板栗多糖的分离纯化及抗氧化活性研究

从板栗中分离纯化得到多糖并研究其抗氧化活性.采用沸水提取、Sevag法除蛋白、80%乙醇沉淀的方法从板栗中提取得到板栗多糖CPS.CPS经DEAE-纤维素柱分离纯化后,于蒸馏水洗脱液中得到一个纯化多糖组分CPS1.以VC为对照,试验了CPS与CPS1对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、过氧化氢的清除能力及还原能力.结果表明,CPS与CPS1均具有一定的清除羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、过氧化氢的能力及还原能力,而且与多糖的浓度成正相关性.其中,CPS对过氧化氢的清除作用效果与VC相当.另外,经纯化精制后的CPS1对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、过氧化氢的清除作用及还原能力均低于CPS.     

沙棘酒清除自由基作用的研究

目的:研究沙棘酒对自由基的清除作用。方法:采用分光光度法测定沙棘酒对DPPH.自由基、羟基自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除作用,还原力的测定采用Fe3+还原法。结果:不同陈酿时间的沙棘酒清除自由基的能力不同,随着陈酿时间的延长,其清除自由基的能力呈下降趋势。沙棘酒中维生素C含量与对DPPH.自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除率之间呈正相关关系,但总黄酮含量与对上述自由基的清除率之间的相关性不显著。沙棘酒还原力与维生素C含量和总黄酮含量间均呈正相关关系。结论:沙棘酒清除DPPH.自由基、羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的能力较强,具有良好的抗氧化性和保健功能。     

北五昧子藤茎三萜抗氧化活性研究

利用乙醇浸提法从北五味子藤茎中提取三萜类化合物,再经初步纯化后,进行三萜的抗氧化活性实验。通过总还原力测定法、Fenton法、改良的邻苯三酚自氧化法、DPPH法、猪油体系抗氧化法,分别对北五味子藤茎提取物的总还原力、羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基及DPPH自由基的清除能力、过氧化值(POV值)进行测定。结果表明,北五味子藤茎三萜有较好的还原能力;对羟自由基和DPPH自由基有较强的清除作用,且清除率50%所对应的质量浓度IC50分别为0.6mg/mL和0.077mg/mL,但对超氧阴离子自由基清除效果不是很显著;有一定地抑制油脂氧化的作用但弱于抗坏血酸、TBHQ,抗坏血酸对三萜的抗氧化性有协同增效作用。     

槐花提取物抗氧化性能研究

通过测定还原力和自由基清除率确定了槐花提取物的抗氧化活性。结果表明:槐花提取物中黄酮类物质的含量为3.2596mg/ml。其还原力为强于VC而弱于TBHQ。槐花提取物清除羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基时均存在良好的量效关系且呈线性关系,其中清除超氧阴离子自由基和DPPH自由基的能力较强,其IC50分别为66.55μg/ml和16.93μg/ml。     

发芽时间对糙米糖蛋白抗氧化能力的影响

为了明确发芽时间对糙米糖蛋白含量及抗氧化性能的影响,本研究将糙米分别发芽12、24、36、48、60、72 h、84、96 h,考察发芽糙米中的糖蛋白对DPPH自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基的清除能力、铁离子还原能力和抗亚油酸氧化能力的影响,以抗坏血酸为阳性对照,研究发芽时间和糙米糖蛋白浓度与抗氧化能力的相关性。结果发现,糙米发芽84 h时,4 mg/mL的糖蛋白有最佳的抗氧化能力。此时,糖蛋白对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力优于抗坏血酸,清除率分别为99.49%和99.39%;对DPPH自由基清除能力、铁离子还原能力和抗亚油酸能力稍弱于抗坏血酸,清除率为88.11%,吸光度值分别为2.06和0.211。糙米糖蛋白的抗氧化能力受发芽时间和样液浓度的影响,发芽时间与DPPH自由基、羟自由基的清除率和抗亚油酸氧化能力呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与铁离子还原能力呈显著正相关(P<0.05);糖蛋白浓度与超氧阴离子清除率,铁离子还原能力和抗亚油酸氧化呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。     

响应面试验优化葡萄籽油提取工艺及其抗氧化性

目的：优化葡萄籽油的提取工艺,对葡萄籽油的抗氧化性进行研究。方法：通过响应面分析法,对葡萄籽油的提取工艺进行优化;比较不同物质的抗氧化性,以对超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基、亚硝基的清除率和还原能力的大小为检测指标。结果：萄萄籽油最佳提取条件为提取温度58.136 ℃、提取时间1.703 h、料液比1∶5.627。优化后提取的萄萄籽油对超氧阴离子自由基的清除能力高于同等质量浓度的沙棘黄酮;对羟自由基的清除能力高于抗坏血酸;对亚硝基的清除能力显著高于抗坏血酸和沙棘黄酮;还原能力比较中,高于沙棘黄酮和抗坏血酸。结论：该工艺条件可行,葡萄籽油具有良好的抗氧化性。     

