3号高炉冲渣滤池的缺陷及改造

分析了3号高炉冲渣滤池结构缺陷及运行中存在的问题，提出了滤池的改造方案。     

攀钢煤化工公司工业水系统优化及技术改造

介绍了攀钢煤化工公司工业水系统现状，对水质、换热设备及运行中存在的问题进行了分析。通过采取增设旁滤池、循环水加药处理和优化运行方式等措施，降低了工业水消耗，改善了工业水、循环水水质。     

PLC在污水处理滤池冲洗系统中的应用

本文简要介绍了某公司污水处理系统中的滤池冲洗流程控制存在的问题，经改造采用PLC控制后，在系统可靠运行及节水方面收效显著。     

某水厂翻板滤池工艺的设计

结合某水厂翻板滤池工艺的设计实践,从滤池构造、工艺特点、核心设备、工作原理、设计参数以及运行和控制流程等方面,对翻板滤池设计的主要环节作了系统而全面的介绍,并对该工艺的应用范围进行了总结。     

浅谈压力滤池工况要点

１前言压力滤池通常由金属封闭焊接制成，其滤后水质及运行周期除与选用滤料粒径、级配及滤料层规格有关外，还与滤池反洗工况状态密切相关。现从反洗方式论述压力滤池工况要点。２单独用水冲洗单层压力滤池这种滤池填装的滤料通常为单层砂料或无烟煤，其粒径和比重必须适应于为滤床膨胀所必须提供的反洗流量。其滤速可达５～５０ｍ／ｈ，过滤周期结束时的最大水头损失为２～２０ｍ。反冲洗水流量也取决于粒径，它必须能使滤床膨胀，使其深度增加１５％～２５％，冲洗操作持续时间取决于砂层深度和截留物的性质，一般为５～８ｍｉｎ。３同时…     

优势菌曝气固定生物滤池技术在处理饮料废水中的应用

优势菌曝气固定生物滤池技术是对传统曝气生物滤池技术的改进，它根据废水的水质（污染物的种类和数量）、生化反应机理、微生物的特性等分离驯化、选配一组高效降解菌来提高废水的处理效率。实践证明，该技术运用于处理饮料废水是可行的，并且具有投资与运行费用较省、占地面积少、排出污泥量少、管理方便、操作简单、起动快并能间歇运行等特点，具有广阔的应用前景。     

低浓度酸性污水处理技术

本文详细介绍了用升流式扩散型石灰石膨胀滤池处理低浓度酸性污水的原理及工艺流程。对变速和匀速两种滤池型式作了比较。讨论了φ1.2米扩散型膨胀滤池的运行情况。实践证明pH值为2～4的酸性污水经处理后,出水的PH值为6,符合排放标准。全年能为厂免缴排污费七十余万元。     

高炉冲渣水底滤池排渣装置的改进和构想

本文探讨了高炉冲渣水处理构筑物底滤池在运行中出现的有关设计问题及其改进办法。     

能源中心三净水站滤池反冲洗水回收再利用设计

介绍能源中心供排水作业区三净水站的虹吸滤池反冲洗废水回收工程，阐述系统设计思路、工艺流程、运行情况、存在的问题及改进方法。通过运行，使该泵站的废水量从占水厂总制水量的11.5％降到3．1％。     

进水自控装置在无阀滤池的应用

重力式无闽滤池存在着水资源浪费大的缺点，本文阐述了重力式无阀滤池采取的几项节水改造措施及其效益分析，重点介绍进水自控装置的工作原理及其在无阀滤池节水改造工作中的应用。     

The importance of the results of pretreatment pelvic lymphographies in the prognosis of carcinomas of the uterine cervix. A critical evaluation of the proposal to classify these tumors according to the TNM system (author's transl)

Between 1966 and 1969, 494 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix stages I a to IV were admitted in our hospital for primary treatment. In 420 of these patients with carcinoma of the cervix stage I b to IV, complete results of bilateral pretreatment pelvic lymphography are available. The correlation between the results of the lymphographies, the choice of the operative treatment and the cure rates in these 420 cases are reported. All the correlations between the results of the pretreatment lymphography and the prognosis are described. A positive lymphography was in our series of high prognostic value. A plea is therefore made to include the results of the pretreatment lymphography into the classification of carcinoma of the cervix. Classification of the carcinoma of the cervix into the TNM categories is desirable. Our series is reported in these TNM categories. The advantages of such classification are described. The morbid entity of carcinoma of the cervix becomes more transparent to the observer and the choice of operative therapy becomes easier. The prognosis is more clearly established. The proposals of the TNM committee of the UICC for the classification of carcinoma of the cervix according to the TNM categories and the staging according to these categories are discussed critically.     

