Investigation of the Effect of Deformation on γ‐α Phase Transformation Kinetics in Hot‐Rolled Dual Phase Steel by Phase Field Approach

Dual phase steels, consisting of hard martensite particles in a ductile ferritic matrix, offer high strength and deformability at the same time. Additionally, they are cost effective by a dilute alloying concept. In industrial production, two manufacturing concepts have been implemented: intercritical annealing of cold rolled sheet, or hot rolling. The current work has investigated the effect of deformation on the γ‐α phase transformation kinetics in the dual phase steel production using the hot rolling scheme. The pancaked austenite grains containing denser nucleation sites have a strong influence on the ferrite transformation kinetics. In addition, the multiplication of dislocations which results in the increase in elastic strain energy and dislocation core energy contributes to some acceleration in ferrite growth kinetics. A modelling approach for the γ‐α phase transformation kinetics in dual phase steels has been developed employing the phase field theory. The nucleation behaviour, i.e. the number and size of nuclei developed after an elapsed time as well as their nucleation sites which were evaluated from microstructure analysis, and the increase in the driving force of grain growth were integrated into this model.     

低合金钢焊接粗晶区连续冷却铁素体相变规律

 利用焊接粗晶区连续冷却淬火方法,对比分析了钛处理钢和普通C Mn钢焊接粗晶区连续冷却不同阶段的相变组织,研究了铁素体相变规律。结果表明,C Mn钢焊接粗晶区主要为晶界铁素体+魏氏组织铁素体;钛处理钢焊接粗晶区主要为晶界铁素体+魏氏组织铁素体+晶内铁素体组织。在钛处理钢中,晶界铁素体、魏氏组织铁素体和晶内铁素体的相变开始温度相同,但各自长大的动力学条件不同。当晶内铁素体和魏氏组织铁素体竞争发生相变时,晶内铁素体在晶内弥散分布氧化物夹杂上的非均质形核抑制了魏氏组织铁素体向晶内的长大。     

Role of Cerium on the Intricacies of Deformed State and Softening Mechanisms of Low-Carbon Steels

The present study investigates the softening kinetics of two cerium (Ce)-modified steels after 60% cold rolling and annealing at 600 °C for 2–16 h. Cold rolling accumulates substantial strain in the ferritic matrix of low Ce (LCe) steel (0.03 wt% Ce) compared to high Ce (HCe) steel (0.6 wt% Ce). The acicular ferrite and Fe₃C partition the imposed strain preferentially inside the ferrite matrix of LCe sample. Contrarily, a homogenous strain distribution in HCe sample is promoted by soft Ce₂O₃ particles embedded in ferrite. Both the steels achieve partial recovery and recrystallization even after 16 h of annealing. LCe steel experiences a softening fraction of ≈28 vol% after 16 h, inferior to HCe steel (≈34 vol%). During initial stage of annealing, nucleation of strain-free grains are observed in LCe sample due to availability of grain and interphase boundaries. Subsequently, recrystallization kinetics get delayed because of the pinning effect exerted by fine CeO₂ and Fe₃C particles. In HCe samples, the early stage of ferrite nucleation is hindered by the segregation of Ce at grain boundaries. However, at a later stage, the recrystallization kinetics are accelerated owing to the ineffective pinning of dislocations and boundaries by coarse Ce₂Fe₁₇ and Ce₂C₃ particles.     

退火温度对430不锈钢冷轧板组织和力学性能的影响

针对现场生产的430不锈钢冷轧板,通过高温连续退火实验研究了退火温度对材料显微组织、强度、塑性以及各向异性性能的影响.通过实验得到了合理的两段式加热连续退火工艺:选取中间温度为600℃,加热II段的加热速率为2.3℃·s-1,最高加热温度为840℃.随着退火温度的升高,薄板的屈服强度和硬度呈明显的两阶段降低趋势,延伸率呈"S"型趋势增加,平均塑性应变比基本保持不变（1.25左右）,而轧制平面各向异性指数有一定的降低.针对430不锈钢冷轧板分别建立了屈服强度与退火软化率和延伸率之间的定量关系.      

