土耳其研究应用酯化棕榈仁油替代法兰克福香肠中动物脂肪的可行性

正依据世界卫生组织和美国食品药品监督管理局的推荐要求,消费者希望产品具有较低的脂肪含量,尤其是肉制品中饱和脂肪酸的含量越低越好。食品加工产业也试图通过增加植物油的使用,来降低动物脂肪的使用量,但是使用植物油部分替代或全替代动物脂肪会对产品的质构特性、感官品质和氧化稳定性产生负面影响。为分析酯化棕榈仁油替代法兰克福香肠中牛脂肪对产品的影响和产品贮藏     

土耳其研究酯化棕榈油替代牛脂肪对发酵香肠品质的影响

<正>土耳其干发酵香肠是由牛肉、羊肉或水牛肉加工制成的肉制品,在其加工过程中添加脂肪对产品的嫩度和多汁性等质构特性具有重要影响。研究表明,减少总脂肪、饱和脂肪酸和胆固醇的摄入量可以降低健康风险,这也使消费者对低脂和精瘦肉制品的需求增加。近年来,研究人员试图通过植物油胶囊化、凝胶化、有机凝胶、魔芋胶与油脂组合等途径,用不含胆固醇、高不饱和脂肪酸和低饱和脂肪酸含量的植物油脂替代动物脂肪,以     

植物油预乳状液替代猪脂肪对法兰克福香肠品质特性的影响

将1 g/100 mL氧化绿原酸添加到以猪血浆蛋白水解物作为乳化剂所制备的水包油型乳状液中,以此获得高稳定性的植物油预乳状液。然后将该预乳状液以15%、30%、45%和60%的比例替代猪脂肪加入到法兰克福香肠中,探讨替代脂肪比例对香肠品质特性的影响。测定香肠的蒸煮损失、质构、色度以及水分迁移规律,同时测定肉糜的乳化稳定性和流变特性。结果表明,随着预乳状液替代比例的增加,香肠的蒸煮损失显著降低（P＜0.05）,硬度、咀嚼性、L*值和b*值显著增加（P＜0.05）,而弹性、黏结性、感官评价无显著变化（P＞0.05）。低场核磁研究结果发现,预乳状液替代比例的增加能够显著缩短香肠的弛豫时间（P＜0.05）,说明其能增强蛋白质网络对水分子的束缚能力。与此同时,随着预乳状液替代比例的增加,肉糜的乳化稳定性显著增加（P＜0.05）。另外,肉糜的流变学测定结果表明,随着预乳状液替代比例的增加能够显著提高肉糜在加热终点的储能模量（G’）和损失模量（G′′）,而且显著降低了相位角正切值（tanδ）（P＜0.05）。在法兰克福香肠的制作中猪脂肪能够被预乳状液部分替代,而且对香肠的感官无显著影响,尤其以45%的替代量为最佳。     

低脂和低盐萨拉米发酵香肠的研究进展

萨拉米发酵香肠具有营养价值高及风味独特等优点,深受消费者喜爱。与大部分肉制品相比,传统萨拉米发酵香肠中食盐（约8%）和脂肪（约32%）含量较高,长期食用高脂高盐食品可能会诱发心脑血管疾病,因此,降低萨拉米发酵香肠中食盐和脂肪添加量势在必行。本文综述了近年来萨拉米发酵香肠的降脂、降盐方法,介绍了非热加工技术在低脂和低盐萨拉米发酵香肠中的应用,为优化低脂和低盐萨拉米发酵香肠提供理论参考。     

油基脂肪替代物在香肠制品中应用的研究进展

香肠加工中普遍存在脂肪过剩的问题。具有高n-3脂肪酸含量的植物油因能够降低心血管疾病的风险而成为一种极具潜力的脂肪替代物,通过用植物油部分替代动物脂肪来改善香肠中饱和脂肪酸、不饱和脂肪酸及胆固醇的比例,能提高香肠制品的营养品质,更符合人们对健康和营养的追求理念。本文主要针对天然油、预乳化油和凝胶油3 类以食用油为物理基础的脂肪替代物对香肠加工、营养、感官和安全的影响等进行论述,并就其目前在香肠降脂方面的研究进展进行了总结,同时展望其未来研究方向,旨在为提高新型减脂香肠产品的综合品质和制备技术提供思路。     

