钨酸铅(PbWO4)晶体的发光均匀性研究

通过对下降法生长的全尺寸钨酸铅（PbWO4）晶体沿长轴方向不同点的透过率和光产额的测量、分段晶体的透过率和光产额的测量,研究了钨酸铅晶体的发光均匀性及其影响因素。结果表明：钨酸铅晶体发光均匀性主要由生长后期的钨酸铅晶体质量所决定,采用晶种为大头的加工取向有利于提高钨酸铅晶体的发光均匀性。     

Mo^6＋，Gd^3＋，PbF2组合掺杂对钨酸铅发光的改善和光谱分析

坩埚下降法生长了（Mo^6＋、PbF2），（Mo^6＋、Gd^3＋），（PbF2，Gd^3＋）组合掺杂，及PbF2单掺杂钨酸铅晶体，对样品进行了吸收光谱、光产额、x射线和紫外激发发光光谱等测试和表征，讨论了掺杂对钨酸铅发光的增强效果。掺杂钨酸铅总发光额都得到了增强；在门宽100ns内晶体的光产额都有提高，但在测试门宽在200ns内，（Gd^3＋、PbF2）掺杂样品光产额有所下降。x射线激发发光显示，PbWO4：（Mo^6＋、Gd^3＋）的蓝发光和绿发光分量都有提高；PbWO4：（Mo^6＋、PbF2）蓝发光受到拟制，提高了绿发光成分，晶体光学吸收边明显红移。PbWO4：（Gd^3＋、PbF2）蓝发光得到增强，绿发光得到一定的拟制。光致发光光谱分析表明，Gd^3＋掺杂对PbWO4基质发光有敏化作用。实验证实，F在PbWO4生长中非常不稳定，显示很差的掺杂均匀性。     

钨酸铅晶体的发光光谱及辐照诱导色心的研究

概要介绍了纯钨酸铅晶体和不同掺杂钨酸铅晶体发光光谱及辐照性能的研究结果．测量了晶体的光致发光和辐射激发发光光谱,比较了辐照诱导色心的密度和辐射发光光谱之间的关系．详细分析了钨酸铅晶体辐照诱导色心密度的分布,根据辐照诱导色心模型,计算了色心的能量及分布．     

Y3+:PbWO4晶体低剂量辐照行为研究

三价稀土离子（La^3 ,Lu^3 ,和Y^3 等）掺杂显著地提高了钨酸铅晶体的辐照硬度,但是部分Y^3 掺杂钨酸铅晶体表现出特殊的低剂量辐照行为,即光产额辐照后升高,并且辐照硬度对退火温度较敏感,研究研究挑选了存在这一现象的Y^3 :PbWO4晶体,测试冰同温度的退火处理对晶体透过率,光产额和辐照硬度的关系,发现,辐照后光产额升高的现象同时存在于晶体的晶种端,而不是只集中在晶体顶端,并且和辐照前后晶体在400－500nm波段附近的透过率变化有关;生长态Y^3 :PbWO4晶体中导致430nm吸收带的色心的稳定性很低,低剂量辐照对该色心有“漂白”作用,辐照剂量率加大则晶体表现出光产额的降低,分段晶体的系列退火实验解释了辐照硬度对退火温度较为敏感这一现象,为进一步深入研究提供了实验基础。     

Y3+:PbWO4晶体低剂量辐照行为研究

三价稀土离子(Ｌａ^３＋、Ｌｕ^３＋和Ｙ^３＋等)掺杂显著地提高了钨酸铅晶体的辐照硬度,但是部分Ｙ^３＋掺杂钨酸铅晶体表现出特殊的低剂量辐照行为,即光产额辐照后升高,并且辐照硬度对退火温度较敏感 本研究挑选了存在这一现象的Ｙ^３＋:ＰｂＷＯ_４晶体,测试不同温度的退火处理对晶体透过率、光产额和辐照硬度的关系,发现:辐照后光产额升高的现象同时存在于晶体的晶种端,而不是只集中在晶体顶端,并且和辐照前后晶体在４００~５００ｕｍ波段附近的透过率变化有关;生长态Ｙ^３＋:ＰＷＯ晶体中导致４３０ｕｍ吸收带的色心的稳定性很低,低剂量辐照对该色心有“漂白”作用,辐照剂量率加大则晶体表现出光产额的降低;分段晶体的系列退火实验解释了辐照硬度对退火温度较为敏感这一现象,为进一步深入研究提供了实验基础．     

高质量钨酸铅(PWO)晶体的生长

用改进的垂直坩埚下降法成功地生长了高质量的钨酸铅晶体,晶体毛坯的尺寸为２８ｍｉｎ×２８ｍｍ×３６０ｍｍ;晶体的生长工艺参数为：籽晶取向［００１］;下降速度 ０．６～１．０ｍｍ／ｈ;生长界面附近的温度梯度为２０～３０℃／ｃｍ,加工后的晶体成品在４２０ｎｍ附近的透过率＞６０％;在３６０ｎｍ附近的透过率＞２５％．晶体的光输出＞９ｐ．ｅ／ＭｅＶ;光伤＜５％．     

