脂肽surfactin、iturin、fengycin性质鉴定的研究与展望

脂肽是一类由亲水的肽链和亲油的脂肪烃链两部分组成的生物表面活性剂。相比化学表面活性剂,生物表面活性剂除具有降低表面张力,增加泡沫,稳定乳液等性质外,还具有安全,可降解的特性。一些脂肽还具有抗真菌、抗细菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等生物活性,在日化、食品、制药、生物防治、微生物采油等方面都有良好的应用前景。surfactin,iturin,fengycin是一类主要由革兰氏阳性菌芽孢杆菌产生的常见脂肽,表面活性或抑菌活性均十分突出。目前对surfactin、iturin、fengycin的分子量、结构、性质的研究比较透彻,也相应开发出来一些鉴定方法。本文主要对常见脂肽surfactin、iturin、fengycin的性质,抑菌效果及主要的鉴定方法进行了介绍。     

腊肉拮抗菌分离及抗真菌脂肽特性分析

从传统腊肉中筛选拮抗菌株,纯化鉴定新型抗菌物质并对其抗菌特性研究,为抗菌脂肽在食品防腐中的应用提供理论依据.采用抑菌圈法筛选拮抗菌株;通过酸沉淀、硅胶柱层析和半制备反相高效液相色谱分离纯化抗菌脂肽;通过傅里叶红外光谱、基质辅助激光解吸电离飞行时间质谱对脂肽鉴定.结果 表明,筛选得到12株拮抗细菌,其中菌株XLP27对革...     

Natural surfactants used in cosmetics: glycolipids

Cosmetic surfactant performs detergency, wetting, emulsifying, solubilizing, dispersing and foaming effects. Adverse reactions of chemical synthesis surfactant have an effect on environment and humans, particularly severe in long term. Biodegradability, low toxicity and ecological acceptability which are the benefits of naturally derived surfactant that promises cosmetic safety are, therefore, highly on demand. Biosurfactant producible from microorganisms exhibiting potential surface properties suitable for cosmetic applications especially incorporate with their biological activities. Sophorolipids, rhamnolipids and mannosylerythritol lipids are the most widely used glycolipids biosurfactant in cosmetics. Literatures and patents relevant to these three glycolipids reviewed were emphasizing on the cosmetic applications including personal care products presenting the cosmetic efficiency, efficacy and economy benefits of glycolipids biosurfactant.     

脂肽类生物表面活性剂Surfactin的乳化性

采用白金板法对Surfactin的表面活性进行研究,并用浊度法和离心法对其乳化性进行研究。结果表明：Surfactin的临界胶束浓度为9.03×10－5 mol/L,可将水的表面张力由73.98 mN/m降至最低27.48 mN/m。在浓度为1×10－3～1.2×10－2 mol/L的NaCl溶液中,Surfactin溶液的表面张力随盐浓度升高逐渐降低并最终稳定在34 mN/m;Surfactin在121 ℃处理20 min后,其表面张力仍能保持在37.10 mN/m;在pH值为2～12范围内,其表面活性稳定并良好;表明Surfactin具有较强的NaCl浓度、温度、pH值的耐受性。浊度法测得Surfactin亲水亲油平衡（hydrophilelipophilic balance,HLB）值为14,对所需HLB值为12～16的油相乳化性能良好。     

纳豆芽孢杆菌NT-6固态发酵罗非鱼下脚料条件优化及产脂肽组分分析

利用纳豆芽孢杆菌（Bacillus natto）NT-6,以罗非鱼下脚料为主要基质,进行固态发酵生产抗菌营养复合型活性肽,以提高抗菌脂肽产量为目的,对培养基和发酵条件进行优化。在对产生的脂肽组分进行分析的基础上,采用高效液相色谱-质谱定量检测法,通过单因素试验和响应面设计优化固态发酵工艺条件。结果表明：利用罗非鱼下脚料为主要基质固态发酵生产的抗菌脂肽组分主要包括表面活性素（m/z分别为995.20、1 008.20、1 058.20）、伊枯草菌素（m/z分别为1 044.30、1 071.20）。优化后的最佳工艺参数为罗非鱼下脚料与麸皮配比3.48∶1（m/m）、初始基质水分含量69.34%（质量分数）、发酵时间61.69 h、发酵温度28.97 ℃、甘蔗渣添加量6%（质量分数）、接种量5 mL/100 g,此条件下抗菌脂肽产量达7.32 g/kg,实际验证结果为7.29 g/kg,相对于优化前提升了7.5 倍,产生的脂肽含有多种脂肽组分。     

