RH真空精炼过程的动态模拟

建立了描述RH真空精炼装置内钢液动态脱碳（脱气）模型。对RH真空精炼时的脱碳、脱氧、脱氮和脱氢过程进行了动态模拟研究，考察了浸渍管直径、循环流量、吹氩量、氧含量和真空度对脱碳和脱气过程的影响。动态脱碳（脱气）模型考虑了反应机理，认为脱碳是通过上升管中Ar气泡表面、真空室中钢液的自由表面和真空室钢液内部脱碳反应生成的CO气泡表面进行的，并且考虑了精炼处理时的抽真空制度。该模型能全面描述RH精炼过程中不同时刻钢液中碳、氧、氮和氢的含量，能较好预测实际过程，可用于RH真空精炼过程的优化和新工艺开发。     

RH真空室内气泡行为的研究

Ruhrstahl-Hereaeus (RH)上升管内的气液两相流是整个装置的重要动力源,并对钢液的流动、混匀及精炼过程有重要影响.上升管及真空室内的气液两相流决定了钢包内钢液的流动状态,为了研究真空室及上升管内气液两相流,通过1:6的300 t RH的物理模型模拟了RH上升管及真空室内气泡行为过程,并测量了RH循环流量的变化用于计算上升管内含气率以及气泡运动速度最终得到气泡在真空室内的停留时间,同时记录了气泡在真空室内的存在形式.气泡在真空室的存在形式的主要影响因素为提升气体流量,研究发现了气泡从规则独立的大气泡经历聚合长大,碰撞破碎成小气泡,最后变成小气泡和不规则大气泡共存的现象.液面高度达到80 mm之后,气泡在真空室内的停留时间达到一个平衡值,不再随真空室液面高度的增加而发生改变.当提升气体量达3000 L·min^-1,气泡停留时间减小趋势弱,对应3000 L·min^-1情况下,真空室内气泡开始聚合长大.研究认为对于300 t RH的真空室液面高度应为80 mm,提升气体量应在3500 L·min^-1左右,优化后,脱碳时间由原工艺的21.4 min缩短至现工艺的17.5 min.     

Mathematical Modelling of Molten Steel Flow Process in a Whole RH Degasser during the Vacuum Circulation Refining Process: Application of the Model and Results

A three‐dimensional mathematical model for the molten steel flow during the RH refining process has been applied to the circulatory flow processes in both a practical RH degasser and its water model unit. The model was presented earlier [1] and one of its characteristics is that ladle, snorkels and vacuum vessel are regarded as a whole. Using this model, the fluid flow field and the gas holdups of liquid phases and others have been computed respectively for a 90 t RH degasser and its water model unit with a 1/5 linear scale. The results show that the mathematical model can properly describe the flow pattern of molten steel during the refining process in an RH degasser. Except in the area close to the liquid's free surface and in the zone between the two snorkels in the ladle, a strong mixing of the molten steel occurs, especially in the vacuum vessel. However, there is a boundary layer between the descending liquid stream from the down‐snorkel and its surrounding liquid, which is a typical liquid‐liquid two‐phase flow, and the molten steel in the ladle is not in a perfect mixing state. The lifting gas blown is ascending mostly near the up‐snorkel wall, which is more obvious under the conditions of a practical RH degasser, and the flow pattern of the bubbles and molten steel in the up‐snorkel is closer to an annular flow. The calculated circulation rates for the water model unit at different lifting gas rates are in good agreement with experimentally determined values.     

Mathematical modelling of molten steel flow in a whole degasser during RH refining process

Abstract

A three-dimensional mathematical model for molten steel flow in a whole degasser during the RH (Ruhrstahl–Heraeus) refining process is proposed. The model has been developed considering the physical characteristics of the process, particularly the behaviour of gas–liquid two phase flow in the up snorkel and the momentum exchange between the two phases. The fluid flow fields and gas holdups of liquid phases, among other parameters, in a 90 t RH degasser and a water model unit of one-fifth linear scale have been computed using this mathematical model. The results show that the flow pattern of molten steel in a whole RH degasser can be well represented by the mathematical model. Apart from the area close to the free surface and the zone between the two snorkels in the ladle, the molten steel in an RH degasser, especially in the vacuum vessel, is reasonably fully mixed during the refining process. However, there is a boundary layer between the descending liquid stream from the down snorkel and the surrounding liquid, which is typical liquid–liquid two phase flow, and the molten steel in the ladle is not perfectly mixed. The blown lifting gas ascends mostly near the up snorkel wall, which is more obvious under the conditions of an actual RH degasser, and the flow pattern of bubbles and molten steel in the up snorkel is closer to annular flow. Calculated circulation rates for the water model unit at various lifting gas rates are in good agreement with values determined by means of water modelling experiments.     