实时控制过饱和度降温法生长KDP晶体

用变压器型电导仪实现了ＫＤＰ晶体生长过程中溶液的浓度和过饱和度的实时测量与控制,测量精度±０．０３ｇ ＫＤＰ／１００ｇ Ｈ_２Ｏ（±０．１０％相对过饱和度）,控制精度与测量精度相当．过饱和度实时控制系统提供了一种方法,可以研究在不同工艺条件生长ＫＤＰ晶体时,过饱和度与晶体生长和性能的关系．用分析纯原料生长ＫＤＰ晶体,发现随着过饱和度的增大,晶体的生长速度加快,晶体的均匀性降低．过饱和度实时控制系统可以使ＫＤＰ晶体在相对恒定的过饱和度下生长,提高了晶体生长的均匀性,抑制了生长层和散射颗粒的产生,有利于提高晶体的光学透过率和光伤阈值．     

钨酸铅晶体生长及其组份挥发

本文首次报道了用坩埚下降技术生长钨酸铅（PWO）晶体;研究了提拉和坩埚下降两种技术生长PWO晶体的组份挥发,得到的结果是PbO的挥发速率高于WO₃,并对一组晶体不同部位的X射线发光性能作了研究．     

钨酸铅(PbWO4)闪烁晶体的结构研究进展

介绍近年来在钨酸铅闪烁晶体结构研究方面所取得的进展,表明钨酸铅晶体结构具有结构多型性和非化学计量配比的特征,说明了晶体结构这一因素在钨酸铅晶体研究中的重要性．     

大尺寸PWO:(Sb,Y)晶体光谱特性的表征研究

报道了用改进的Bridgmam法生长的大尺寸PbWO4:(Sb,Y)晶体的光谱特性的表征研究.通过对依次切自大尺寸PbWO4:(Sb,Y)毛坯晶体的籽晶端、中间部位和顶端三块晶体(-23mm×23mm×20mm)的透射光谱、X射线激发发射光谱、紫外激发与发射光谱、发光衰减寿命、光产额和辐照损伤等方面的光谱性能测试,结果表明,Sb、Y双掺杂能显著改善PbWO4晶体的光谱性能,使晶体在短波330-420nm范围的透过率明显提高,光产额增加,抗辐照能力增强.但从籽晶端到顶端的性能存在一定的差异,说明大尺寸的PbWO4:(Sb,Y)晶体的均匀性还有待提高.     

Morphological and structural modulation of PbWO(4) crystals directed by dextrans

A facile, dextran-directed solution route for the morphology-?and structure-controlled synthesis of PbWO(4) crystals, such as monoclinic raspite PbWO(4) nanobelts and tetragonal stolzite PbWO(4) crystals with penniform and wheat-ear-like morphologies, has been demonstrated. Three differently charged dextrans were employed for the PbWO(4) crystallization and they turned out to be very effective in the morphological and structural modulation of PbWO(4) crystals, as evidenced by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy characterizations. In particular, novel monoclinic raspite PbWO(4) nanobelts were produced under the direction of anionic dextran with a suitable concentration, probably due to the specific interactions between SO(4)(2-) groups from anionic dextran molecules and Pb(2+) ions from PbWO(4) crystals. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first synthesis of monoclinic raspite PbWO(4) in the laboratory, which usually exists as a natural crystal. In addition, the photoluminescence properties of the obtained PbWO(4) crystals with different morphologies and crystal structures have been characterized and discussed, which provides useful information for the fundamental investigation and potential application of PbWO(4) crystals.     

掺镁PbWO4晶体的生长及其闪烁性能研究

用Ｃｚｏｃｈｒａｌｓｋｉ法生长了掺镁ＰｂＷＯ４晶体，测试了Ｍｇ：ＰｂＷＯ４晶体的透射光谱、激发发射光谱、发光效率和衰减时间。Ｍｇ：ＰｂＷＯ４晶体的秀经和发光效率高于ＰｂＷＯ４晶体。     

Thermoluminescence of PbWO4 irradiated with UV light

PbWO4 single crystals were grown by the Czochralski method in argon and air. The glow curves induced by UV light and the absorption spectra of PbWO4 annealed at various temperatures were measured. The glow curves of PbWO4 were strongly dependent on the growing atmospheres. The activation energies of the 110 K peak of PbWO4 grown in argon and the 122 K peak of PbWO4 grown in air were calculated to be 0.23 eV and 0.29 eV, respectively. The ratio of the 2.76 eV emission band to the 2.48 eV or 2.26 eV emission bands of the PbWO4 grown in air was smaller than that of the PbWO4 grown in argon. The glow curve of PbWO4 grown in argon was similar to that of PbWO4 grown in air when the annealing temperatures were increased.     