Analysis of the Effect of Al on the Static Softening Kinetics of C-Mn Steels Using a Physically Based Model

The effect of Al addition on the static softening behavior of C-Mn steels was investigated. Double-hit torsion tests were performed at different deformation temperatures ranging from 1198 K to 1338 K (925 °C to 1065 °C) with pass strains of ε = 0.2 and 0.35. It was found that solute Al produced a significant delay on the static softening kinetics. Additionally, at the lowest temperatures [1198 K to 1238 K (925 °C to 965 °C)] and highest Al level (2 wt pct), austenite to ferrite phase transformation was found to be concurrent with softening, leading this to higher softening retardation. The softening kinetics of the steels investigated were analyzed using a physically based model which couples recovery and recrystallization mechanisms. The main parameters of the model were identified for the present alloys. An expression for the grain boundary mobility of the base C-Mn steel was derived and the retarding effect of Al in solid solution on the static recrystallization kinetics was introduced in the model. Reasonable agreement was obtained between model and experimental results for a variety of deformation conditions.     

Austenite formation during intercritical annealing

A systematic experimental study has been conducted on ferrite recrystallization and intercritical austenite formation for two low-carbon steels with chemical compositions typically used for dual-phase and transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels. Different initial heating rates, holding temperatures, and times were applied to the materials to examine the ferrite recrystallization and austenite formation kinetics. An Avrami model was developed to describe the isothermal ferrite recrystallization behavior and was applied successfully to the nonisothermal conditions. It was found that the initial heating rate affects the isothermal austenite formation kinetics for both the hot-rolled and cold-rolled materials albeit the effect is more pronounced for the cold-rolled material. This can be attributed to the interaction between the ferrite recrystallization and austenite formation processes. Furthermore, it was found that the distribution of austenite phase is also affected by the ferrite recrystallization process. When ferrite recrystallization is completed before the austenite formation (i.e., under sufficiently slow heating rate conditions), austenite is to a large extent randomly distributed in the ferrite matrix. On the other hand, incomplete recrystallization of ferrite due to higher heating rates leads to the formation of banded austenite grains. It is proposed that this observation is characteristic of simultaneous recrystallization and austenite formation where moving ferrite grain boundaries do not provide suitable sites for austenite nucleation.     

Model for Predicting the Lankford Coefficient of Industrial Sheet of Automotive Steels

A model is proposed for predicting the Lankford coefficient of steel sheet produced for the auto industry at PAO Severstal. The set of empirical model parameters is determined using an experimental database on the mean Lankford coefficient (for 138 strips of 13 steels differing greatly in composition) and additional databases on calculated steel microstructure parameters after hot rolling, and after heat treatment of cold-rolled strips. The mean error in calculations of the Lankford coefficient using the model is 7.1%. It is found that the Lankford coefficient is determined not only by the carbon content in the solid solution before cold rolling but also by the amount of carbon deposited at the ferrite grain boundaries in the form of tertiary cementite. The additional free carbon appearing in the solution when the tertiary cementite particles dissolve on heating of the cold-rolled sheet significantly affects the recrystallization and the texture formation.     

再结晶和相变的交互作用对双相钢组织特征的影响

系统地研究了不同的热处理工艺对双相钢组织特征的影响。研究的结果表明,存在一个临界两相区退火温度。当退火温度高于此临界退火温度,双相钢组织表现出带状铁素体的特征;而低于临界温度的退火可以得到典型的马氏体和铁素体等轴状组织的特征,这是由于冷轧钢板在两相区退火过程中的相变和再结晶过程交互作用的结果。当相变先于再结晶发生时会形成带状铁素体。预先的低温再结晶处理可以消除铁素体带状组织。     

2种含铝TRIP钢连续冷却转变动力学分析

用热膨胀法,通过对含1.5%w（Al）和含w（Al）1.0%＋w（Si）0.5%的2种TRIP钢的显微组织观察,绘制了2种不同w（Al）、w（Si）的TRIP钢的静态CCT曲线,研究了含Al TRIP钢在冷却过程中的相转变,分析了冷却速率及不同w（Al）对微观组织和贝氏体转变动力学的影响。结果表明,Al元素加速TRIP钢冷却时铁素体转变和贝氏体转变,但是推迟珠光体转变。     

