A Feasibility Study on Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Structures Using SiC Ceramic Powder in a Steel‐Based Matrix by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW)

The paper presents a feasibility study on application of the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process to obtain metal composite functional coating for advanced tribological application. Silicon carbide (SiC) particles in the form of powder was added to a weld pool in autogenous mode as well as with an additional filler wire. Powder feeding was carried out at different angles and with varying separation distance from the welding torch. The metallurgical characterization of the cladded structure was carried out using optical as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) was performed to analyze the composition of the deposited weld metal. It has been observed that due to low SiC density it was difficult for particles to penetrate the weld pool. Also the added SiC was found to be dissociated into Si and carbon (C) and the large amount of dissolved C in the weld pool resulted in formation of graphite phases.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Property Change During FSW and GTAW of Al6061 Alloy

The variation of morphology and mechanical properties of Al6061 automotive aluminum alloy due to friction stir welding (FSW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) was investigated by optical metallography, scanning electron microscopy, microhardness measurement, X-ray diffraction, tensile testing, and fractography. The center-line dendrite emergence and microhardness reduction in the heat-affected zone were observed in the GTAW process. Although similar microhardness reduction with respect to the base metal was observed in the FSW samples, higher HVs were obtained for the FSW rather than the GTAW process at almost all heat-affected locations. Ultimate tensile strengths of the FSW and the GTAW samples in the transverse direction were ~0.57 and ~0.35 of the base metal, respectively. Post-weld aging improved the strength, but reduced the ductility of the welding.     

Susceptibility of iron castings to heat absorption from an electric arc and to hardened-layer shaping

Surface fusions were performed by the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) surfacing process on plate castings of spheroidal graphite cast iron with a travel speed from 200 to 800 mm/min. Their geometry and hardness were measured. Calorimetric measurements of the net heat input for the GTAW process have been conducted. A stepwise regression method was used to develop the relationship between GTAW process parameters and those of fusion geometry, microhardness, arc efficiency, and melting efficiency for the obtained data set.     

Influence of Activating Flux and Helium Shielding Gas on an Austenitic Stainless Steel Weldment

Activating flux-assisted gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is a well-established method for enhancing weld penetration. In GTAW, steel is usually welded with a shielding gas that contains mostly argon. However, pure argon does not provide enough weld penetration. Argon-helium mixtures are inert and a greater concentration of helium would increase the arc voltage and the weld depth-to-width (D/W) ratio. There is a significant level of interest in the interaction between activating flux and shielding gas composition. Weld morphology, arc profile, retained δ ferrite content, angular distortion, and microstructure are extremely important in applying the activating flux combination argon-helium in GTAW; therefore, in this work, all these were studied.     

热处理对GH3128合金接头组织及力学性能的影响

 核能已经逐渐取代化石能源成为新一代能源,作为重要构件的高温气冷堆中间换热器得到了广泛关注。由于GH3128合金具有较好的焊接性、较高的高温抗氧化性能和组织稳定性,有望成为超高温气冷堆中间换热器的候选材料,但基于换热器结构复杂性以及密封性的要求,焊接是其生产和制造的关键成形手段。采用脉冲钨极氩弧焊(GTAW)对GH3128合金2 mm板材进行对接焊,研究了热处理对焊接焊接接头显微组织以及应力的影响。结果表明,在优化焊接工艺参数下,固溶态板材接头表现出最高的强塑性,室温及高温拉伸断裂位置均为母材。由于热轧态与固溶态板材接头热影响区在焊接过程中产生残余应力,导致该区硬化,在高温变形过程中残余应力诱发热影响区μ相析出,对接头持久、蠕变性能造成不利影响。焊后热处理消除了接头热影响区的残余应力,减少了持久、蠕变过程中μ相的析出,接头持久寿命得以改善。在1 200 ℃下,残余应力可为焊后热处理过程中静态再结晶提供激活能,接头热影响区发生再结晶,硬度下降,接头塑性变形能力不协调,导致室温拉伸与950 ℃拉伸断裂位置均为焊接接头。对固溶态板材试样进行不同的焊后热处理,EBSD扫描结果分析发现,接头经过1 100 ℃×10 min热处理后,残余应力明显消失,温度升高至1 140 ℃后,热影响区开始发生再结晶。     

Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of as Weld and Aged Conditions of AA2219 Aluminium Alloy by Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Process

In this article, Welding of AA2219 aluminium alloy using Gas tungsten arc welding process (GTAW) and evaluation of metallurgical, mechanical and corrosion properties of the joints are discussed. The weld samples were subjected to ageing process at the temperature range of 195°C for a period of 5 h to improve the properties. AA2219 aluminium plates of thickness of 25 mm were welded using gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process in double V butt joint configuration. The input parameters considered in this work are welding current, voltage and welding speed. Tensile strength and hardness were measured as performance characteristics. The variation in the properties were justified with the help of microstructures. The same procedures were repeated for post weld heat treated samples and a comparison was made between as weld condition and age treated conditions. The post weld heat samples had better tensile strength and hardness values on comparing with the as weld samples. Fracture surface obtained from the tensile tested specimen revealed ductile mode of failure.     

Effect of GTAW Parameters on Structure and Mechanical Properties of C86300 Weld Joint

In this study, the effects of heat input variation in gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), on structure and mechanical properties of commercially C86300 (containing addition of 0.6 wt% silicon) weld joint were investigated. Following microstructural characterization of Base metal, GTAW has been performed at welding currents 50 and 60 A and flow rates of argon shielding gas (10, 14 and 18 l/min) using the same filler metal composition. Therefore six GTAW samples were performed with various welding specifications. By structural investigations and hardness profiles, effects of increasing heat input on increasing average grain size in weld zone, heat affected zone width, penetration depth and alloying element losses were indicated. However increasing heat input increases penetration depth and has a positive effect on hardness and strength of the joint. In considering wear application of this alloy castings and probable GTAW for them, pin-on-disc wear test was performed and revealed better wear resistance of weld metal in comparison with base metal. Hence the optimum values of welding current and argon flow rates (in GTAW with the same composition filler) was determined for this alloy.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TWIP Steel Joints

As a new type of high manganese steel, the twinning induced plasticity （TWIP） steels have attracted a growing interest in the automotive industry due to their good performance. Thin plates of TWIP steel were welded by laser beam welding （LBW） and gas tungsten arc welding （GTAW）. The microstructure result shows that GTAW joint has obvious heat-affected zone （HAZ）, while the HAZ of LBW joint is almost invisible. The X-ray diffraction result shows that the phase compositions of both joints are austenitic and no phase transition occurs. Energy disper- sive spectrometry result shows that there is violent evaporation of Mn element in LBW joint, while the proportion of Mn element in GTAW joint is almost unchanged. Tensile tests and micro-hardness measurements were performed to take into account the mechanical properties of joints manufactured by the two different processes. The micro-hard- ness profiles of both joints present a typical saddle distribution, and the hardness of GTAW seam is lower than that of LBW seam. The failure positions of LBW joints are all located in base metal while the GTAW joints are all at the weld toe due to the softening of HAZ. By means of scanning electron microscopy, a typical ductile fracture is observed in LBW joint, while a brittle fracture with quasi-cleavage fracture characteristic is observed in GTAW joint.     

On the calculation of the free surface temperature of gas-tungsten-arc weld pools from first principles: Part I. modeling the welding arc

A mathematical formulation has been developed and computed results are presented describing the temperature profiles in gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) arcs and, hence, the net heat flux from the welding arc to the weld pool. The formulation consists of the statement of Maxwell's equations, coupled to the Navier-Stokes equations and the differential thermal energy balance equation. The theoretical predictions for the heat flux to the workpiece are in good agreement with experimental measurements — for long arcs. The results of this work provide a fundamental basis for predicting the behavior of arc welding systems from first principles.     