核桃蛋白肽的抗氧化活性研究

以VC为对照,研究了分子质量小于3000u的核桃蛋白肽混合物的还原能力、羟自由基清除能力、超氧阴离子自由基清除能力以及二苯代苦味酰基自由基清除能力。结果显示,随着核桃蛋白肽浓度的增加,其还原能力、羟自由基的清除能力和超氧阴离子清除能力增大,在浓度为30mg/mL时,核桃蛋白肽还原能力达到VC的57.1%;在浓度为50mg/mL时,核桃蛋白肽对羟自由基(OH.)的清除率分别69.1%,对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率达到了85%。而对二苯代苦味酰基自由基清除能力则是先增大后变小,在20mg/mL时达到最大值66%。核桃蛋白肽的分子质量分布主要有2大区域,蛋白肽氨基酸含量达到89.74%。     

茄子皮红色素抗氧化活性研究

目的:研究茄子皮天然红色素体外抗氧化活性;方法:以抗坏血酸为对照,以Fenton反应产生羟自由基(·OH),肾上腺素自氧化反应产生超氧阴离子自由基(O-2·)为试验模型,采用紫外分光光度法和荧光分析法,测定茄子皮红色素对羟自由基、超氧阴离子自由基、过氧化氢的清除作用;结果:茄子皮红色素对上述自由基均有清除作用,时羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基清除效果比抗坏血酸好,清除过氧化氢能力弱于抗坏血酸;结论:茄子皮红色素具有明显清除自由基的作用.     

沙棘果渣总黄酮提取工艺及抗氧化活性分析

利用超声波辅助提取技术对河西走廊沙棘榨汁提油后的果渣下脚料总黄酮提取工艺进行优化,同时考察果渣黄酮提取液的还原力和清除羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基的能力。通过单因素试验和L9（34）正交试验,得到影响黄酮得率的主要因素及其影响力大小为乙醇体积分数＞提取时间＞料液比;确定最佳提取条件为乙醇体积分数60%、提取时间40 min、料液比1∶50（g/mL）;此条件下,河西走廊沙棘果渣中总黄酮提取率为2.55%,果皮渣中总黄酮提取率为0.651%,沙棘籽粕中总黄酮提取率为1.901%。当质量浓度大于0.151 4 mg/mL时,沙棘果渣黄酮提取液的还原力大于VC的还原力;沙棘果渣黄酮提取液对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基均有一定的清除作用,其对羟自由基的清除率为39.07%～42.01%,大于同等质量浓度VC的清除作用,而对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率为47.17%～60.38%,小于同等质量浓度VC的清除作用,说明沙棘果渣黄酮提取液对羟自由基有更强的清除能力。     

蓝莓皮渣花色苷粗提物的抗氧化性

从蓝莓加工废弃物-皮渣中提取花色苷粗提物,研究花色苷粗提物清除超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基、羟自由基和抗脂质氧化、还原力等活性。结果表明:蓝莓皮渣花色苷粗提物对超氧阴离子自由基、DPPH自由基、羟自由基的清除率和还原能力随着添加浓度的增大而升高。花色苷粗提物的羟自由基抑制率在同等浓度下与标准抗氧化剂VC相近、对脂质的抗氧化作用比标准抗氧化剂BHT和VC表现出更好的活性,但花色苷粗提物显著低于同浓度VC对DPPH自由基的清除率。通过与VC、刺梨多糖的协同作用分析发现,VC对蓝莓皮渣花色苷粗提物具有更好的协同作用。因此,蓝莓皮渣花色苷粗提物具有一定的还原能力、较强的抗脂质过氧化能力,并对自由基具有较强的清除效果,为贵州省蓝莓皮渣的综合开发及新型食品添加剂的研制及进一步推广应用提供了依据。     

Probiotics and prebiotics--perspectives and challenges

Owing to their health benefits, probiotics and prebiotics are nowadays widely used in yogurts and fermented milks, which are leader products of functional foods worldwide. The world market for functional foods has grown rapidly in the last three decades, with an estimated size in 2003 of ca US$ 33 billion, while the European market estimation exceeded US$ 2 billion in the same year. However, the production of probiotics and prebiotics at industrial scale faces several challenges, including the search for economical and abundant raw materials for prebiotic production, the low-cost production of probiotics and the improvement of probiotic viability after storage or during the manufacturing process of the functional food. In this review, functional foods based on probiotics and prebiotics are introduced as a key biotechnological field with tremendous potential for innovation. A concise state of the art addressing the fundamentals and challenges for the development of new probiotic- and prebiotic-based foods is presented, the niches for future research being clearly identified and discussed.     

