.8 mm垂直上升内螺纹水冷壁管内汽水流动沸腾传热。研究表明：内螺纹管内壁螺纹的漩流作用可抑制偏离核态沸腾（DNB）传热恶化,内螺纹管在高干度区发生蒸干型（DO）传热恶化。增大质量流速可推迟壁温飞升,壁温飞升幅度随质量流速增大而降低。热负荷越大管壁温越高,随热负荷增大管壁壁温飞升提前,且传热恶化后壁温飞升值增大。随着压力增加,壁温飞升发生干度值减小。内螺纹管汽水流动沸腾传热系数呈π形分布,传热系数峰值出现在汽水沸腾区。文中还给出了亚临界压力区内螺纹管单相区和汽水沸腾区的传热系数试验关联式。     

USE OF THE INTERCHANGE MODEL TO PREDICT ENTRAINMENT IN VERTICAL ANNULAR FLOW

Entrapment, E, in vertical gas-liquid annular flows may be pictured as a balance between the rate of atomization, RA, of the liquid layer and the rate of deposition of drops, R D. Laboratory measurements of RA, RD and E are reviewed. Theoretical analyses are discussed which picture RA as related to the growth of wavelets through a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability and RB as being directly proportional to the root-mean-square of the turbulent velocity fluctuations of the drops. An equation for E can be developed, which assumes that the deposition constant is independent of drop concentration and that the rate of atomization varies linearly with the flow rale of the liquid in the film. Limitations of this approach, suggested by measurements of RA and RD at large liquid flows, are discussed.     

高效复合强化换热器的管程性能

通过搭建内螺纹扭曲椭圆管复合强化管换热器传热与压降性能测试平台,对内螺纹扭曲椭圆管复合强化管换热器的管程传热和流阻性能进行了实验研究,以实验数据为基础拟合得到其对流传热系数和流动摩擦阻力系数与管内流体Reynolds数的计算准则关系式,将内螺纹扭曲椭圆管与光滑圆管、内螺纹圆管、光滑扭曲管的管程传热、流阻以及综合性能进行对比分析,结果显示内螺纹扭曲管流动阻力略高于其他类型的换热管,传热效果和综合性能明显优于其他类型换热管。内螺纹扭曲管作为一种内螺纹和扭曲扁管强化传热技术的叠加技术,强化传热效果明显,具有重要的工程应用价值。     

流动沸腾传热的矢量合成模型

初步分析在论文中提出的新模型的理论基础,并改进流动沸腾传热中对流蒸发项的计算,利用杨伟构造的渐进加和模型计算窄矩形流道中流动沸腾传热的对流蒸发项;还利用所提出的矢量合成模型预测了圆管内的流动沸腾传热系数。实验数据关联表明,所构造的模型适合窄矩形流道和圆管流道内流动沸腾传热系数的计算。     

On the modelling of droplet-film interaction considering entrainment, deposition and breakage processes

This paper presents a modelling framework for describing annular-mist flows in the process of generating a disparsed phase. The droplet and film phases are described in a statistical manner using a population balance type of equation. The entrainment and deposition phenomena can be described properly in terms of a droplet size distribution. The mathematical model is solved using a spectral method based on the least squares formulation. Numerical examples and validation against experimental data are included for describing the capabilities of the method.     

Effect of annular fins on heat transfer of a horizontal immersed tube in bubbling fluidized beds

Experiments were conducted in a bubbling air-fluidized bed to investigate the effect of annular fins of constant thickness on heat transfer. Steady state time averaged local heat transfer coefficient measurements were made by the local thermal simulation technique in a cold bubbling fluidized bed (90 mm ID, 260 mm tall) with horizontally immersed tube initially with no fin and then with three fixed annular fins of constant thickness. Silica sand of mean particle diameter 307 μm and 200 μm were used as the bed materials. The superficial velocity of air was from minimum fluidization conditions, u_mf, to approximately 3 × u_mf. The results indicate that, although the heat transfer coefficient falls with the use of fins, the total heat transfer rises as a result of the greater surface area. Increasing the particle diameter reduces the heat transfer coefficient not only for unfinned horizontal tube but also for annular finned horizontal tube at the same conditions of fluidized bed. Based on the experimental data, correlations are proposed for predicting heat transfer coefficient from fluidized bed to horizontally immersed tubes with and without fins.     