添加胡萝卜粉替代亚硝酸盐对香肠品质的影响

通过感官评定、亚硝酸盐残留量、脂肪氧化值等实验探讨了胡萝卜粉替代亚硝酸盐制备香肠对香肠品质的影响。感官评定实验显示:胡萝卜粉的添加量在0.2%~0.6%较为适宜,制得的香肠口感更柔和细腻、嫩度更好。亚硝酸盐残留量实验显示:添加胡萝粉组的香肠亚硝酸盐含量远远低于化学添加组,证明胡萝卜粉替代亚硝酸盐能显著降低肉制品的亚硝酸盐含量。然而,脂肪氧化实验显示:添加胡萝卜粉的香肠脂肪氧化程度要明显高于化学添加组,需要适当添加抗氧化剂。综合各因素,选择添加0.4%胡萝卜粉替代亚硝酸盐,并适当添加抗氧化剂,能够制备出品质较好且亚硝酸盐含量低的香肠。     

以多糖为基质的脂肪模拟物替代动物脂肪在法兰克福香肠中的应用

将以多糖（魔芋粉、κ-卡拉胶和大麦β-葡聚糖）为基质的脂肪模拟物分别以20%、40%、60%和80%的比例替代猪脂肪用于法兰克福香肠生产中,探讨猪脂肪的不同替代比例对法兰克福香肠品质特性和感官特性的影响。结果表明,随着脂肪模拟物替代比例的增加,香肠的水分含量和碳水化合物含量显著增加（P<0.05）,而总脂质含量、蛋白含量、灰分含量、能量值和脂肪卡路里值显著降低（P<0.05）。而且,随着脂肪替代物替代量的增加,香肠的蒸煮损失率、乳化稳定性显著降低（P<0.05）,亮度值增加,硬度以及咀嚼性降低。另外,低场核磁结果表明替代脂肪能够显著缩短香肠的弛豫时间（P<0.05）,说明其能增强蛋白质网络对水分子的束缚能力。然而,较高的脂肪替代比例（60%和80%）显著降低肉糜在加热终点的储能模量（G′）和损失模量（G′′）（ P<0.05）,而且降低了法兰克福香肠的总体可接受性。上述研究结果表明,以多糖为基质的脂肪模拟物能够在法兰克福香肠中部分替代猪脂肪,且以40%的替代比例为最佳。     

桔梗替代脂肪对乳化型香肠品质特性的影响

在尽可能不降低乳化香肠品质的情况下,以桔梗粉替代部分脂肪,从而减少脂肪含量并增加乳化香肠的营养价值和风味,丰富产品种类。在乳化香肠中分别添加1%、2%、3%的300目桔梗粉,同时调节冰水添加量,使乳化香肠脂肪含量从30%降低到25%、20%,测定桔梗粉添加量对低脂乳化香肠品质特性的影响。结果表明:用2%桔梗粉可以替代5%脂肪,且冰水添加量调节为18%,与其他处理组相比,该处理组乳化香肠的品质特性和感官评分与对照组无显著差异,且持水性、水分含量、红度值和黄度值均优于对照组。     

油凝胶替代动物脂肪在肉制品中应用的研究进展

动物脂肪对肉制品的多汁性以及风味起着重要作用,但其含有大量的饱和脂肪酸和胆固醇,过量摄入会对人体造成潜在的危害。然而,单纯地降低肉制品中的脂肪含量会对产品的品质产生负面影响。因此,如何降低肉制品中的脂肪含量并保持产品的品质已经成为肉类工业中亟待解决的问题。以植物油为主的油凝胶具有较好的脂肪酸组成,而且油凝胶具有与动物脂肪相似的性质,能够在一定程度上赋予肉制品润滑、醇厚的口感以达到替代肉制品中动物脂肪含量并保持最终产品的品质特性的目的。因此,本文全面综述了油凝胶的制备方法和形成机理,以及不同种类的油凝胶替代动物脂肪在肉制品中的应用情况,以期为生产新型健康的低饱和脂肪酸含量和低胆固醇含量的肉制品提供理论依据。     

橄榄油作为脂肪替代物在发酵香肠中的应用

用预乳化的橄榄油作为发酵香肠中猪肥膘的替代物.分别做了10%、20%、30%、40%,4个不同的替代组.以传统比例的发酵香肠为对照组,研究4个替代组中发酵香肠的pH、水分含量.化学组成、脂肪酸组成、质构性质,感官品质.结果表明:随着橄榄油替代比例的增加,胆固醇的含量有明显地减少,不饱和脂肪酸的含量则有所上升;脂肪的含量有所减少,而蛋白质的含量有所增加;水分含量的变化没有明显的不同,pH的变化略有不同,但变化幅度并不明显;在外观,组织形态和色泽方面没有太大的变化,只是口感和气味略微有影响,发酵香肠的硬度、弹性、内聚性、咀嚼性都逐渐降低,但在消费者的可接受范围内.     