Evaluating the Properties of Dissimilar Metal Welding Between Inconel 625 and 316L Stainless Steel by Applying Different Welding Methods and Consumables

The current work was carried out to characterize welding of Inconel 625 superalloy and 316L stainless steel. In the present study, shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) and gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) with two types of filler metals (ERNiCrMo-3 and ERSS316L) and an electrode (ENiCrMo-3) were utilized. This paper describes the selection of the proper welding method and welding consumables in dissimilar metal joining. During solidification of ERNiCrMo-3 filler metal, Nb and Mo leave dendritic cores and are rejected to inter-dendritic regions. However, ERSS316L filler metal has small amounts of elements with a high tendency for segregation. So, occurrence of constitutional super-cooling for changing the solidification mode from cellular to dendritic or equiaxed is less probable. Using GTAW with lower heat input results in higher cooling rate and finer microstructure and less Nb segregation. The interface between weld metal and base metal and also unmixed zones was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Microhardness measurements, tensile test, and Charpy impact test were performed to see the effect of these parameters on mechanical properties of the joints.     

Improvement of Metallurgical and Mechanical Properties of Gas Tungsten arc Weldments of Alloy 686 by Current Pulsing

This research article examines the metallurgical and mechanical behavior of twenty-first-century nickel-based superalloy 686. The weld joints were produced with ERNiCrMo-4 and ERNiCrMo-14 filler wires by continuous current gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) and pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (PCGTAW) mode. Optical and scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses were performed to evaluate the microstructure of welded joints. PCGTAW weldments showed refined microstructure, narrower weld bead and minimum heat-affected zone compared to GTAW. SEM analysis revealed the presence of secondary phases in the interdendritic regions of GTA and PCGTA weldments made of ERNiCrMo-4 and GTA ERNiCrMo-14 fillers. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy examination was also performed to assess the microsegregation of alloying elements in the weldments. The results proved nonexistence of microsegregation in the case of PCGTA weldments made by ERNiCrMo-14 filler. However, segregation of alloying element Mo was noticed in other weldments. Strength and toughness of the weld joints were evaluated by conducting tensile and Charpy impact tests. The refined microstructure with the absence of microsegregation obtained in the PCGTA welding made with ERNiCrMo-14 filler wire resulted in the higher strength and toughness than other weldments.     

T91/Super304H异种钢管焊接工艺研究

研究了具有良好高温蠕变强度和抗氧化性的T91和Super304H异种钢管的焊接试验材料、焊接参数、焊缝两侧力学性能及冲击韧性,焊接组织转变等,最终确定了T91及Super304H的最佳焊接工艺。     

Argon-Hydrogen Shielding Gas Mixtures for Activating Flux-Assisted Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

Using activating flux for gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) to improve penetration capability is a well-established technique. Argon is an inert gas and the one most widely used as a shielding gas for GTAW. For the most austenitic stainless steels, pure argon does not provide adequate weld penetration. Argon–hydrogen mixtures give a more even heat input to the workpiece, increasing the arc voltage, which tends to increase the volume of molten material in the weld pool as well as the weld depth-to-width ratio. Great interest has been shown in the interaction between activating flux and the hydrogen concentration in an argon-based shielding gas. In this study, the weld morphology, the arc profile, the retained delta ferrite content, the angular distortion, and the microstructures were examined. The application of an activating flux combining argon and hydrogen for GTAW is important in the industry. The results of this study are presented here.     

Dilution in single pass arc welds

A study was conducted on dilution of single pass arc welds of type 308 stainless steel filler metal deposited onto A36 carbon steel by the plasma arc welding (PAW), gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), gas metal arc welding (GMAW), and submerged are welding (SAW) processes. Knowledge of the arc and melting efficiency was used in a simple energy balance to develop an expression for dilution as a function of welding variables and thermophysical properties of the filler metal and substrate. Comparison of calculated and experimentally determined dilution values shows the approach provides reasonable predictions of dilution when the melting efficiency can be accurately predicted. The conditions under which such accuracy is obtained are discussed. A diagram is developed from the dilution equation which readily reveals the effect of processing parameters on dilution to aid in parameter optimization.     