高效液相色谱法测定发酵液中表面活性素的含量

建立一种以高效液相色谱法测定发酵液中表面活性素(surfactin)含量的新方法。采用COSMOSIL 5C18-AR-Ⅱ(4.6 × 250mm)色谱柱,以乙腈(含0.1%三氟乙酸)和水(含0.1%三氟乙酸)为流动相,流速0.84ml/min,梯度洗脱,紫外检测波长210nm,在20min 内检测到表面活性素。结果表明,运用本方法在1～100mg/L 范围内表面活性素浓度与积分面积之间具有良好的相关性(r=0.9998),精密度为1.5%,检出限为1mg/L,回收率达到91.36%。     

Self-preserving cosmetics

Preservatives are added to products for two reasons: first, to prevent microbial spoilage and therefore to prolong the shelf life of the product; second, to protect the consumer from a potential infection. Although chemical preservatives prevent microbial growth, their safety is questioned by a growing segment of consumers. Therefore, there is a considerable interest in the development of preservative-free or self-preserving cosmetics. In these formulations traditional/chemical preservatives have been replaced by other cosmetic ingredients with antimicrobial properties that are not legislated as preservatives according to the Annex VI of the Commission Directive 76/768/EEC and the amending directives (2003/15/EC, 2007/17/EC and 2007/22/EC). 'Hurdle Technology', a technology that has been used for the control of product safety in the food industry since 1970s, has also been applied for the production of self-preserving cosmetics. 'Hurdle Technology' is a term used to describe the intelligent combination of different preservation factors or hurdles to deteriorate the growth of microorganisms. Adherence to current good manufacturing practice, appropriate packaging, careful choice of the form of the emulsion, low water activity and low or high pH values are significant variables for the control of microbial growth in cosmetic formulations. This paper describes the application of the basic principles of 'Hurdle Technology' in the production of self-preserving cosmetics. Multifunctional antimicrobial ingredients and plant-derived essential oils and extracts that are used as alternative or natural preservatives and are not listed in Annex VI of the Cosmetic Directive are also reported.     

Role of proteins in cosmetics

The review critically evaluates the safety and effectiveness of proteins or peptides in cosmetic formulations designed for skin and hair care. Special attention is paid to soluble collagen and the use of this fibrillar protein in combination with detergents.
The authors indicate various misconceptions on the mechanism of the effect of collagen and possible risks if the formulations containing collagen are not used on intact skin. Besides the moisturizing effect of collagen on the stratum corneum, the formation of a protective layer on the surface of the skin or hair, and the formation of complexes with detergents and the mechanisms of the effectiveness of this protein are considered.
Le role des proteines dans les cosmetiques     

伊枯草菌素A高产菌株的筛选鉴定及发酵工艺研究

该研究采用平板对峙法及高效液相色谱（HPLC）法从土壤中筛选高产伊枯草菌素A（iturin A）的菌株,通过分子生物学技术对其进行菌种鉴定,并以iturin A产量为评价指标,对培养基成分及发酵条件进行研究。结果表明,筛选得到1株高产iturin A的菌株,编号为ND,并鉴定其为贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）;其产iturin A的最佳培养基成分为豆粕粉120 g/L、酵母浸粉16 g/L、L-谷氨酸钠1 g/L、甘油70 mL/L、MgSO4·7H2O 0.5 g/L、KH2PO4 1.0 g/L,FeSO4·7H2O 0.15 mg/L、MnSO4·H2O 5 mg/L、CuSO4·5H2O 0.16 mg/L;最佳培养条件为装液量12%、初始pH值8、接种量10%、培养温度28 ℃、培养时间5 d。在此最优条件下,菌株ND的iturin A产量为4.76 g/L,是优化前（0.35 g/L）的13.6倍。     

Surfactin 抑制乳中大肠杆菌O157 活性研究

本研究采用牛津杯法和倍比稀释法测定大肠杆菌O157对Surfactin(生物表面活性素)的敏感性,并通过检测对大肠杆菌O157 生长曲线、杀菌率、杀菌动力学的影响探讨Surfactin 对大肠杆菌O157 的杀菌特点,最后测定了Surfactin 对鲜乳中大肠杆菌O157 的杀菌效果。结果表明,大肠杆菌O157 对Surfactin 敏感性较高,其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)为25μg/ml,Surfactin 不仅具有抑制大肠杆菌O157 的作用,还具有明显的杀菌效果。2MIC Surfactin 作用于鲜乳介质中的大肠杆菌48h 后,大肠杆菌不被检出。     