An investigation of the effect of porosity and diluents on micropyretic synthesis

A numerical model of combustion/micropyretic synthesis of a composite system is developed. The new features of the model include the consideration of melting of each constituent of the reactants and products and the inclusion of considerations involving dilution and porosity. The effect of porosity is to change both the thermal conductivity and density. The model for the porosity which is considered in this article shows the significance of its effect on the velocity and the type of the combustion front. Different values of porosities are considered for the reactants and products. For an illustrative analysis, a systematic study of the variation of porosity of reactants and products is carried out for the combustion synthesis of TiB₂ and TiC. The numerical results indicate that as the reactant porosity values are decreased, the combustion velocity first increases because of an increase in the thermal conductivity. The combustion velocity, after reaching a maximum, decreases with a further decrease in the porosity. As the porosity is varied, there is a considerable effect on the nature of propagation of the combustion front, which may change from a steady state to an oscillatory mode. Results indicate that as the reactant porosity is decreased, the frequency of oscillations of the combustion front first increase and then decrease with a further decrease in the reactant porosity. The differences in the mechanism for the decrease in velocities at very low values of reactant porosities for the two systems TiC and TiB₂ are identified. The results of considering different values of porosities in the reactants and the product are also presented. For the study of the effect of diluents, the product itself is considered as the diluent. The effect of adding the diluent to the initial reactants is to decrease the combustion temperature and the combustion velocity. The diluent also changes the mode of combustion. An increase in the amount of the diluent results in the decrease of the frequency of oscillations.     

Sucking effect of diaphragm and its significance in drainage of abdominal cavity during hepatic surgery

Investigation of the value of the sucking effect of the diaphragm in 44 patients was carried out. The first group consisted of 28 patients who have not undergone hepatic resection. The second group included patients after hepatic resections of various volume in local pathology. The balloon method in modification of this clinic was used for measurement of the value of the sucking effect. In patients of the first group the value of sucking effect was almost two times more under the right cupula of the diaphragm (130.33 + 4.78 mm of water column) in comparison with the left infradiaphragmatic space. It is responsible for presence of the slot between the right half of the liver and the diaphragm, which aggravates the sucking effect. In the second group of patients the value of the sucking effect under the right diaphragmatic cupula was practically the same as in patients of the first group. After right-sided hemihepatectomy the value of the sucking effect under right cupula of the diaphragm has significantly diminished. After resection of the right lobe of the liver as well as after left-sided hemihepatectomy, or without them, the value of sucking effect under left cupula of the diaphragm did not significantly differ. The investigations showed that vacuum-aspiration with vacuum of not less than 150 mm water column should be used for effective drainage of infradiaphragmatic space.     

Rolling of metal balls

The rolling of balls (diameter 93 and 125 mm) of precise mass in helical grooves is simulated by means of QForm-3D and DEFORM-3D software. A model of a virtual rolling mill is created. Analysis of the stress state at characteristic points along the rolling axis focuses on the effective stress, the components of the stress tensor, and the mean normal stress. The mass of balls rolled on new and worn rollers is measured. The quality of internal metal layers is verified, and the hardness of rolled balls over the vertical and horizontal symmetry axes is measured. Modeling of ball rolling shows that the hot blank (a rod of hot-rolled steel) is satisfactorily captured by the rollers. Rolling is stable, without slipping. The blank completely fills the grooves; no gaps are observed between the metal and the walls. The crosslinks between the balls are completely eliminated within the rollers. The crosslinks are cut by the rim of the rollers and pressed into the body of the ball. The individual balls continue to roll along the finishing section of the groove; the stubs of the crosslinks are smoothed; and a completely shaped ball with a smooth surface emerges from the rollers. In modeling the stress–strain state, all the components of the stress tensor are negative. In other words, all the components of the stress tensor are compressive in rolling of the balls. Statistical analysis of the data from weighing of the rolled balls (diameter 93 and 125 mm) shows that the mass deviates from the required value by no more than 1%. Measurement of the hardness over the diametric cross section of the balls shows that there is no decline in hardness in the internal layers. That indicates high quality of the ball core.     