Optimization of a gelled emulsion intended to supply ω-3 fatty acids into meat products by means of response surface methodology

The optimization of a gelled oil-in-water emulsion was performed for use as fat replacer in the formulation of ω-3 PUFA-enriched cooked meat products. The linseed oil content, carrageenan concentration and surfactant–oil ratio were properly combined in a surface response design for maximizing the hardness and minimizing the syneresis of the PUFA delivery system. The optimal formulation resulted in a gelled emulsion containing 40% of oil and 1.5% of carrageenan, keeping a surfactant–oil ratio of 0.003. The gel was applied as a partial fat replacer in a Bologna-type sausage and compared to the use of an O/W emulsion also enriched in ω-3. Both experimental sausages contributed with higher ω-3 PUFA content than the control. No sensory differences were found among formulations. The selected optimized gelled oil-in-water emulsion was demonstrated to be a suitable lipophilic delivery system for ω-3 PUFA compounds and applicable in food formulations as fat replacer.     

Partial substitution of pork fat with canola oil in Toscana sausage

The objective of this study was to develop and evaluate the effects of pork fat substitution with canola oil in Toscana sausage. Canola oil was incorporated into the product via lipid emulsion with water and collagen. The physicochemical and sensory parameters and fatty acid profiles were evaluated in five treatments with different canola oil concentrations (0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0%). The prepared sausages met the legal identity and quality standards, with no significant differences detected in the variables moisture, ash content, lipid, pH, colour and weight loss due to cooking (P > 0.05). We observed a significant increase in the linolenic fatty acid content (omega-3 series). In the sensory evaluation, a significant difference was observed only for the texture variable. Pig fat substitution with 10% canola oil in the Toscana sausage exhibited the best physicochemical properties and fatty acid profile.Industrial relevanceVegetable oils have been used in meat products as an alternative to improve their lipid profiles. The amount of fat and the lipid profiles of meat products are the most important factors for product quality and consumer health. Our understanding of the relationship between the intrinsic food quality and health is gradually increasing, and as a result, a revolution has occurred in eating habits. Therefore, an innovative product for a healthier consumer market has been created to meet the challenges of animal fat substitution on the organoleptic characteristics of Toscana sausage.     

Effects of replacing pork backfat with emulsified vegetable oil on fatty acid composition and quality of UK-style sausages

Rapeseed and sunflower oil were used to replace pork backfat in UK-style sausages by incorporating the oils as pre-formed emulsions. Replacing the pork backfat emulsion with rapeseed emulsion at total fat content of about 12%, reduced total saturated fatty acid (SFA) composition from 38% to 14% (4.5 to 1.8 g/100 g), increased monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) composition from 45% to 59% and increased polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) composition from 15% to 25%. Partial replacement of pork backfat with rapeseed at a fat content of about 20% reduced SFA from 38% to 24% (7.2 to 4.8 g/100 g). There were no significant differences in eating quality and overall liking other than slight differences in the attributes ‘firmness’ and ‘particle size’. Improvement in the fatty acid composition was achieved without adversely affecting colour shelf life or lipid oxidation. The study suggests that a substantial reduction in SFA can be achieved by incorporating ‘healthy’ oils in UK-style sausages without adversely affecting eating quality or shelf life.     

Development of combinations of chemically modified vegetable oils as pork backfat substitutes in sausages formulation

Today’s consumers look for foods which provide nutrition and pleasure, while safeguarding their health, the result of which is that they increasingly avoid foods containing cholesterol and saturated and trans fatty acids. Chemically modified vegetable oils can help tailor meat products to meet this growing need and at the same time fulfil the technological needs of the meat processing industry. In this study, 16 backfat samples were characterised for their solid fat content (SFC) and melting point and these characteristics were used to design a mixture of chemically modified vegetable oils for use as a pork fat substitute for elaborating sausages. The mixtures were prepared with different vegetable oils bearing in mind with stearic acid content due to its close correlation with the SFC. The backfat was characterised as a function of its SFC and some modified vegetable oil mixtures were proposed, which led to a 10–20% diminution in saturated fatty acids and with a melting point similar to those observed in the backfat. The fatty acid profile pointed to a polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio higher than 0.4, and an n − 6/n − 3 fatty acid ratio of less than 4 in both modified vegetable oil mixtures proposed.     

Effect of Fat Level and Partial Replacement of Pork Backfat with Olive Oil on the Lipid Oxidation and Volatile Compounds of Greek Dry Fermented Sausages

ABSTRACT: High- and reduced-fat Greek fermented sausages were produced with 30% and 20% total fat in the initial formulation. The same products were manufactured with a partial replacement of pork backfat with 20% olive oil. The influence of the modification of the lipid fraction on the oxidation process was evaluated after 2 mo of storage. The reduction of fat increased thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values, total aldehydes, and typical lipid oxidation compounds (hexanal, 2-hexenal, 2-octenal). A significant decrease in oxidation was detected in batches containing olive oil, particularly in the sausages with the highest olive oil content. This addition decreased, in both fat level products, TBA values and hexanal, 2-hexenal, 2,4-hexadienal, benceneacetaldehyde, tt,2,4-nonadienal, and pentadecanal. The addition of olive oil significantly increased monounsaturated fatty acids content.     