Mathematical Modelling of Molten Steel Flow Process in a Whole RH Degasser during the Vacuum Circulation Refining Process: Mathematical Model of the Flow

A three‐dimensional mathematical model for the molten steel flow in a degasser during the RH refining process has been proposed and developed. The physical characteristics of the process, particularly the behaviour of gas‐liquid two‐phase flow in the up‐snorkel and the momentum exchange between the two phases are considered. The ladle, snorkels and vacuum vessel are regarded as a whole in the model, and the gas‐liquid two‐phase flow is treated and described on the basis of the two‐fluid model and using the especially modified two‐equation κ‐? model. The details of the model are presented.     

RH真空循环脱气装置水模型循环流量的实验分析

循环流量是判断RH真空脱气装置冶炼效率的最重要的指标之一。本文中采取了两种方法－－超声波流量计法和粒子示踪法对RH真空脱气装置的水模型的循环流量进行测量分析，同时也研究了新型的多管RH装置的循环流动，比较新型装置同传统装置的循环流动的差别。结果表明：利用超声波流量计和粒子示踪法两种方法测量的结果都显示新型多管RH真空脱气装置循环流量大于传统的两管RH装置循环流量，并且，随着喷入气体量的增加，新装置循环流量的增加幅度也大于传统装置的增加幅度。     

Cold Model-Based Investigations to Study the Effects of Operational and Nonoperational Parameters on the Ruhrstahl–Heraeus Degassing Process

The circulation rate of steel is known to play a vital role in the superlative performance of the Ruhrstahl–Heraeus (RH) degasser. Numerous experiments were conducted on a physical model for the RH degassing process, which was established at IEHK, RWTH-Aachen University. The model was developed with a scale ratio of 1:3 to study the RH process. This study is conducted to show the effects of operational and nonoperational parameters on the circulation rate of liquid water in the model. The effects of lift gas flow rate, submerged depth of snorkels, water level in vessel, etc. on the circulation rate are studied. The mixing characteristics are studied with the help of current conductivity experiments for different lift gas flow rates and water levels in the vacuum vessel. Finally, the relationship between dimensionless numbers is derived with the help of the experimental data obtained from the cold model.     

Optimum Position of Electromagnetic Brake on Slab Caster

SymbolList　　B———Magneticfluxdensity ,T ;　　CD———Dragcoefficient;　　d———Diameter ,m ;　　g———Gravitationalacceleration ,m·s-2 ;　　h———Timestep ,s ;　　J———Currentdensity ,A·m-2 ;　　la,lb———Sizeofslabcross section ,m ;　　ln———Immersiondepthofnozzle ,m ;　　p———Pressure ,Pa ;　　t———Time ,s ;　　u→ ———Velocity ,m·s-1;　　vc———Castingspeed ,m·min-1;　　X→ ———Displacement ,m ;　　———Electricpotential,V ;　　ρ———Density ,kg·m-3;…     

Simulation on Effect of Divergent Angle of Submerged Entry Nozzle on Flow and Temperature Fields in Round Billet Mold in Electromagnetic Swirling Continuous Casting Process简

A new process for swirling flow generation in the submerged entry nozzle （SEN） in continuous casting process of steel was proposed. A rotating electromagnetic field was set up around the SEN to induce swirling flow by Lorentz force. The flow and temperature fields in the SEN and round billet mold with electromagnetic swirling were numerically simulated and then verified by the electromagnetic swirling model experiment of low melting point alloy. The effects of divergent angle of the SEN on the flow and temperature fields in mold with electromagnetic swirling were investigated. The electromagnetic swirling flow generator （EMSFG） could effectively induce swirling flow of molten steel in the SEN, which consequently improved greatly the flow and temperature fields in the mold. Below the nozzle outlet in mold, with the increase of divergent angle, the stream of bulk flow diverged more widely, the high temperature zone shifted up, and the temperature field became more uniform. Above the nozzle outlet in mold, with 350 A electromagnetic swirling, when the divergent angle of the SEN increased, the upward flow velocity and the meniscus temperature first increased and then decreased. With a divergent angle of 60~, the upward flow velocity and meniscus temperature reaced the largest value.     