流动沸腾传热的新模型

利用矢量分析，导出一个普遍适用于流动沸腾传热系数计算的模型方程并进行了实验验证，吻合较好。作者同时探讨了流动沸腾中核沸腾项被抑制的原因并在新模型的基础上关联了抑制因子的表达式。     

纳米制冷剂管内流动沸腾换热特性

研究了CuO-R113纳米制冷剂在水平直光管内的流动沸腾换热特性。实验测试段长度1.5 m、外径9.52 mm。实验工况的质量流率为100～200 kg•m^-2•s^-1,热通量为3.08～6.16 kW•m^-2, 入口干度为0.2～0.7,纳米颗粒质量分数为0～0.5%。结果表明：CuO-R113纳米制冷剂的传热系数高于纯R113制冷剂的传热系数。纳米颗粒的加入,强化了制冷剂管内流动沸腾换热。质量流率为100、150、200 kg•m^-2•s^-1的情况下,传热系数分别最大提高了29.7%、22.7%、25.6%。     

Heat transfer and flow pattern in vertical liquid-solids flow

Wall-to-bed heat transfer in hydraulic transport of spherical glass particles of diameter 1.20, 1.94 and 2.98 mm and in single-phase flow regime was studied. Experiments were performed by transporting the spherical glass particles with water in a 25.4 mm I.D. copper tube equipped with a steam jacket.In the runs without particles, the tube Reynolds number varied between 2280 and 21,300, while in hydraulic transport runs, the tube Reynolds number varied between 3300 and 20,150. The loading ratio (G_p/G_f) was between 0.07 and 0.328, and the fluid superficial velocity was between 0.29·U_t and 2.86·U_t, where U_t represents the single particle terminal velocity. For these ratios, the voidage ranged from 0.715 to 0.895.The data for the heat transfer factor (j_H) in single-phase flow are correlated using a general form j_H=f(Re). The data for wall-to-bed heat transfer in the hydraulic transport of particles show that an analogy between heat and momentum transfer exists. The data were correlated by treating the flowing fluid-particle suspension as a pseudofluid, by introducing a modified suspension-wall friction coefficient (f_w) and a modified Reynolds number (Re_m).     

ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENT OF BOILING HEAT TRANSFER ON T-SHAPED FINNED SURFACES

The experiments of pool boiling were carried out on the T-shaped finned surfaces. The produced surfaces have precise geometric sizes. Therefore, the analysis of the heat transfer mechanism and the research of the optimal structural size are easily conducted. Based on the experiments and observations, a countercurrent two-phase flow model for boiling heat transfer on the T-shaped finned surfaces was proposed. Both relation for the heat transfer and the relation for the optimal slit width between T-shaped fins were obtained. The model was further extended to Thermoexcel-E surfaces, yielding the corresponding heat transfer relation.     

内翅片管中堵塞芯管直径优化的数值模拟

采用可实现的k-ε湍流模型和壁面函数法对带不同直径堵塞芯管的内翅片管内空气的湍流流动和换热特性进行了数值模拟,利用试验数据检验了计算方法的正确性。在对不同流量下改变芯管直径进行数值模拟的结果表明：在一定流量下,芯管外径与外管内径之比存在着一个最佳值,使单位压降、单位翅片面积下的换热量最大,而且随着流量的增加,最佳芯管外径与外管内径之比呈减小趋势。在本文所研究的参数范围内,这一最佳比值在0.5-0.625之间。同时也对在相同压降条件下进行了数值计算,结果表明,当芯管外径与外管内径最佳比值为0.4-0.56左右时,单位翅片面积下的流量和换热量之积达最大值。这一结论为内翅片管的优化设计提供了重要依据。     

垂直下降沸腾管两相流传热恶化研究

<正>1引言 传热恶化有不同的类型,就工程换热设备设计和运行的实际需要来说,人们最关心的是以下几点：（1）传热恶化发生的位置（壁温飞升起始点）,一般用。cr来表示;（2）传热恶化发生后壁温飞升的最大值,一般用A儿。。来表示;（3）壁温飞升最大值的位置,一般用K。。。来表示;（4）传热恶化发生后的。mi。。本文着重分析讨论后3个问题。     

FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR CONVECTION FROM A HELICAL COIL

A general correlating equation has been developed for all Prandtl and Dean numbers. This expression was constructed by joining the theoretical Nusselt number for a straight tube, a theoretical asymptote for the regime of creeping secondary flow, a semi-theoretical expression for the boundary layer regime and an asymptotic value of Nu for the intervening regime of flow.The arbitrary coefficients and exponents in the model were evaluated using experimental and numerically computed values. Slightly differing sets of coefficients are required for uniform wall temperature and longitudinally uniform heating with uniform peripheral wall temperature.

All prior theoretical results were for toroidal flow (zero pitch). A numerical solution was developed for helical flow (finite pitch). These results confirm the validity of neglecting pitch for tightly wound coils but suggest a generalization of the correlating equation for large pitch.