微量铜和砷对Ti-IF钢铁素体相变行为和组织的影响

利用Gleeble 3800热模拟试验机,结合膨胀仪研究了微量铜和砷对连续加热过程和冷却过程中Ti-IF钢相变动力学的影响;结合光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜,模拟研究了微量铜和砷对不同热轧终轧温度条件下TiIF钢的铁素体晶粒尺寸的影响。结果表明:与几乎不含铜和砷的Ti-IF钢相比,铜、砷的质量分数为0.08%、0.04%的Ti-IF钢中的铜和砷显著提高连续加热过程中Ti-IF钢奥氏体相变的开始温度和连续冷却过程中铁素体相变的结束温度。这主要是由于砷是封闭铁基奥氏体区的元素。由于微量砷提高铁素体相变的结束温度,导致铁素体晶粒尺寸反常粗大。因此,对于残余砷含量较高的Ti-IF钢,应适当控制较高的热轧终轧温度,以避免形成粗大的铁素体组织。     

冷轧双相钢DP800生产工艺及性能研究

探讨了800 MPa级冷轧双相钢的成分体系、冷却处理工艺、组织及性能;研究了退火温度、冷却速率对双相钢性能的影响,分析了双相钢的强化机理,并且优化了退火工艺参数。结果表明,冶炼过程采用C-Si-Mn-Cr-V成分体系,轧制过程采用650℃±20℃的中温卷取,连续退火过程中快冷段投入高氢(H2含量20%)冷却,冷速达到42~50℃/s,能够得到由铁素体和马氏体组成的冷轧双相钢DP800,综合力学性能优良。     

Formation of Banded Microstructures with Rapid Intercritical Annealing of Cold-Rolled Sheet Steel

The effects of heating rate in the range of 0.3 to 693 °C/s on transformations during intercritical annealing of a cold-rolled 0.12C-1.4Mn-0.02Nb steel with either a ferrite-pearlite or ferrite-spheroidized carbide microstructure were evaluated. Heating rates were selected to impart different predicted degrees of ferrite recrystallization present at the onset of austenite formation. Rapid heating minimized ferrite recrystallization with both prior microstructures and minimized pearlite spheroidization in the ferrite-pearlite condition, and austenite formation occurred preferentially in recovered ferrite regions as opposed to along recrystallized ferrite boundaries. Martensite was evenly distributed in slowly heated steels because austenite formed on recrystallized, equiaxed, ferrite boundaries. With rapid heating, austenite formed in directionally oriented recovered ferrite, which increased the degree of banding. The greatest degree of banding was found with intermediate heating rates leading to partial recrystallization, because austenite formed preferentially in the remaining recovered ferrite, which was located in bands along the rolling direction. Ferrite-spheroidized carbide microstructures had somewhat reduced martensite banding when compared to the ferrite-pearlite condition, where elongated pearlite enhanced banded austenite leading to banding in transformed microstructures.     

受热不均匀对低碳钢SAE1010板材组织及成形性能的影响

为了研究退火过程受热不均匀对板材组织及成形性能的影响规律,对热轧态SAE1010低碳钢板进行冷轧及连续退火,分析热轧态、冷硬态及退火态钢板边部和芯部的显微组织,分别对退火态钢板边部和芯部试样进行拉伸和折弯试验。结果表明,热轧态试样少量岛状珠光体分布在铁素体晶界处,边部组织晶粒尺寸小于芯部,珠光体中部分片层渗碳体退化为球状。冷硬态板材组织沿轧制方向呈现明显的晶粒破碎特征,退火态边部组织存在较多的大晶粒和粒状渗碳体团,芯部组织较为均匀细小。退火态板材芯部材料伸长率高于边部而强度低于边部,经180°折弯后芯部钢板无开裂而边部出现裂纹。退火温度均匀性对于SAE1010低碳钢板组织和性能具有重要的影响。     

退火工艺对Nb-V微合金化双相钢组织性能的影响

为了进一步提升双相钢性能、探究Nb-V元素复合添加对双相钢组织性能的影响,在实验室研发了Nb-V微合金化的冷轧双相钢。利用连退模拟试验机、扫描电镜等设备,系统地研究了退火温度和过时效温度对双相钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,抗拉强度和伸长率随着退火温度的升高变化不大,屈服强度在组织中铁素体含量明显减少后有显著提升;Nb、V元素的添加细化了组织,可以提高综合性能。随着过时效温度的升高,试验钢主要组织由起初低温时的淬火马氏体+回火马氏体变为高温时的粒状贝氏体,残余奥氏体比例也逐渐增大。高温过时效时,试验钢强度的降低主要由回火马氏体的软化造成;低温过时效时,V析出量的增加也对试验钢的强化起到了重要作用。     