高锰钢辙叉焊修技术在天铁的应用

叙述了天铁集团运输部应用KD-286焊条进行焊修高锰钢辙叉的工艺过程。针对该技术应用中出现的夹碳、裂纹、未融合及未焊透等问题,从焊接工艺方面进行了分析探讨。通过待焊补辙叉的焊修表面处理、调控刨削速度,改进堆焊顺序、控制冷却速度、调整引弧方位等措施消除了该问题,提高了辙叉使用寿命,创造了经济效益。     

Effect of Welding Processes on Tensile and Impact Properties, Hardness and Microstructure of AISI 409M Ferritic Stainless Joints Fabricated by Duplex Stainless Steel Filler Metal

The effect of welding processes such as shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding on tensile and impact properties of the ferritic stainless steel conforming to AISI 409M grade is studied. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. Tensile and impact properties, microhardness, microstructure and fracture surface morphology of the welded joints have been evaluated and the results are compared. From this investigatio.n, it is found that gas tungsten arc welded joints of ferritic stainless steel have superior tensile and impact properties compared with shielded metal are and gas metal arc welded joints and this is mainly due to the presence of finer grains in fusion zone and heat affected zone.     

Effect of welding processes on tensile, impact, hardness and microstructure of AISI 409M ferritic stainless joints fabricated using duplex stainless steel filler metal

 The present investigation is aimed at to study the effect of welding processes such as shielded metal arc welding, gas metal arc welding and gas tungsten arc welding on tensile and impact properties of the ferritic stainless steel conforming to AISI 409M grade. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness were used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. Tensile and impact properties, micro hardness, microstructure and fracture surface morphology of the welded joints have been evaluated and the results are compared. From this investigation, it is found that gas tungsten arc welded joints of ferritic stainless steel showed superior tensile and impact properties compared with shielded metal arc and gas metal arc welded joints and this is mainly due to the presence of finer grains in fusion zone and heat affected zone.     

耐火耐候钢焊接性能及焊接材料的研究

重点介绍了武钢技术中心高层办公大楼用WGJ510C2耐火耐候钢(14 mm 、25 mm)2种规格钢板与WQ-1埋弧焊丝匹配试验研究.按照工程提出的焊接技术条件,对武钢二热轧生产的WGJ510C2钢进行了埋弧焊对接性能试验,内容包括接头常规力学性能试验、高温拉伸性能试验、金相组织与硬度试验、电化学腐蚀性能试验.试验结果表明,采用WQ-1焊丝加CHF101焊剂匹配焊接WGJ510C2钢2种规格试板,接头常温拉伸强度和高温拉伸强度均满足WGJ510C2钢技术条件要求.焊缝、熔合线和热影响区低温冲击功大于140 J,接头各区电化学腐蚀电位相近,具有优良耐腐蚀性能,焊接接头综合性能指标完全满足高层建筑用钢焊接技术要求.     

Effect of Autogenous Arc Welding Processes on Tensile and Impact Properties of Ferritic Stainless Steel Joints

 The effect of autogeneous arc welding processes on tensile and impact properties of ferritic stainless steel conformed to AISI 409M grade is studied. Rolled plates of 4 mm thickness have been used as the base material for preparing single pass butt welded joints. Tensile and impact properties, microhardness, microstructure, and fracture surface morphology of continuous current gas tungsten arc welding (CCGTAW), pulsed current gas tungsten arc welding (PCGTAW), and plasma arc welding (PAW) joints are evaluated and the results are compared. It is found that the PAW joints of ferritic stainless steel show superior tensile and impact properties when compared with CCGTAW and PCGTAW joints, and this is mainly due to lower heat input, finer fusion zone grain diameter, and higher fusion zone hardness.