RH精炼过程钢液流动数值模拟和应用

结合某钢厂RH精炼装置,运用数值模拟的方法对脱气时的流场进行了计算,得出了该型号RH装置在该厂操作条件下的流场,并成功解释了操作中遇到的一些现象.利用实践生产中的经验公式与数据对模拟结果进行了验证,结果表明模拟结果可靠.最后利用该模型计算了RH内钢液的湍动能耗散情况以及钢液循环流量与吹Ar量的关系,并给出了最佳吹Ar量的控制范围.     

Mathematical Modelling of Non‐equilibrium Decarburization Process during Vacuum Circulation Refining of Molten Steel: Application of the Model and Results (I) ‐ Decarburization Process and Influences of Some Technological Factors

A novel three‐dimensional mathematical model proposed and developed for the non‐equilibrium decarburization process during the vacuum circulation (RH) refining of molten steel has been applied to the refining process of molten steel in a 90‐t multifunction RH degasser. The decarburization processes of molten steel in the degasser under the conditions of RH and RH‐KTB operations have been modelled and analysed, respectively, using the model. The results demonstrate that the changes in the carbon and oxygen contents of liquid steel with the treatment time during the RH and RH‐KTB refining processes can be precisely modelled and predicted by use of the model. The distribution patterns of the carbon and oxygen concentrations in the steel are governed by the flow characteristics of molten steel in the whole degasser. When the initial carbon concentration in the steel is higher than 400 · 10⁻⁴ mass%, the top oxygen blowing (KTB) operation can supply the oxygen lacking for the decarburization process, and accelerate the carbon removal, thus reaching a specified carbon level in a shorter time. Moreover, a lower oxygen content is attained at the decarburization endpoint. The average contributions at the up‐snorkel zone, the bath bulk and the free surface with the droplets in the vacuum vessel in the refining process are about 11, 46 and 42% of the overall amount of decarburization, respectively. The decarburization roles at the gas bubble‐molten steel interface in the up‐snorkel and the droplets in the vacuum vessel should not be ignored for the RH and RH‐KTB refining processes. For the refining process in the 90‐t RH degasser, a better efficiency of decarburization can be obtained using an argon blow rate of 417 I(STP)/min, and a further increase in the argon blowing rate cannot obviously improve the effectiveness in the RH refining process of molten steel under the conditions of the present work.     

RH真空脱气动力学过程的物理模拟研究

利用ＲＨ物理模型进行了ＣＯ２从ＮａＯＨ－ＣＯ２体系中释放动力学的研究,考察了操作参数对ＲＨ脱碳和脱气反应的影响。实验结果表明脱气过程是由液相传质控制,加大提升气体流量可以加速脱气反应进行,但不同气体流量范围内影响作用有所差异。采用多孔喷吹有利于提高脱气速率,一般以４～８孔为最佳。     

Effect of snorkel shape on the fluid flow during RH degassing process: mathematical modelling

A mathematical model was developed to investigate the effect of snorkel shape on the recirculation rate and the erosion of the lining refractory during RH degassing process. A particle image velocimetry technique was used to measure the velocity distribution in a water modelling experiment. The calculated results were well validated with the measured ones. In the mathematical model, the interfaces between the molten steel and the gas phase, and the motion of argon bubbles were simulated and tracked using VOF?+?DPM model by which the argon bubbles were treated as the discrete phase in the molten steel and the top gas phase, and the top gas phase was treated as a second continuous phase. It was found that the recirculation rate of the molten steel with oval snorkels was significantly larger than that with round snorkels. For round snorkels, the optimum gas flow rate was 1800?L?min^?1 and it was 2800?L?min^?1 for oval snorkels. Furthermore, the volume distribution of the argon in the radial direction of the up-snorkel with oval snorkels was much more homogeneous than that with round snorkels. Meanwhile, the predicted maximum wall shear stress showed that the bottom and the sidewall of the ladle with round snorkels were more seriously eroded than that with oval snorkels. Therefore, the oval snorkel was beneficial to improve the service life of the RH degasser.     