退火工艺对Nb-V微合金化双相钢组织性能的影响

为了进一步提升双相钢性能、探究Nb-V元素复合添加对双相钢组织性能的影响,在实验室研发了Nb-V微合金化的冷轧双相钢。利用连退模拟试验机、扫描电镜等设备,系统地研究了退火温度和过时效温度对双相钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,抗拉强度和伸长率随着退火温度的升高变化不大,屈服强度在组织中铁素体含量明显减少后有显著提升;Nb、V元素的添加细化了组织,可以提高综合性能。随着过时效温度的升高,试验钢主要组织由起初低温时的淬火马氏体+回火马氏体变为高温时的粒状贝氏体,残余奥氏体比例也逐渐增大。高温过时效时,试验钢强度的降低主要由回火马氏体的软化造成;低温过时效时,V析出量的增加也对试验钢的强化起到了重要作用。     

Study of the effect of “new” ferrite on the properties of dual phase steels

Results are presented from a study of dual phase ferritic-martensitic steels (DFMS) of two compositions: 0.08% C, 1.18% Si, 1.81% Mn, and 0.39% Cr; 0.07% C, 1.16% Si, 1.79% Mn, 0.40% Cr, and 0.14% V. In order to obtain different structural parameters in the two DFMS, heat treatments were given to 3.2-mm-thick specimens of steel sheet with different initial structures: the ferrite-pearlite-bainite mixture obtained directly from hot rolling; a ferrite matrix with spheroidized carbides, obtained by heating the hot-rolled sheet and holding it at 1050°C for 1 h, cooling the sheet with the furnace to 690°C, holding the sheet at this temperature for 15 h, and then further cooling the sheet together with the furnace. The results confirmed the positive effect of “new” ferrite on the ductility of DFMS. This effect is connected not with the intrinsic properties of new ferrite but with the factors that help increase the initial volume of this component in the steel (the amount of new ferrite in the investigated steels ranges up to 20–25%).     

Modeling of the Recrystallization and Austenite Formation Overlapping in Cold-Rolled Dual-Phase Steels During Intercritical Treatments

Austenite formation kinetics of a DP1000 steel was investigated from a ferrite–pearlite microstructure (either fully recrystallized or cold-rolled) during typical industrial annealing cycles by means of dilatometry and optical microscopy after interrupted heat treatments. A marked acceleration of the kinetics was found when deformed ferrite grains were present in the microstructure just before austenite formation. After having described the austenite formation kinetics without recrystallization and the recrystallization kinetics of the steel without austenite formation by simple JMAK laws, a mixture law was used to analyze the kinetics of the cold-rolled steel for which austenite formation and recrystallization may occur simultaneously. In the case where the interaction between these two phenomena is strong, three main points were highlighted: (i) the heating rate greatly influences the austenite formation kinetics, as it affects the degree of recrystallization at the austenite start temperature; (ii) recrystallization inhibition above a critical austenite fraction accelerates the austenite formation kinetics; (iii) the austenite fractions obtained after a 1 hour holding deviate from the local equilibrium fractions given by Thermo-Calc, contrary to the case of the recrystallized steel. This latter result could be due to the fact that the dislocations of the deformed ferrite matrix could promote the diffusion of the alloying elements of the steel and accelerate austenite formation.     

罩式退火铌微合金化汽车钢的强化机理

 通过比较相同冷轧与罩式退火工艺下Mn-Si系和铌微合金化2种汽车用低合金高强钢的显微组织与力学性能,研究微量铌在冷轧罩式退火低合金高强钢中的强化机理。利用OM、SEM、TEM和拉伸试验机分别对2种钢的显微组织与力学性能进行了表征。对比分析表明：相对热轧板来说,2种钢冷轧退火板的铁素体晶粒和第二相析出物的尺寸都有所长大,导致了强度降低。相对Mn-Si钢而言,铌微合金化钢热轧板和冷轧退火板中的铁素体晶粒和第二相析出物尺寸更细小,细小第二相析出物的数量也更多,在相同的伸长率水平下明显提高了强度。冷轧罩式退火板的强化机理分析表明,铌微合金化低合金高强钢的主要强化方式是细晶强化和NbC的沉淀强化;研究认为添加质量分数为0.025%的铌时细晶强化更强烈。