连铸方坯中心线凝固行为波动现象及变化规律

连铸坯中心线区域钢液的凝固行为与中心偏析缺陷的形成及控制密切相关。基于中碳钢连铸方坯纵断面的实际凝固组织,以中心偏析点内部二次枝晶间距计算局部冷却速率,揭示了铸坯中心线局部冷却速率的波动特征。结合连铸三维凝固模型,研究了铸坯中心线固相率波动引起局部冷却速率波动并最终影响铸坯中心组织和性能的均匀性的机理;对不同工况铸坯中心线固相率和局部冷却速率波动的周期性进行了分析对比,提出了连铸坯凝固终点位置的周期性波动机理并得到了不同拉速下凝固终点波动距离的判断方程,对于所选连铸方坯,凝固终点波动距离为25.0～27.5 mm;在此基础之上,研究了拉速对中心线固相率波动程度的影响规律,并分析了凝固终点波动距离变化对末端电磁搅拌(final electromagnetic stirring, F-EMS)和轻压下(mechanical soft reduction, MSR)作用均匀性的影响。结果表明,拉速由1.8 m/min提高至2.4 m/min后,虽然液相穴长度增加可能增加整体偏析程度,但铸坯中心线固相率波动程度降低了20%,这有利于减轻中心线偏析沿拉坯方向的波动性,提高铸坯中心质量的均匀性。并...     

Reliability-Based Optimal Design of Truss Structures Using Particle Swarm Optimization

In this work, the particle swarm optimization method is employed for the reliability-based optimal design of statically determinate truss structures. Particle swarm optimization is inspired by the social behavior of flocks (swarms) of birds and insects (particles). Every particle’s position represents a specific design. The algorithm searches the design space by adjusting the trajectories of the particles that comprise the swarm. These particles are attracted toward the positions of both their personal best solution and the best solution of the swarm in a stochastic manner. In typical structural optimization problems, safety is dealt with in a yes/no manner fulfilling the set of requirements imposed by codes of practice. Considering uncertainty for the problem parameters offers a measure to quantify safety. This measure provides a rational basis for the estimation of the reliability of the components and of the entire system. Incorporating the reliability into the structural optimization framework one can seek a reliability-based optimal design. For the problems examined herein, the reliability indexes of the structural elements are obtained from analytical expressions. The structure is subsequently analyzed as a series system of correlated elements and the Ditlevsen bounds are used for the calculation of its reliability index. The uncertain-random parameters considered in this work are the load, the yield-critical stress; and the cross sections of the elements. The considered design variables of the optimization problem are the cross-sectional areas of the groups, which control the size of the truss, and the heights and lengths that control the shape of the truss. The results of the optimization are presented for a 25-bar truss and a 30-bar arch and the robustness of the optimization scheme is discussed.     

In vitro expression of n-cadherin adhesion molecule during early cardiac morphogenesis

The aim of the present study was to investigate, "in vitro", the degree of organogenetic potentiality of the cells of the cardiogenic area during the early developmental stages of the chick embryo. Embryos from between the end of the presomitic stage to the 8 somite stage were studied. The subcephalic fold was cultured in liquid medium for up to 7 days. After 24 hs of culturing, an extended migration ring was observed. In the explants, from 3 somite stage, onwards, beating masses were noted, the shape and size of which suggested a vascular-like structure. Sections of the cultures were processed for the detection of the N-Cadherin adhesion molecule. The observations stated that the diffusion and intensity of expression of this receptor is related to the stage od development of the embryo. Cultures from the presomitic stage to 3 somite stage did not express the molecule. Instead, expression took place in those cultures of embryos at the 3 somite stage, onwards. In the cultures to which the antiserum against N-Cadherin had been to the medium, the formation of vascular-like structures was affected. The changes depended on the age of the embryos. These observations suggest that the expression of the N-Cadherin is related to the potentiality of the presumptive myocardic cells to organize themselves, at least "in vitro", to form a well-defined tridimensional structure. The expression of the adhesion molecule and the potentiality of the cells to build tubular structures were transient features, "in vitro" in our cultures. This suggests that "in vivo" the expression of the N-Cadherin must be aided by factors which, at present, are unidentified.     