Defects creation under UV irradiation of PbWO4 crystals

A systematic study of photothermally stimulated defects creation processes is carried out by the thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) method for a large number of undoped and doped PbWO4 crystals under irradiation at 80-180 K in the 3.4-4.3 eV energy range. The activation energy Ea for the regular exciton state disintegration is found to be approximately 0.1 eV. For defect-related states disintegration, Ea varies in the crystals studied from 0.03 to 0.36 eV. The origin of the defect-related states is discussed. The conclusion is made that not only a release of charge carriers but also charge transfer processes take place under UV irradiation of PbWO4 crystals.     

钨酸铅晶体着色问题的实验研究

本计ＰｂＷＯ４（ＰＷＯ）晶体的着色问题进行了实验研究,以ＰｂＯ和ＷＯ３粉体为原料采用改进的Ｂｒｉｄｇｍａｎ法生长的ＰＷＯ晶体会呈现出浅黄色,通过对实验现象的分析,提出了ＰＷＯ晶体中同时存在Ｏ缺位和Ｐｂ缺位,其中,Ｏ缺位是导致ＰＷＯ晶体３５０ｎｍ率低的原因,Ｐｂ缺位是产生４２０ｎｍ吸收带使晶体着色的根源。     

Bridgman法生长的PWO晶体的发光特性和透光特性

本文采用改进的Bridgman法，以纯度不低于99．99％的PbO和WO3为原料，生长出无色透明的、大尺寸的PbWO4（PWO）晶体，研究了晶体沿生长方向不同部位的透射光谱及X射线激发的发射光谱特性．发现改进的Bridgman法生长的PWO晶体具有较好的发光均匀性和透光均匀性，其原因主要是改进的Bridgman法采用密封的坩埚，有效地抑制了组份（PbO和WO3）的挥发.     

Properties of Nd3+-doped and undoped tetragonal PbWO4, NaY(WO4)2, CaWO4, and undoped monoclinic ZnWO4 and CdWO4 as laser-active and stimulated raman scattering-active crystals

Spectroscopic, laser, and chi((3)) nonlinear optical properties of tetragonal PbWO(4), NaY(WO(4))(2), CaWO(4), and monoclinic CdWO(4) and ZnWO(4) were investigated. Particular attention was paid to Nd(3+)-doped and undoped PbWO(4) and NaY(WO(4))(2) crystals. Their absorption and luminescence intensity characteristics, including the peak cross sections of induced transitions, were determined. Pulsed and continuous-wave lasing in the two 4F(3/2)-->4I(11/2) and 4F(3/2)-->4I(13/2) channels was excited. For these five tungstates, highly efficient (greater than 50%) multiple Stokes generation and anti-Stokes picosecond generation were achieved. All the observed scattered laser components were identified. These results were analyzed and compared with spectroscopic data from spontaneous Raman scattering. A new crystalline Raman laser based on PbWO(4) was developed for the chi((3)) conversion frequency of 1-microm pump radiation to the first Stokes emission with efficiency up to 40%. We classify all the tungstates as promising media for lasers and neodymium-doped crystals for self-stimulated Raman scattering lasers.     

辐射防护用特种橡胶制品的制备与性能研究

一种新型γ射线防护用橡胶制品填充料由PbWO4和WO3复合制成，其组成为：WO3：PbWO4=40-60：60～40（质量分数）；制备方法：在分散剂、助剂存在下，由Na2WO4溶液与Pb（Ac）2溶液在快速搅拌下沉淀反应得到PbW04沉淀，然后将此PbW04沉淀加入到磨细的WO3浆体中，再研磨1～2h即成。该填充料与硫化橡胶乳液形成的分散系稳定性很好，制成的橡胶制品（手套）对59．5KeV的了射线的屏蔽率可迭15％～18％，抗拉强度达7．8～9．1MPa，断裂伸长率迭700～1000％；对产品中的Pb作迁移性检测，证明是符合安全卫生要求的。     

Sonochemical synthesis of PbWO(4) crystals with dendritic, flowery and star-like structures

Lead tungstate single crystals with dendritic, flowery and star-like structures have been prepared via a facile, ethylene glycol (EG)-assisted sonochemical method. The concentrations of EG and ultrasound irradiation were found to play crucial roles in the morphology control of the final products. The growth process was investigated by carefully following time-dependent experiments, and the oriented attachment process accompanying Ostwald ripening was proposed for the possible formation mechanism. The optical properties, such as the Raman spectra and photoluminescence (PL) spectra, of the obtained PbWO(4) crystals were studied.