Dynamic model for on‐line observation of the current process state during RH degassing

Based on the principles of thermodynamics and reaction kinetics, a dynamic model for the vacuum circulation (RH) process was developed. It comprises decarburisation, oxygen removal, dehydrogenation, denitrogenation and the course of steel temperature. The process model was validated by comparison of simulation results with measured process data from the RH/1 plant of Voest Alpine Stahl Linz (VASL). At this plant, it is used for on‐line observation of the contents of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen as well as the steel temperature. Based on cyclically measured values of vessel pressure, lift gas flow rate as well as waste gas flow rate and composition, the current heat status is calculated reliably. The accuracy of the carbon balance with measured waste gas values was improved remarkably by a model‐based correction calculation. The on‐line process observation system provides the operator with valuable information on the progress of vacuum treatment.     

安钢RH精炼工艺中的质谱炉气分析系统

对于高品质钢的冶炼,RH真空循环脱气工艺功能强大,技术效益显著,目前在国内的应用越来越普遍。采用质谱炉气分析系统在线分析RH工艺过程气体成分,结合流量、温度测控技术,可以实现对RH工艺的过程优化和终点控制。本文介绍了在安钢第二炼轧厂RH工艺中采用的质谱炉气分析系统,包括其组成、安装布局、分析性能和在现场的工作模式等。采用吹氧脱碳处理工艺、不吹氧脱碳处理工艺和脱气处理工艺对炉气分析系统进行测试表明：该系统能够实时、连续和准确地反映处理过程中各成分随时间的变化;60米采样距离,系统总滞后时间小于40s;炉气成分变化过程同处理工艺完全吻合。可预见采用炉气分析技术,可为RH精炼工艺的终点控制及工艺的实时调整提供判据,从而缩短RH冶炼时间,提升冶炼品质。     

Physical Modeling of Fluid Flow in Ladles of Aluminum Equipped with Impeller and Gas Purging For Degassing

In the current study a transparent water physical model was developed to study fluid flow and turbulent structure of aluminum ladles for degassing treatment with a rotating impeller and gas injection. Flow patterns and turbulent structure in the ladle were measured with the particle image velocimetry technique. The effects of process parameters such as rotor speed, gas flow rate, and type of rotor on the flow patterns and on the vortex formation were analyzed using this model, which control degassing kinetics. In addition, a comparison between two points of gas injection was performed: (a) conventional gas injection through the shaft and (b) a “novel” gas injection technique through the bottom of the ladle. Results show that the most significant process variable on the stirring degree of the bath was the angular speed of the impeller, which promotes better stirred baths with smaller and better distributed bubbles. A gas flow rate increment is detrimental to stirring. Finally, although the injection point was the less-significant variable, it was found that the “novel” injection from the bottom of the ladle improves the stirring in the ladle, promotes a better distribution of bubbles, and shows to be a promising alternative for gas injection.     

Analytical and Numerical Approaches in Studying Immersed De‐carbonization in RH‐plants

In this paper the de‐carbonization rate of RH plants is studied by means of analytical and numerical approaches. In the first case the RH‐plant is recognized as a one‐dimensional looping reactor. The corresponding mathematical modelling provides a system of ordinary differential equations (ODE's). In the second case the flow pattern inside the RH‐plant is modelled by means of a three‐dimensional numerical simulation. In both cases emphasis is placed on the coupling between the immersed gas bubbles, the local de‐carbonization reaction and the recirculation rate. Furthermore, the influence of gas expansion on the gas hold‐up and thus on the recirculation and reaction rate is addressed. After a general presentation of the modelling concepts the individual strengths and weak‐points of both approaches are discussed.     

中间包夹杂物的去除与控制新技术

通过对中间包中不同去除夹杂物的手段进行综合分析,得到各环节中间包均应保护浇注和防止卷渣卷气,中间包应具有合理的控流装置（上下挡墙、湍流抑制器、旋涡抑制器）以得到理想的流场;利用钢包注流生成的小气泡、中间包气幕挡墙和电磁搅拌离心流动可以有效去除中间包内钢水中夹杂物;连续真空处理对脱气和去除夹杂物有良好效果但其可调性差,电磁过滤可作为辅助方法去除夹杂物。     

RH精炼循环流量优化的水模型研究

以70 t钢包RH精炼装置为原型建立了1:3.27水模型,用流速法测量RH循环流量。分析了实际工艺条件下钢水的RH循环流量以及上升管吹气量、吹气孔内径、吹气孔高度、浸渍管插入深度等参数对RH循环流量的影响,并得出优化工艺参数。70 t钢包RH精炼实验结果表明,当上升管吹气量1 200 L/min,吹气孔内径3 mm时,轴承钢平均[O]比原工艺降低3×10^-6;超低碳钢碳含量可降低到0.002%以下,脱碳时间比优化前明显减少。