生物表面活性剂及其在食品工业中的应用

随着工业技术的发展,生物表面活性剂的应用越来越广泛。本文首先对其定义、种类、性质和优点进行了概述,进而介绍了生物表面活性的制备、提取及其在食品工业中的应用,最后对其发展前景进行了展望。     

生物表面活性剂产生菌的生长及发酵情况比较

对生物表面活性剂产量相对较高的3只菌株的生长和发酵情况进行了比较和分析.结果表明:在摇床温度35 ℃,转速150 r/min,菌龄32 h,V(发酵液):V(种子液)=100,装液量60 mL,初始pH＝7.5,w(氯化钠)=2%的培养条件下,随着培养时间的变化,ZZ-1菌在菌体生长、生物量增加、总糖产生和发酵产生生物表面活性剂等方面均优于其他2只菌株.     

The future of enzymes in cosmetics

The skin employs a host of protective mechanisms to defend itself against the ravages of the environment. One of the most widely studied protective mechanisms is the system of free radical scavengers. Free radical scavengers help to protect the skin by neutralizing dangerous substances that can be generated by sun exposure and pollution. Two such protective substances - superoxide dismutase and peroxidase - were examined for their ability to reduce UV-induced erythema. The ability to reduce erythema is a measure of anti-irritant capabilities, which can also be thought of as free radical scavenging ability. There has been some research that shows that superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase work synergistically. The action of SOD, which neutralizes the superoxide anion, can sometimes produce hydrogen peroxide, which can have a detrimental effect on the lipid barriers of the skin. When peroxidase is present, it can work to neutralize the hydrogen peroxide, thus giving a full spectrum of free radical protection. The present study employs a superoxide dismutase extracted from yeast. The peroxidase is found in an aqueous extract of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare). Minimal erythemal dose (MED) was determined on the panellists. Test compounds were then applied and then they were exposed to solar simulators in doses equivalent to their respective MEDs. Development of erythema was then measured via chromameter, and reduction in the development of redness was determined.     

大豆蛋白在化妆品中的应用

大豆蛋白的营养价值在所有植物蛋白中是最优良的 ,同时它们又具有良好的功能特性如凝胶性、乳化性、及表面活性等。这些功能在化妆品行业中有着举足轻重的作用。着重于讨论三种大豆蛋白产品的功能性质以及它们在化妆品工业中的应用前景     

防晒化妆品中的二氧化钛

指出人皮肤防晒的重要性；着重介绍了几种不同品质的二氧化钛在防晒化妆品中的不同功能。     

Utilization of carboxymethyl chitosan in cosmetics

Carboxymethyl chitosan is a chitosan derivative of the most intensively investigated due to its water solubility in wider pH range compared with the parent compound, thus extended its use in various applications. In this review, different preparation conditions, which resulting in the N‐ and O‐carboxylated chitosan, diverse degree of substitution and water solubility are recapitulated. Five important features of carboxymethyl chitosan from recent studies, which are moisture absorption–retention, anti‐microbial properties, antioxidant capacities, delivery system and emulsion stabilization, have been centred and emphasized for cosmetic utilization. Additionally, cytotoxicity information has been inclusively incorporated to ensure its safety in application.     

肽类生物表面活性剂中消泡剂的分离研究

本研究首次建立硅胶柱层析两步法以去除抗菌脂肽粗品中所含有的大豆油消泡剂成分,实验中采用高效液相色谱（HPLC）检测抗菌脂肽的含量,薄层色谱-可见光分光光度法定量分析消泡剂中甘油三酯含量,TLC法筛选大豆油的洗脱流动相。研究结果表明:使用200³00目的硅胶作为层析材料,硅胶的总负载量为12.5mg/g时,采取混合液（石油醚∶乙酸乙酯∶乙酸=20∶2∶1,体积比）为流动相,以1m L/min流速进行洗脱,可将97.97%的大豆油成分去除;第二阶段采用流动相为100%的乙醇以1m L/min流速进行洗脱可将抗菌脂肽解吸,抗菌脂肽的总回收率达到91.52%,纯度从34.07%提高到93.12%。本研究为肽类生物表面活性剂工业化生产和应用提供实验依据。      

铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)BS-03的诱变育种及产鼠李糖脂类生物表面活性剂的摇瓶工艺初探

采用UV、UV+LiCl对铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonasaeruginosa)BS-03的野生菌株进行诱变,筛选出一株糖脂产量较高的菌株LY4,可将产量由41g/L提高至68g/L。并对其摇瓶发酵工艺进行了初步研究,较高产量(893g/L)的适宜发酵条件为植物油6%,尿素02%,一定量的无机盐,34℃,初始pH值为8,搅拌转速200～240r/min,发酵周期2d。