Ecology of flea groups of the species conformis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae: Xenopsylla) of the fauna of Russia and adjacent countries (review)

Within the boundaries of the former USSR, the northern part of the conformis group distribution is located. It spreads over the arid regions of the Trans-Cacucasus, Pricaspijckaja lowland, Kazakhstan and Middle Asia. In this area 10 species and subspecies occur. They are mainly parasites of gerbillins. Unlike many other Siphonaptera the conformis fleas, when in the host's home, do not concentrate in the nest but inhabit the passages of burrow and food chambers throughout the year. On this reason the preimaginal development and existence of the adults take place not at the temperature of the habitable nest, which is heated by the host body, but at the temperature of the soil at a depth of burrow. The temperature threshold for preimaginal development of conformis fleas is reported to be 10-12 degrees. Temperature below the threshold is fatal for all immature instars. On the contrary the imago can survive at freezing temperature. The annual cycle of the conformis fleas is characterized by the presence of adults throughout the year. They breed in the warmer season and overwinter in the state of reproductive diapause. In this state the fleas are able to attack the host and to feed but do not deposit eggs. In the north deserts the reproduction begins at the early April and terminates at the early September. Southern, the reproductive period is longer. Furthermore, the complete interruption of the reproduction in the autumn-winter time may be absent as it was observed in X. gerbilli gerbilli and X. hirtipes in the south of the Middle Asia. On the other hand it is noted that in southern deserts the rate of oviposition falls in the most hot time. The number of generation per year in the conformis fleas varies from 2-3 in north deserts to 6-7 in south ones. The flea populations peak in late autumn when the insects cease to bread. The high abundance is maintained until springtime. After the diapause is ceased and the fleas begin breeding their abundance declines. In the late spring and early summer the emergence of adults begins and the populations increase. In a mild of summer the second fall takes place and then the fall is replaced by the autumnal peak. On their main hosts the conformis fleas prevail over all other species of Siphonaptera especially for warmer time when their quota among other fleas does not descend as a rule below 90% but more oftently it approaches to 100%. The fleas of this group and especially species parasitizing Rhombomys opimus are remarkable for the high level of their abundance. In the northern deserts in the periods of the most high abundance (late autumn, winter and early spring) the number of fleas per burrow occupied by family of Rh. opimus exceeds usually 1000 specimens and sometimes it can reach several thousands. In the southern deserts the abundance of the fleas is lower but the period of their active parasitizing is longer. In the species parasitizing Rh. opimus it is shown that in a complex burrow only some part of fleas has the possibility to feed regularly. In the spring and summer the percentage of fleas daily attacking the host varied from 17 to 86% and from 10 to 150 ectoparasites feed daily on one animal depending on the quantity of fleas and of hosts in the burrow. The number of attacking fleas is regulated by behaviour of the hosts, which change the used parts of burrow when the fleas are crowded there.     

Efferent and afferent connections of the nucleus lateralis posterior thalami ("pulvinar") in the albino rats (author's transl)

The efferent and afferent connections of the lateral posterior nucleus (LP) of the albino rat were investigated light microscopically with the silver-degeneration-methods and the HRP-methods as well. The results are: 1. The main projection region of the LP is the area of 18a of the peristriate visual cortex. Most degenerating axons terminate in layer IV. A few fibers pass layers III and II and terminate in layer I. It is not sure if there are also terminating fibers in layer IV. We could not find a topistic relation between LP and area 18 a. 2. We observed a small number of degenerating fibers in area 17, too. 3. A part of the degenerating fibers runs to the temporal cortex end enters area 20. 4. There is no evidence for a projection of the LP to both the subcortical regions and to the superior colliculus. 5. The majority of the LP's afferent fibers originates - on the subcortical level - from the superior colliculus. Especially the lamina III (Str. opticum) of the ipsilateral and of the contralateral side is here the source of fibers terminating in the LP. 6. Other subcortical sources of fibers terminating in the LP are: the pretectal region, the ventral part of the LGN, the Zona incerta, the thalamic reticular formation, and the dorsal raphe nucleus. 7. There exists a fiber projection of the area 17 to the LP. The axons originate mainly from pyramidal cells in layer V. It is discussed whether the area-17-fibers terminating in the LP are collaterals of the fibers terminating in the superior colliculus. The projection of the area 18a to the LP is of greater importance. The axons of this area originate mainly from cells of the layer VI. It becomes obvious that the thalamic relay-station of the second visual pathway seems to project nearly exclusively to the neocortex. In contrast to the dorsal LGN, however, the LP is not only a simple relay-station for visual information as also non-visual information arrives here. The morphological basis for these inputs has not yet been clarified completely. We have to take into consideration as well as the connections with the superior colliculus and the pretectal region and the cortical connections. It is remarkable that there exists also a projection of LP-fibers to a region outside the classical visual cortex. In mammals of higher evolution that kind of projection extends increasingly. It is discussed if - under comparative-anatomical aspect - the morphological changes in the pulvinar region are an expression of the neocorticalization, whereas the morphological changes in the dorsal LGN reflect mainly the functional specialization of the visual system.