常用消毒灭菌法及其机理与应用

介绍了采用消毒灭菌方法,有加热消毒法,紫外线辐射法和化学药剂消毒法。常用化学药剂有醛类、含氯消毒剂、醇类消毒剂以及高锰酸钾、生石灰等,阐释了消毒与灭菌两个概念的区别。     

益生素、益生菌与结肠癌

介绍了益生素和益生菌及其作用机理。在动物模型中，有大量的数据证实益生素和益生菌能够预防癌症．而在人体内还没有直接实验证据。它们抑制癌症的确切机理目前尚不清楚，其抑制机理可能是：肠道菌群代谢活动的改变，肠道理化环境的改变，潜在的致癌物质的黏附和降解，肠道菌群的改变、抗癌或抗诱变物质的形成、提高宿主的免疫应答、影响宿主的生理活动以及发酵不能被消化的食物并形成有益代谢产物。     

European citizen and consumer attitudes and preferences regarding beef and pork

This paper presents the combined mid-term findings of the consumer research components of two EU Sixth Framework Programme integrated projects concerning meat, ProSafeBeef and Q-PorkChains. The consumer pillar of ProSafeBeef carried out eight focus group discussions in May 2008, in France, Germany, Spain and the UK. Q-PorkChains conducted a large-scale, web-based, consumer survey in January 2008 in Belgium, Denmark, Germany, Greece and Poland. The first project provides a set of qualitative data from a small cohort of focus groups and the second a set of quantitative data from a larger consumer sample. This paper draws together the main findings of both projects and provides a comprehensive overview of European citizens’ and consumers’ attitudes towards and preferences regarding beef and pork. In general, consumers consider meat to be a healthy and important component of the diet. Consumers support the development of technologies that can improve the health attributes of meat products and guarantee eating quality, but they have a negative view of what they see to be excessive manipulation and lack of naturalness in the production and processing of beef products. In the Q-PorkChains study consumer and citizen segments are identified and profiled. Consumer segments were built upon the frequency and variety of pork consumption. The citizen segments were built upon their attitudes towards pig production systems. Overall, the relationship between individuals’ views as citizens and their behaviour as consumers was found to be quite weak and did not appear to greatly or systematically influence meat-buying habits. Future studies in both projects will concentrate on consumers’ acceptance of innovative meat product concepts and products, with the aim of boosting consumer trust and invigorating the European beef and pork industries.     

节能节水型印染助剂和设备的现状

从节能、节水、缩短工艺流程和环保的角度出发，介绍了国内外研制开发的一系列新型节能、节水型印染助剂和染整设备。     

原花色素及其开发应用

对原花色素的结构、化学特性、制备、分析方法、应用前景作一综述,并重点讨论其生理功能,为在功能性食品、药物、化妆品等领域的深入研究和开发提供参考。     

天然香精香料与生物技术

天然香精香料是高价值的精细化工产品和食品添加剂,但原料来源有限且提取成本高。利用生物技术生产这类产品具有广阔的前景。简述了发酵工程、酶工程、细胞工程和基因工程在香精香料中的应用,并探讨了生物技术在香精香料中的应用前景。     

毛霉型低盐速成豆豉工业化生产工艺与设备

本文介绍了毛霉型低盐速成豆豉的工业化生产工艺及生产线的关键设备。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

Heritability and correlations for body condition score and dairy form within and across lactation and age

The objectives of the current study were to investigate the relationship between body condition score (BCS) and dairy form and changes in genetic parameters for BCS and dairy form within and across lactations and age. Body condition score and dairy form were obtained from the Holstein Association USA, Inc. Records were edited to include those cows classified between 24 and 60 mo of age and between 0 and 335 d in milk (DIM). A minimum of 20 daughters per sire and 15 cows per herd-classification visit were required. The dataset consisted of 135,178 records from 119,215 cows. Repeatability, multiple trait, and random regression models were used to analyze the data. All models included fixed effects for herd-classification visit, age within lactations 1, 2, and 3 or higher, and 5th-order polynomials for DIM. Random effects included sire and permanent environment for all models. Random regression models included age at classification nested within sire or DIM and lactation number nested within sire. Genetic variance for both BCS and dairy form was lowest in early lactation and highest in midlactation. Genetic correlations within and across lactations were high. The genetic correlation between DIM 0 in lactation 1 and DIM 305 in lactation 3 was estimated to be 0.77 for BCS and 0.60 for dairy form. The genetic correlation estimate between 30 mo of age at classification and 50 mo of age at classification was 0.94 for both dairy form and BCS. The repeatability models appeared to generate accurate evaluations for BCS or dairy form at all ages and stages of lactation.