A comparison of fat‐holding between beefburgers and emulsion sausages

This paper compares the properties of two different types of comminuted meat products, ie beefburgers and emulsion sausages, in order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for fat‐holding in these products. The results indicate that emulsified fat is more stable than fat in fat tissue, as determined by hexane extraction. Since the fat in beefburgers consists mainly of fat cells and fat cell aggregates, it can be considered to be relatively unstable. The probability of encounter between fat drops seems to be the most dominant factor in controlling fat release during the frying of beefburgers. In emulsion sausages the emulsified fat per se is more stable than the fat in beefburgers; in addition, the protein network seems to have a larger impact on the fat‐holding compared to beefburgers. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of preformed konjac gels,with and without olive oil,on the technological attributes and storage stability of merguez sausage

In order to improve the fat content of fresh sausages (merguez), the effects of both reducing beef fat level (by konjac gel-KG) and incorporing olive oil (in a konjac matrix-OKM) on nutritional, quality characteristic and refrigerated storage stability were studied. Fat reductions in merguez sausages of between 53 and 76% were achieved when beef fat was replaced with KG; the proportion reached 34–49% using OKM as a beef fat replacer, where 23 to 36% of total fat in the merguez was from olive oil. The merguez contained substantial amounts of some minerals (Mg and Fe). Sensory analysis revealed no significant differences between the control and the reformulated products, which had relatively low levels of lipid oxidation. Shelf life and biogenic amines of merguez sausage were not affected by formulation during refrigerated storage. Therefore, the use of konjac materials as fat replacers could reduce total caloric energy by replacing/reducing beef fat and improving sausage formulation to achieve healthier merguez products.     

Studies on emulsion-type buffalo meat sausages incorporating skeletal and offal meat with different levels of pork fat

Ready-to-eat emulsion-type buffalo meat sausages were developed by using a combination of 80% meat components with 20% pork back fat. The meat components were constituted of 70 parts buffalo skeletal meat and 30 parts offal meat (rumen meat and heart meat in equal proportions). The emulsion stability, cooking losses of emulsions and sausages, composition of cooked sausages, eating quality of sausages and the microscopic characteristics of the raw emulsion and cooked sausages were studied. The light microscope micrograph of the raw emulsion showed uniformly well distributed fat globules embedded in a dense protein gel. The cooked emulsion also showed uniformly sized fat globules well distributed in a fine, compact, coagulated protein gel, which retained their original spherical shape. Good quality emulsion-type sausages could be produced having a high emulsion stability (0·87 ± 0·07 ml fat release/100 g emulsion); a low emulsion cooking loss (9·60 ± 0·60%) and a low sausage cooking loss (8·83 ± 0·48%). The overall acceptability of sausages was also high.     

再生纤维素-乳清分离蛋白乳化液对乳化肠品质的影响

利用再生纤维素（regenerated cellulose,RC）-乳清分离蛋白（whey protein isolate,WPI）乳化液替代乳化肠中0%、33%、66%和100%的猪背膘,研究RC乳化液对乳化肠化学组成、颜色、蒸煮损失、质构、脂肪酸组成、脂肪氧化以及肉糜动态储存模量（G’）的影响。结果表明：随着RC-WPI乳化液含量的增加,乳化肠中脂肪含量和脂肪氧化程度显著降低（P＜0.05）,亮度值显著提高（P＜0.05）;与对照组（C）相比,替代66%（T2）组蒸煮损失显著降低（P＜0.05）;添加乳化液肉糜的动态G’高于对照组,替代33%（T1）和66%（T2）的猪背膘时,乳化肠的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;随着替代比例的增加单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著提高,饱和脂肪酸含量显著降低（P＜0.05）。结果表明,RC-WPI橄榄油乳化液替代66%猪背膘时,可以提高乳化肠品质并且改善脂肪酸组成。     

Amorphous cellulose gel as a fat substitute in fermented sausages

Fermented sausages were produced with 25%, 50%, 75% or 100% of their pork back fat content replaced by amorphous cellulose gel. The sausage production was monitored with physical, chemical and microbiological analyses. The final products were submitted to a consumer study, and the volatile compounds of the final products were extracted by solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by GC/MS. The reformulated fermented sausages had significant reductions in fat and cholesterol, and the volatile compounds derived from lipid oxidation were also reduced in the final products. These results suggest that the substitution of up to 50% of the pork back fat content by amorphous cellulose gel can be accomplished without a loss of product quality, enabling the production of fermented sausages with the levels of fat and cholesterol decreased by approximately 45% and 15%, respectively.